FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK of NURSING
PRACTICE
A. NURSING.1
Profession
Benner Level of Proficiency
B.
Nursing
History1
Intuitive Period
Apprentice Period
Dark Period
Educative Period
Contemporary Period
Nursing in the Philippine Setting
C. Nursing Theories & Theorists..2-3
4 Concepts of Nursing Theories
Classifications of Theories
(Nursing Theorists)

b. High Flow System

iii. CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY
iv. CHEST DRAINAGE
v. ABG INTERPRETATION
B. NUTRITION.7
Vitamins
Water Soluble
Fat-soluble
PROCEDURES
i.
NASOGASTRIC TUBE
C. BOWEL/FECAL ELIMINATION.7
PROCEDURES:
Enema
Stoma Care

II. STRESS & COPING

A.Localized Adaptiation Syndrome (LAS)
..3
B.Generalized Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
..3

D. URINARY ELIMINATION.8
Urinary Incontinence
PROCEDURES:
Catheterization
Continuous bladder irrigation

III.
INFECTION CONTROL
A.Airborne..4
B.Droplet..4
C.Contact4
D.Enteric..4
E. Neutropenic precaution.4
F. Bleeding precaution4

V. FLUIDS & ELECTROLYTES

FLUID VOLUME..8
Fluid volume excess
Fluid volume deficit
ELECTROLYTES..9

IV.
FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN NEEDS
A.
OXYGENATION
4-6
Normal breath sounds
Adventitious breath sounds
Altered breathing pattern
PROCEDURES
i.
SUCTIONING
b. Oropharyngeal
c.Nasopharyngeal
d. Endotracheal
e. Tracheostomy
ii. OXYGEN THERAPY
a. Low Flow System

Sodium
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Potassium
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Calcium
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
VI.GERIATRIC NURSING.10
VII. MEDICATION--------------10
VIII. DEATH & DYING .10
Post Mortem Care

I.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK of NURSING

PRACTICE
NURSING
LEVELS OF PROFICIENCY

EXPERIEN
CE

RULES/
MAXIMS

ORGANIZATIO
NAL ABILITY

SPEED/
FLEXIBILIT
Y

HOLISTIC

BENNERS LEVEL OF PROFICIENCY

NURSING HISTORY
1. I _____________________ Babylonia
Egypt
Israel
China
India
Greece
Rome
2. A ______________________3. D ______________________4. E _______________________5. C _____________________Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plans will succeed Prov. 16:3
Ms. Christy Bustillo RN USRN CRCP

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING

1577 ______________________________- first hospital for the Spanish wounded soldiers
1578 ______________________________- Hospital by Bro. Juan Clemente (Leprosy)
1906 ______________________________-first Nursing school
1907
o _________________________
o _________________________
o _________________________
o _________________________
______________________________- Philippine Nurses Association by Anastacia Giron-Tupas

NURSING THEORIES

PAGE

A. GENERAL THEORIES
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

VIRGINIA HENDERSON

MARTHA ROGER

DOROTHEA OREM

B. SYSTEM THEORIES
SISTER CALLISTA ROY

IMOGENE KING

BETTY NEUMAN

DOROTHY JOHNSON

Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plans will succeed Prov. 16:3
Ms. Christy Bustillo RN USRN CRCP

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

C. INTERPERSONAL THEORIES

PAGE

HILDEGARD PEPLAU

MADELEINE LEININGER

IDA JEAN ORLANDO

JEAN WATSON

D. CLIENT-CENTERED THEORIES

MYRA LEVINE

FAYE
GLEN ABDELLAH
___________________________________

LYDIA HALL
NOLA PENDER

II.

STRESS AND COPING

LOCALIZED ADAPTATION
SYNDROME

GENERALIZED ADAPTATION SYNDROME

Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plans will succeed Prov. 16:3
Ms. Christy Bustillo RN USRN CRCP

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

PAGE

III. INFECTION CONTROL

FIRST TIER: STANDARD
PRECAUTION
Guidelines:
HANDWASHING
GLOVES
GOWN
GOGGLES

SECOND TIER: TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTION

GUIDELINES
DISORDERS
AIRBORNE
MTVHZDROPLET

Diseases:
HALLPATIENT-

CONTACT

DROpLETISMCRIBMVH-

ENTERIC

IV.

FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN NEEDS

SUCTIONING

OXYGENATION

Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plans will succeed Prov. 16:3
Ms. Christy Bustillo RN USRN CRCP

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

SUCTIONIN
Tracheobronchial Secretions
ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE

TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE

TRACHEOSTOMY CARE

OXYGEN THERAPY

CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY
Percussion

Vibration

CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY

Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plans will succeed Prov. 16:3
Ms. Christy Bustillo RN USRN CRCP

Postural Drainage

CHEST DRAINAGE SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

PAGE

ABG INTERPRETATION
Test: _______________________

PAGE

RESPIRATORY

METABOLIC

ACIDOSI
S

Normal Values:
Ph
PaCO2
mmHg

HCO3

ALKALOS
IS

mEq/L

paO2
mmHg

SaO2

NUTRITION
MACRONUTRIENTS - Carbohydrates/ Protein/ Fats
Diet

Indication

Purpose

LOW PROTEIN

Limit
Meat, eggs, milk
products

HIGH PROTEIN

Encourage
Carbohydrates and supplement with
amino acids.

Meat, fish, dairy products.

Fried food, egg yolk,
shellfish, liver, pork.

Broiled or steamed food, fruits, vegetables,

chicken meat, vegetable oils.

Fatty meat, gravy,

cream, chocolate, nuts.

Vegetable, fruits, lean meats, fish.

LOW CHOLESTEROL

LOW FAT DIET

BALANCED DIET

**Bland Diet

Principle: All meals

should contain all three
main groups. Avoid
skipping or delaying
meals. Frequent, small
meals are better.

Hot spices, raw foods.

Milk, butter, eggs, white bread, broiled

potatoes.

MICRONUTRIENTS - Vitamins & Minerals

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plans will succeed Prov. 16:3
Ms. Christy Bustillo RN USRN CRCP

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

VITAMINS

DEFICIENCY

FOOD SOURCES
Liver, egg yolk, carrots

D
E
K

Milk, sunshine
Vegetable oils
Liver, egg yolk, green leafy vegetables

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMINS

DEFICIENCY

FOOD SOURCES

Citrus fruits

B1 (Thiamine)

Liver, meat

B2 (RIBOFLAVIN0

Liver, meat

B3 (NIACIN)

Liver, meat

B6 (PYRIDOXINE)

Rice, wheat

B9 (FOLIC ACID)

Green Leafy vegetables

B12 (CYANOCOBALAMIN)

Liver, meat

PAGE

NASOGASTRIC TUBE

BOWEL ELIMINATION
ENEMA
NONRETENTION

RETENTION

SOLUTION
USED
HEIGHT
TEMPERATURE
TIME OF
RETENTION
CARE OF THE CLIENTS WITH STOMA

Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plans will succeed Prov. 16:3
Ms. Christy Bustillo RN USRN CRCP

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

PAGE

URINARY ELIMINATION
URINARY INCONTINENCE

Stress:

URINARY RETENTION

PAGE
CONTINUOUS BLADDER
IRRIGATION

CATHETERIZATION

Urge:
Mixed:
Overflow:
Functional:
V.

FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES

BODY FLUIDS

TONICITY OF INTRAVENOUS SOLUTIONS

HYPOTONIC

ISOTONIC

HYPERTONIC

FLUID IMBALANCES
FLUID VOLUME DEFICIT

Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plans will succeed Prov. 16:3
Ms. Christy Bustillo RN USRN CRCP

FLUID VOLUME EXCESS

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

ELECTROLYTES
CATIONS (+)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)

PAGE

ANIONS (-)
mEq/L
mEq/L
mg/dl
mg/Dl

Phosphate (P04)

mg/Dl

Chloride (Cl)

mmOL/L

Bicarbonate
(HCO3)

SODIUM
Food sources:
HYPONATREMIA

HYPERNATREMIA

HYPOKALEMIA

HYPERKALEMIA

POTASSIUM
Food Sources:

CNS

CNS

GIT
MUSCLES
Skeletal:
Smooth:
MGT

GIT
MUSCLES
Skeletal:
Smooth:
MGT

CALCIUM
Food sources:
HYPOCALCEMIA
Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plans will succeed Prov. 16:3
Ms. Christy Bustillo RN USRN CRCP

HYPERCALCEMIA
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

VI.

PAGE

GERIATRIC NURSING

GERIATRIC NURSING OVERVIEW

Devt Task:________________________________
A.Cognitive decline: ______________________
B.___ Visual acuity: ________________________
C.___Hearing: _____________________________
D.___Lung Residual volume: ________________
E.___Clotting: ______________________________

VII.

MEDICATIONS
PARENTERAL MEDICATIONS

Injection Route

Best Site

Angle

F.COLOR difficult to be distinguished: _______

G.Bone deminiralization:____________________
H.____ Gastric enzymes: ___________________
I. ____ BLADDER CAPACITY: _________________
J. ____ GFR: ________________________________
K. ____ NO. of TASTE BUDS

PAGE

Z TRACK METHOD
Gauge
(needle)

Intradermal (ID)

G 25-27

Subcutaneous
(SQ)
Intramuscular
(IM)

G 23-25

Intravenous (IV)

VARIES

G 20-22

INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS
Complications of IV Infusion
(CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC drugs
NON-VESICANT

VIII.

BLOOD TRANSFUSION
VESICANT

PRINCIPLES OF DEATH & DYING (POST MORTEM CARE)

Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plans will succeed Prov. 16:3
Ms. Christy Bustillo RN USRN CRCP

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

PAGE

FRESH WHOLE
BLOOD/PACKED RBC

PLATELET & FRESH

FROZEN PLASMA

PRE:

INTRA:

PAGE

POST:

PAGE

Commit to the Lord whatever you do and your plans will succeed Prov. 16:3
Ms. Christy Bustillo RN USRN CRCP

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING