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number of mole =
mass of subtance
molar mass
number of mole =
volume of gas
molar volme
For Solution
number of mole =
MV
1000
number of mole =
quantity of particle
6.02 1023
M = molarity
V = Volume of solution in cm3
Summary
molar mass
Mass of particle
(in gram)
Avogadro Constant
Mole of
particles
molar mass
Number of
particles
Avogadro Constant
molar volume
molar volume
Volume of
Gas
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Chemical Formula
Cation (Positive Ions)
Ion
Potassium
Symbol
K+
Ion
Calcium
Symbol
Ca2+
Ion
Aluminium
Symbol
Al3+
Sodium
Na+
Magnesium
Mg2+
Iron (III)
Fe3+
Lithium
Li+
Zinc
Zn2+
Chromium(III)
Cr3+
Hydrogen
H+
Barium
Ba2+
Argentums(I)
Ag+
Iron (II)
Fe2+
Mercury(I)
Hg+
Tin (II)
Sn2+
Ammonium
NH4+
Lead(II)
Pb2+
Copper(II)
Cu2+
Manganese(II)
Mn2+
Ion
Symbol
Ion
Symbol
Symbol
Oxide
O2-
Hydroxide
OH-
Ethanoate
Fluoride
F-
Sulphate
SO42-
Manganate(VII)
MnO4-
Chloride
Cl-
Nitrate
NO3-
Dichromate(VI)
Cr2O72-
Bromide
Br-
Carbonate
CO32-
Phosphate
PO43-
Thiosulphate
S2O32-
Iodide
I-
CH3COO-
CO
CO2
NO
NO2
SO2
SO3
F2
Br2
Cl2
I2
Ammonia
water
Hydrogen chloride
Tetrachloromethane
Glucose
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen iodide
Hydrogen sulphide
Ethanol
Ethanoic Acid
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NH3
H2O
HCl
CCl4
C6H12O6
HBr
HI
H2S
C2H5OH
CH3COOH
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Periodic Table
Reaction of Group 1 Elements
1. Reaction with Oxygen
The entire group 1 metal can react with oxygen to form metal oxide.
4Li + O2 2Li2O
4Na + O2 2Na2O
4K + O2 2K2O
The metal oxide of group 1 elements can dissolve in water to form alkali (hydroxide) solution
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Electrochemistry
Electrolyte
Ionisation of Electrolyte
Ionisation of Molten Compound
Na + e Na
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e
Observation:
Grey deposit is formed.
Observation:
Bubbles of pungent yellowish green gas are
produced. The gas turns moist litmus paper to red
and then bleaches it.
Al3+ + 3e Al
Observation:
Grey deposit is formed.
2Br- Br2 + 2e
Observation:
Molten electrolyte:
Brown colour gas is produced.
Pb + 2e Pb
2+
Observation:
Grey deposit is formed.
Aqueous solution:
Light brown solution is formed.
Cu + 2e Cu
2+
Observation:
Brown deposit is formed.
2I- I2 + 2e
Observation:
Molten electrolyte:
Brown colour gas is produced.
Ag+ + e Ag
Observation:
Silver deposit is formed.
Aqueous solution:
Light brown solution is formed. The solution turns
blue when a few drops of starch solution is added in.
2H+ + 2e H2
Observation:
Gas bubble is formed. A pop sound is produced
4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e
when a lighted splinter is placed near the mouth of Observation:
the test tube.
Gas bubble is formed. Gas produces light up a
wooden splinter.
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Sulphuric Acid
HCl H + Cl
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl+
Nitric Acid
Ethanoic Acid
2HCl + Zn ZnCl2 + H2
6HNO3 + 2Fe 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2
H2SO4 + Pb PbSO4 + H2
6CH3COOH + 2Al 2Al(CH3COO)3 + 3H2
Acid + Metal Oxide Salt + H2O
Example:
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Salt
Solubility of Salt
Salt
Salt of potassium, sodium and ammonium
Salt of nitrate
Salt of sulphate
Solubility
All are soluble in water
All are soluble in water
Mostly soluble in water except:
(Pb) Lead sulphate
(Ba) Barium sulphate
(Ca) Calcium sulphate
Mostly soluble in water except:
(Pb) Lead chloride
(Ag) silver chloride
(Hg) mercury chloride
Mostly insoluble in water except:
Potassium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Ammonium carbonate
Solubility
Mostly insoluble in water except: K2O and Na2O.
Mostly insoluble in water except: NH4OH, KOH and NaOH
Salt of chloride
Salt of carbonate
Preparation of Salt
Preparation of Soluble Salt
Salt of Potassium, Sodium and Ammonium
Acid + Alkali Salt + Water
Example: Preparation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
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Solid
Aqueous solution
White
Colourless
Green
Insoluble
Blue
Blue
Black
Insoluble
Green
Green
Brown
Brown
Yellow
White
Yellow when it is hot and
white when it is cold.
Brown when it is hot and
yellow when it is cold.
White
White
Insoluble
Insoluble
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Insoluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Colourless
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CO32-
NO3 -
SO42-
Cl-
Most Probably
Release CO2
Most Probably
Release NO2
Most Probably
Release SO3
Most Probably
No effect
Not decomposible
Mercury(II) carbonate
Silver(I) carbonate
Ammonium carbonate
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Characteristics
Rekindle glowing splinter.
Explode with a pop sound when brought close to a lighted splinter.
Turns lime water chalky.
Bleach moist litmus paper.
Pungent smell.
Turn moist red litmus paper to blue.
Produces white fume when reacts with concentrated hydrochloric Acid.
Pungent smell.
Bleach the purple colour of potassium manganate(VII).
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Pungent smell.
Brown in colour.
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Sulphur Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Qualitative analysis
Identification of Anions (Negative ions)
Diluted HCl or BaCl (aq) or Ba(NO3)2 AgNO3 follow by Brown Ring Test
( + FeSO4 (aq ) +
diluted HNO3 or (aq) follow by diluted diluted HNO3.
diluted H2SO4
concentratedH2SO4
HCl/HNO3
White precipitate is
White precipitate is
formed. It is soluble in
Carbon Dioxide is
2formed. It is soluble in
CO3
released.
diluted HCl/HNO3
diluted HNO3
2-
SO4
White precipitate is
formed. It is NOT soluble
in diluted HCl/HNO3
Formation of Brown
Ring
Cl-
White precipitate is
formed. It is NOT
soluble in diluted
HNO3
NO3-
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Idendification of cation
NaOH(ak)
NH3(ak)
HCl or NaCl
H2SO4 or
Na2SO4
Na2CO3
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
KI
Na+
Ca2+
White
precipitate.
Mg2+
White
precipitate is
produced.
Al3+
Zn2+
Pb2+
Fe2+
Fe
3+
2+
Cu
White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in
excess NaOH
solution.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in
excess NaOH
solution.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in
excess NaOH
solution.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in
excess NH3
solution.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in hot
water
White
precipitate is
produced.
White
precipitate is
produced.
Yellow
precipitate is
produced.
Dissolve in hot
water
Dirty green
precipitate is
produced.
Dirty green
precipitate is
produced.
Green
precipitate is
produced.
Red brown
precipitate is
produced.
Red brown
precipitate is
produced.
Brown
precipitate is
produced.
A red brown
solution formed.
Blue precipitate
is produced.
Blue precipitate
is produced.
Dissolve in
excess NH3
solution and
form a blue
solution.
Blue precipitate
is produced.
White
precipitate form
in brown
solution
NH4+
= No changes is observed
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Observation
Light blue precipitate
Dark Blue precipitate
Dark blue precipitate
Greenish brown solution
Pinkish solution
Blood red solution
Ion presents
Fe2+
Fe3+
Fe2+
Fe3+
Fe2+
Fe3+
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H2O + C CO + H2
2. Reaction between steam and natural gas.
2H 2 O + CH 4 CO2 + 4H2
Nitrogen
The reaction
1. Ammonia is made by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g); H = -92 kJ mo1-1
Catalyst: Iron
Promoter: Aluminium oxide
Temperature: 450 C
Pressure: 200-1000 atm
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