APPENDIX

a) Raw data
Weight of Samples
Sample
Weight, g
No.
1
3.5961
2
3.5077
3
3.5841
4
3.5020
5
3.5994
6
3.5042
7
8
9
10

3.5782
3.5887
3.5939
3.5620

D D
.
A
S
E
T
T
A
1
S
E
T
2

Grubbs Test
Data Set

Suspect Values
H: 3.5994
L: 3.5020
H: 3.5994
L: 3.5020

1
2
Reported Values
Data Set

Qexp
1.0343

Conclusion
Retain

2.2900

1.4640

retain

RSD

RR

3.5489

0.048810

13.754

0.097400

27.445

3.5616

0.040731

11.346

0.097400

27.347

b) Working equations
Mean
n

Xi

X = i=1
n

Standard Deviation

s=

Qtab
1.8871

( X i X )
i=1

n1

Relative Standard Deviation (RSD)

CL
3.6001
3.4977
3.5907
3.5325

RSD=

s
1000 ppt

Range

R= X h igh est X lowest

Relative Range

RR=

R
1000 ppt
X

Confidence Limit

ts
Confidence limit= X
n

Grubbs Test

max X X
| i |
i=1 n
g=
s

c) Sample calculations
1. Perform the Grubbs test (at 95% confidence level) for the suspected outlier of each data
set.
In data set 1, taking the absolute values of the differences of the highest and the lowest
values from the mean

|3.59943.5489|=0.0505
|3.50203.5489|=0.0469
The experimental value, g, is then calculated using the questionable measurement, the
highest value (3.5994).

max X X
|
| |3.59943.5489| 0.0505
i=1 n i
g=
=
=
=1.0343
s
0.048810
0.048810

The suspected outlier is then compared with the tabulated critical g value.

Gtab =1.8871

Since the experimental value is less than the tabulated one, the suspected outlier should be
retained.
For data set 2, taking the absolute values of the differences of the highest and the lowest
values from the mean

|3.59943.5616|=0.0378

|3.50203.5616|=0.0596
The experimental value, g, is then calculated using the questionable measurement, the
lowest value (3.5020).

max X X
|
| |3.50203.5616| 0.0596
i=1 n i
g=
=
=
=1.4640
s
0.040731
0.040731
The suspected outlier is then compared with the tabulated critical g value.

Gtab =2.2900

Because the experimental value is less than the tabulated one, the suspected outlier should
be retained.
2. Calculate the following statistics for each data set:
a. Mean
The formula for the mean is
n

Xi

X = i=1
n

For data set 1, the mean is 3.5489.

n

Xi

X = i=1
n

(3.5961+ 3.5077+3.5841+3.5020+3.5994+3.5042)
=3.5489
6

For data set 2, the mean is 3.5616.

3.5961+3.5077+3.5841+3.5020+3.5994

Xi

X = i=1
n

(+3.5042+ 3.5782+ 3.5887+3.5939+3.5620)

=3.5616
10

b. Standard deviation
In getting the standard deviation, the formula

s=

( X i X )
i=1

n1

shall be used.
For data set 1, the standard deviation is 0.04881.

( 3.59613.5489 )2+ ( 3.50773.5489 )2

n
2
2
+ ( 3.58413.5489 ) + (3.50203.5489 )
2

( X i X ) +( 3.59943.5489)2 +(3.50423.5489)2
s= i=1
=
=0.04881
n1
5

While in data set 2, the standard deviation is 0.040731.

( 3.59613.5616 )2+ ( 3.50773.5616 )2

2
2
+ ( 3.58413.5616 ) + ( 3.50203.5616 )
+ ( 3.59943.5616 )2 + ( 3.50423.5616 )2
n
2
2
+ ( 3.57823.5616 ) + (3.58873.5616 )
2

( X i X ) +(3.59393.5616)2+(3.56203.5616)2
s= i=1
=
=0.040731
n1
9

c. Relative standard deviation (in ppt)

Computing for the relative standard deviation using the formula

RSD=

s
1000 ppt
X

the value for data set 1 is 13.754

RSD=

s
0.048810
1000 ppt=
1000 ppt=13.754
X
3.5489

and 11.436 for data set 2

RSD=

s
0.040731
1000 ppt=
1000 ppt=11.436
X
3.5616

d. Range
The formula for getting the range is

R= X h igh est X lowest

Data set 1 has a range of 0.097400.

R= X h igh est X lowest =3.59943.5020=0.097400

Data set 2, also, has a range of 0.097400.

R= X h igh est X lowest =3.59943.5020=0.097400

e. Relative range (in ppt)

The formula for computing the relative range in ppt is

RR=

R
1000 ppt
X

Data set 1s relative range is 27.445.

RR=

R
0.097400
1000 ppt=
1000 ppt=27.445
3.5489
X

Data set 2s relative range is 27.347.

RR=

f.

R
0.097400
1000 ppt=
1000 ppt=27.347
X
3.5616

Confidence limits (95% confidence level)

For the confidence limit, the formula to be used is

ts
Confidence limit= X
n

In data set 1, the higher confidence limit is 3.6001,

ts =3.5489+ ( 2.57 ) (0.048810) =3.6001

Confidence limit= X
n
6
while the lower confidence limit is 3.4977.

ts =3.5489 ( 2.57 ) (0.048810) =3.4977

Confidence limit= X
n
6
In data set 2, the higher confidence limit is 3.5907,

Confidence limit= X

(2.26 ) (0.040731)
ts
=3.5616+
=3.5907
10
n

while the lower confidence limit is 3.5325.

ts =3.5616 ( 2.26 ) (0.040731) =3.5325

Confidence limit= X
10
n