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Shear keys are used to resist lateral forces such as earth and water
p re s s u re s, earthquakes, and wind.
In engineered construction the architect or engineer will design a
connection of sufficient strength to
resist this horizontal shear and assure wall stability. In residential
work where lateral forces are often
less critical, a standard detail may
be followed.
Contractors have always considered keyways to be a nuisance. Although plastic keyway formers are
now available, a wood 2x4 or 2x6 is
generally used to form a shear key.
The sides of the wooden member
are beveled to make form removal
easier. Traditionally this keyway former has been supported from the
side footing forms as shown in Figure 2. Frequently the beveled 2x4 is
splintered during form removal.
An easier method consists of the
following steps:
Place and level the footing concrete to the desired elevation.
BY BRUCE A. SUPRENANT
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA
TAMPA, FLORIDA
the wood.
When the 2x4 is flush with the top
of the footing forms, screed off
excess concrete from the top surface.
As the concrete begins to stiffen
remove the wood to reveal a
formed keyway.
This simplified method wont
work where reinforcing bars are
used with the shear key. If there are
vertical bars in the middle of the
shear keyway, as is often the case,
holes must be drilled in the beveled
2x4 at the exact spacing of the bars.
The 2x4 is then supported from the
footing side forms and re i n f o rc ement is positioned in the drilled
holes before concrete is placed.
To avoid the expense of drilling
holes, you may be able to shift the
position of the shear key if the engineer or architect approves. You
might also request approval to split
the wood piece and form a half key
on each side of the vertical bars. But
if coarse aggregate particles are too
large to fit into each half-key opening when the wall concrete is
placed, this solution would not be
acceptable.
Figure 2. The keyway may be formed by a beveled wood strip supported from side
forms for the footing. A simpler way of forming the footing is described in the text.
failure area by the shear strength of
the concrete. Forming a shear key
with a 2x4 should provide a 312-inchwide failure surface, but estimating
the strength of concrete in the key is
a problem.
Have you ever watched as ready
mixed concrete leaves the truck?
What is the quality of the first concrete from the truck, and where is
that concrete placed? The answers
to these questions indicate why
some engineers avoid shear keys.
Because of inadequate mixing or
improper batching and delivery,
concrete from the first portion of a
truck load may be too wet or too
rocky. When deposited directly into
the shear key, this lower quality concrete will reduce the capacity of the
connection. Also if consolidation is
poor, the key may sometimes lack
strength because it is not entirely
filled.
Factored shear
force to be
resisted, pounds
per foot
Shear resistance
provided, pounds
per foot
3900
4 feet
8 feet
Method
Concrete key
Cost,
dollars
per
foot
0.50
544
1
544
#4 @ 7 2 feet
0.10
3900
Concrete key
0.50
2176
#4 @ 2212 inches
0.39
2176
Figure 3. Where vertical bars are required in the center of the keyway, the beveled
wood strip may be drilled with holes at the exact spacing of the bars (A). Less
expensive methods may involve (B) shifting the keyway location if the engineer or
architect permits, or (C) splitting the keyway former.
PUBLICATION #C870620
Copyright 1987, The Aberdeen Group
All rights reserved