Shipment of Audio Reordings

1975

1980

Year
LP ALBUMS
SINGLES
Total Records

1985

1990

1990

Cartridge
RM

243.00

RM

654.00

RM

456.00

RM

687.00

RM

699.00

RM

1,341.00

RM
987.00
RM
968.00
RM
1,955.00

RM
65.00
RM
4,987.00
RM
5,052.00

RM
965.00
RM
1,859.00
RM
2,824.00

Tapes
8 Tracks
Cassettes
Cassettes Singles
Total Records

RM

579.00

RM

379.00

RM

809.00

RM

99.00

RM

1,035.00

RM

9,849.00

RM

564.00

RM

65.00

RM

15.00

RM 1,242.00

RM

1,479.00

RM 10,673.00

RM
764.00
RM
454.00
RM
4,550.00
RM
5,768.00

RM
6,064.00
RM
654.00
RM
5,190.00
RM
11,908.00

Compact Disk
Regular CDs
CD Singles
Total Records
Grand Total

RM

987.00

RM

3,806.00

RM

657.00

RM

9,562.00

RM 1,644.00

RM 13,368.00

RM 3,585.00

RM 16,188.00

RM
6,540.00
RM
941.00
RM
7,481.00
RM
20,109.00

RM
6,810.00
RM
794.00
RM
7,604.00
RM
18,424.00

RM
9,984.00
RM
987.00
RM
10,971.00
RM
24,766.00

Question And Discussion

Question 1 How to Create the table by using excel

Creating Your Table

Creating a table in Excel is easy. Of course you already have some data available somewhere on your
sheet. Select the cells that contain the data:

Figure 1: Select the table area

Next, on the Home tab of the ribbon, find the group called "Styles". Click on the button that says "Format as
Table" (see figure 2):

Figure 2: "Format as Table" button on the Styles group of the Home tab.
After clicking this button, Excel shows a new user interface element called a gallery, with a number of
formatting choices for your table, see figure 3:

Figure 3: Table format gallery.

Select one of the predetermined formats. After clicking one of the formats, Excel will ask you what range of
cells you want to convert to a table (see figure 4). If your table contains a heading row, make sure the
checkbox is checked. Click OK to convert the range to a table.

Figure 4: Dialog asking what range of cells has to be converted to a table.

After youve finished these steps, your table will look like figure 5.

Figure 5: Range of cells, after converting to table

Special functionality of a Table

After defining a table, the area gains special functionalities:

1. Integrated autofilter and sort functionality

If your Table has a header row, it will always have filter and sorting dropdowns in place on the header row.
See figure 6:

Figure 6: sorting and filtering dropdowns

2. Easy selecting
Selecting an entire column or row is simple: move your mouse to the top of the table until the pointer
changes to a down pointing arrow (figure 7) and click. The data area of that column is selected. Click again
to include the header and total rows in the selection.

Figure 7: selecting an entire column of data within your table

You can also select the entire data area or the entire table by clicking near the tables top-left corner (the
mousepointer changes to a south-east pointing arrow, see figure 8).

Figure 8: selecting all data within your table or the whole table is just one or two clicks away.

3. Header row remains visible whilst scrolling

If your table is larger than fits on a screen and you scroll down, Excel 2007 has a nice new feature: the
column letters are temporarily replaced with the tables column names (but only whilst youre inside the
table!). See figure 9.

Figure 9: Table header names on Excels column header when scrolling

4. Automatic expansion of table

If you type anything next to a table, Excel assumes you want to expand the table and automatically
increases the table size to include your new entry. Of course you can undo this expansion too, or switch off
this behavior entirely.

5. Automatic reformatting
When you insert or remove a row (or column) in your table, Excel will automatically adjust the formatting:
alternate shading is kept nicely in place.

6. Automatic adjustment of charts and other objects source range

If you add rows to your table, any object that uses your tables data will automatically include the new data.

Table Options on the Ribbon

Once you have selected any of the cells within the table, you will see a new tab appear on the ribbon, called
Table Tools, Design. Figure 10 shows you what the ribbon will look like after you click this tab.

Figure 10: Ribbon after clicking the Table Tools tab.

Each group on this tab is discussed in the following paragraphs.

Properties group
The properties group (see figure 11 below) enables you to do two things:

Figure 11: properties group on Table Tools tab

1. change the Name of the table

The name of a table is used when you refer to cells within the table in a formula.
2. Change the size of the table

Click this control to change the size of your table.

Tools group

This group (see figure 12) has three controls:

Figure 12: Tools group on Table Tools tab

1. Summarize with PivotTable

It is obvious what this control does. After you have created the pivot table, you dont
need to worry about updating the sourcerange of the pivot table anymore. If you add
data to your table, Excel automatically expands the source range of the Pivot table to
reflect your changes. Of course you still have to refresh the Pivot table to see the
results.

2. Remove Duplicates

Another new feature which has been added to Excel 2007. After clicking this control,
you are presented with a dialog with which you can select the columns that you want to
use to determine whether a row in the table is unique. (see figure 13)

Figure 13: Remove Duplicates dialog

3. Convert to Range
By pressing this button you demote the table back to a normal range. Beware if you do this when youve
based e.g. a pivot table on the range, the Pivot tables source range will not be updated and the pivot table
cannot be refreshed anymore.

The External Table Data Group

This group (shown in figure 14) is all about the source data of a table and only applies if the data in the
table has been imported into Excel using a database- or webquery or a sharepoint list.

Figure 14: External Table Data group on the Table Tools tab of the ribbon
This group has 5 buttons:

1. Export Data
This is in fact a combobutton. If you press it youre offered two options,
"Export Table to SharePoint List" and "Export Table to Visio PivotDiagram". What these are exactly is
beyond the scope of this article.

2. Refresh
Use this combobutton to refresh the external data in your table. If you click the arrow beneath the button,
youre offered a menu which amongst others also includes "Refresh All", with which you can refresh all
external data ranges in your file.

3. Data Range Properties

This button can be used to change the properties of the external data you have based your table on.

4. Open in Browser
If your table is a sharepoint list, this button enables you to open a browser window with that list.

5. Unlink
If your table is a sharepoint list, this button disconnects the table from the list.

Table Style Options Group

This group houses the controls which determine how table styles are applied to your table (see figure 15).

Figure 15: Table Style Options group on the Table Tools tab of the ribbon

1. Header Row
When this box is unchecked, Excel removes the header row from your table. The cells of the header row
are cleared, but Excel does remember the header. If you type anything into any cell in that now empty row,
Excel will not overwrite that information when you check the box again. Instead, Excel will insert a new row
to show the header. Cells below the table are then moved down.

2. Total Row
Check this box if you want a total row below your table. Excel will automatically add a sum function below
the last column in your table.

3. Banded Rows
Check this box to get alternating shading for the rows in your table.

4. First Column
If you check this box, the first column of your table will be formatted differently from the other columns.

5. Last Column
Formats the last column of your table differently from the other columns.

6. Banded Columns
Check this box to get alternating shading for the columns in your table

Table Styles Group

The last group on the Table Tools tab enables you to quickly change the style of your table (see figure 16).

Figure 16: Table Styles group on the Table Tools tab of the ribbon
Click the dropdown button to the right of the gallery to see all choices available to you. Hover over a
particular style to see what your table would look like when you click it. At the bottom of the gallery there are
two extra choices:

1. New Table Style

This option enables you to create your own table style.

2. Clear
Use this to remove the table style from your table entirely. Number formats are retained.

Referencing cells in a table (structured referencing)

Excel 2007 introduces a new syntax to refer to cells inside a table. To see how this works, click in a cell to
the immediate right of the table, hit the = sign, type SUM( and then click on any cell with data within the
table. Youll get a formula like this one:
Excel 2007: =SUM(Table3[[#This Row];[Discount]])
This syntax has been simplified in Excel 2010 and 2013:
=SUM(Table3[@Discount])
The new naming convention to refer to the cells in your table works as follows:
Table3: The name of your table
[#This Row] in Excel 2007, @ in Excel 2010-2013 : Denotes the data comes from the same row your
formula cell is in
[Discount] : The column inside the table
Some other examples:
Description

Excel 2007

Excel 2010, 2013

The entire table

=Table1

=Table1

The same row in the table

=Table1[[#This Row][Discount]]

=Table1[@Discount]

Heading of table

=Table1[#Headers]

=Table1[#Headers]

Entire table (2)

=Table1[#All]

=Table1[#All]

Table total row

=Table1[#Totals]

=Table1[#Totals]

Because of this naming convention, you are not allowed to have more than one column inside a table with a
specific heading. As soon as you try to type a new heading that duplicates an existing one, Excel will
automatically correct the duplication by appending a number to the new column name.
A nice feature of tables is immediately shown as soon as you hit enter: your table is automatically resized to
include your formula (Excel has also made up a column heading for you) and the formula is automatically
copied down to fill the entire column alongside your data! Both actions may be undone by using the smart
tag that appears.

Referring to a table from another workbook

Even though I mentioned that a table is also stored as a range name there is a peculiarity. The range name
points only to the data rows of the table. The header row is NOT included. This means that if you want to
create a pivot table on data that is in a table in another workbook you need to use a syntax that differs from
the old days.
Normally you would refer to a range name "TableName" in workbook "WorkbookName.xls" using:
[WorkbookName.xls]!TableName
But although a table is represented by a range name, you should not use the range name syntax as the
source. Rather you must use this:
WorkbookName!TableName
This will convince Excel that you are pointing to a table and then includes the header rows.

Question 2
Give example for mathematics using excel
This example is pretty cool because in about five minutes we'll create a calculator in Excel (albeit a very
basic one).
This calculator will use cells A5 and B5 as the parameters and will show the addition, subtraction, division
and multiplication results for those two numbers.
We'll start with the just the two parameters:

Then we can add the formula for the addition result:

You can see that when we change the parameters (A1,A2), the result of the addition formula for our mini
calculator changes:
Let's now add the subtraction formula:

Now let's flex your formula muscles...

How to insert & edit Excel formulas

To enter a formula you can either select a cell and type '=' followed by the formula, as shown
here:Or...Select the desired cell, then click the 'formula bar' and type in the formula (starting with the
obligatory '=' sign), as shown here:
Once you've entered a formula, it will not show in the cell. The cell will show the result of the formula
(there's a way around this that we'll discuss later).
To edit a formula once you've created it, do one of the following:

And again, when we change the parameters (A1,A2) the result changes

Applying an Excel formula to an entire row (or column)

There are a lot of cases where you'll need to apply the same formula to an entire column, or even a set of
columns.
In the following example you see a list of employees, the number of hours they worked, and the hourly pay
rate for each of those employees:

The formula for calculating the monthly salary is a simple multiplication formula, shown here:

We could retype the same formula with slight changes for each cell in column D
'=C3*B3' for cell D3
'=C4*B4' for cell D4
And so on.
If the list is long, this can take quite a while. Fortunately for us, there is a much faster way.
If we copy the formula from cell D2 to the entire D column, Excel will adjust the formula on each cell: the
formula on row 3 will reference cells B3 and C3, the formula on row 4 will reference cells B4 and C4 and so
on.
To copy the formula and change it automatically, do the following:
1.
Select cell D2

2.

Click on the Copy button in the Home ribbon (or press Control+C on the keyboard) to copy the cell
formula
3.
Mark cells D3 through D11 (put the mouse on cell D3, click the left mouse button and leave it
pressed, then move the mouse to cell D11 and release the mouse button)
4.
Click on the Paste button in the Home ribbon (or press Control+V on the keyboard) to paste the
formula to the cells you selected
5.
And Voila , the formula is automatically applied to all the selected cells

You can actually switch to a mode where excel displays the formulas inside the cells instead of
the formula values, shown here:

To do that, press Control+~ (this sign is called the tilde and it is located under the ESC key or above the
TAB key. Trust me, it's there).
After you've pressed Control+~ you'll have to press Control+~ again to return to 'value viewing mode'

Mathematical Functions in Excel

What is an Excel function?

Up until now we've seen 3 types of elements used in Excel formulas, as shown in the formula below:
=A1+7
In this formula, A1 is a cell reference.
The '+' sign is an operator. We've already learned about the 4 basic operators (-,+,/ and *).
And 7 (which is obviously a number) is called a Constant. Constants can be numbers, strings(text), dates,
times and monetary values.
So what is a mathematical function?
A mathematical function is a calculation that was preprogrammed into Excel.
For instance, if you need to calculate the square root of a number, you can use the SQRT function.
For example, the formula:
=SQRT(4)
Will return 2 as the value.
Excel includes hundreds of built-in functions that can be used in a multitude of ways. This function library is
one of the features of Excel that makes it such an amazing tool. We'll discuss some of these functions later
on.
But for now, let's go back to the SQRT function...
The SQRT function receives one parameter that can be either a constant (like 4,9,16,20) or a cell reference
(like C4) and returns the square root of that number.
So the formula:
=SQRT(A1) will return the square root of the value contained in A1
The example below shows the use of SQRT formula for an entire column:

If we use a non-numeric value as the parameter of the SQRT function, it will return #VALUE!, which
indicates that an error occurred while trying to calculate the function.
It is also important to remember that functions can be used as a part of a formula. For instance the
formula...
=1+SQRT(A1)/2
Is totally valid as shown below:

Ranges - one of the most powerful features in Excel

The following sheet contains the monthly sales figures for ACME Gadget Company (on a per-salesperson
basis).

To calculate the sales for Sam (the first sales man) we could use the following formula:
=B2+B3+B4+B5+B6+B7+B8+B9+B10+B11+B12+B13
Which adds the monthly sales figures for Sam from January to December. But entering this formula is very
tedious.
Fortunately for us, there is a much simpler way.
We can use the SUM function, which receives a range of cells and sums them up. So an alternative to the
previous formula will be
=SUM(B2:B13)
Which is much easier to enter and will return the same result.
As you can see, a range is a group of cells defined by the first and last cell in the group and separated by a
colon.
In the previous example we defined a range that was part of a column. But ranges aren't limited to be just
column shaped.
As you can see below, we can use a range to sum up the total sales for the month of April.
The formula for that range would be:
=SUM(B5:F5)

We can also use ranges to SUM up the entire yearly sales, by using the following formula:
=SUM(B2:F13)
As shown here:

In this case the range we used includes all the data within the rectangle which begins on cell B2 and ends
on cell F15.
* The blue rectangle is shown for illustration purposes -it doesn't appear in a normal Excel sheet.

The Excel Average() function

The average() function is very similar to the sum() function: it receives a range of cells, and returns the
average of all the numbers that appear in that range (i.e. the sum of all the cells divided by the number of
cells).
The following sheet contains a list of kinder-garden kids and their height:

The following formula will show us the average height of the entire kinder-garden population:
=AVERAGE(B2:B16)
As shown here...

Using the Average function in Excel for percentage calculation

Let's take another look at the preschoolers height example, but this time let's assume that the average
height of a preschooler is 3'.
Let's now add a column that shows each child's relative height in percentages.
This means that if a child is 4' tall his relative height will be 133%; if a child is 2' tall, his relative height would
be 66%.
As shown here:

The formula for this column is a simple percentage formula...

=B2/3*100
Which is means...
=(the height of the child)/(the average height which is 3 feet)*(100 to get the number as a percent)
Note
Remember, we don't need to reenter the formula for every child, we can enter it into cell C2 and then copy it
to cells C3 through C16 by using the copy & paste function.
Excel will automatically adjust the formula so that at cell C3 it relates to cell B3 and that in cell C4 it relates
to cell B4 and so on.
You can see more detailed explanation about how to apply a formula to an entire column or row here.
Now we can calculate the average relative height of the entire kindergarden class by using the AVERAGE()
formula:
=average(c2:c16)
As shown here:

Note
The cells in the range above (C2:C16) contained formulas and not numbers. This is a perfectly valid
situation. In fact, there are lots of times where you'll use the result of one formula as the parameter for
another formula

Excel Formula Parenthesis - Sometimes you get the wrong formula result if you don't use them
Excel is a pretty smart application. I've been using Excel intensively for a long while now and I am still
amazed by the things Excel is able to perform.
But as smart as it is, there are things it can't know.
For example, let's say you want to find the average of 3 numbers and you enter the following formula:
=2+4+6/3
Well, Excel doesn't know that you want to calculate an average and that it has to first add the first three
numbers and then divide the total by 3, which will result in the number 4 - which is the average.
Instead Excel will use what's called the 'operator order of precedence' to determine how to solve this
equation.
The 'operator order of precedence' is a complicated way to say that when excel solves a mathematical
formula, it solves the multiplication and division parts of a formula first, and only then the addition and
subtraction parts.
This means that in the case illustrated above, Excel will first divide 6 by 3, and only then add up the
numbers; it would work out something like this:
=2+4+6/3
=2+4+2

=8
And the result will be 8 rather than 4.
To specifically tell Excel in which order to solve the formula, we use parenthesis. For example:
=(2+4+6)/3
This way, Excel will first solve the addition part, and only then divide the total by 3.
So, if a formula you wrote is not producing the result you expected, see if you need to add parenthesis in
order to clarify the formula for Excel.

The Excel Power function

The power function is used (as you have probably guessed) to raise a number to a power.
For instance, the formula:
=Power(10,2) is 10*10 (can be written 102) which equals 100
=Power (2,3) is actually 2*2*2 (or 23), which equals 8
Note
Excel also includes the operator '^' for the Power() function.
So instead of writing:
=Power(10,2)
You can write:
=10^2
The power function can be used in many ways, but perhaps it's most well known use is with compound
interest rate.
The following sheet shows the return on investment on a $5000 investment carrying a 5% interest rate over
different investment periods (column C).

You calculate the return on investment by raising the interest rate by the power of the time period then
multiplying it with the original investment sum.

This will translate to the following Excel formula:

=A2*POWER(B2,C2)
Note
To get a feel of the Power() function try the following exercise:
Open a new sheet and simulate the growth rate of an imaginary virus. The rules of the game are very
simple. Each generation the virus splits into 2 new viruses.
Put the number 2 in cell A1
Put the number of generations (start with 5) in cell A2
And put the formula =Power(A1,A2) in B2
B2 will show you how many viruses there are after 5 generations.
Now play with the number of generations and see how the results change.
Excel ROUNDUP, ROUNDDOWN and ROUND functions
In the previous example we calculated the return on investment by using the power function. If you look at
the results of the calculation on column D, you'll see that they show 5 digits after the decimal point.

While showing numbers after the decimal point is certainly more precise, it also makes reading the sheet
much harder because of all those extra numbers.
One of the ways to eliminate (or reduce) the digits after the decimal point is to use the ROUNDUP(),
ROUNDDOWN() and ROUND() functions.

As you probably gathered from its name, the ROUNDUP() function will round any given number up to the
next round number.
What's interesting is that ROUNDUP() also lets round up to a specific number of decimal points. That's
done by passing the number of decimal points you want to round up to as the second parameter (0
meaning to round up to the closest whole number, 1 meaning there will be one digit after the decimal point,
and so on).
For Example:
=ROUNDUP(18.23,0) will return 19
While
=ROUNDUP(18.23,1) will return 18.3
The ROUNDDOWN() acts exactly the same way as the ROUNDUP() function except it will round the
number down to the previous round number (with a specified number of digits).
For Example:
=ROUNDDOWN(18.23,0) will return 18
And
=ROUNDDOWN(18.23,1) will return 18.2
The ROUND() function will round to the closest number (given a specific number of digits).
For example:
=ROUND(18.23,0) will return 18
While
=ROUND(18.51,0) will return 19
Note
What do you think will the function =ROUND(18.5,0) return?
Will it return 19 or will it return 18?
Open Excel and check if your answer was correct.
Excel CEILING and FLOOR functions
The FLOOR() and CEILING() function are similar to the ROUND functions but serve a slightly different
purpose.
The CEILING function receives two parameters (let's call them A and B) and returns the multiple of B that's
both closest to and larger than A.
For instance
=CEILING(10,3)

Will return 12 since 12 is the closest multiple of 3 which is also larger than 10.
Imagine you wanted to calculate how many tables you should arrange for your wedding.
You know how many people you plan to invite to the wedding. And you know that each table seats 14
people.
The following formula will reveal the answer in a blink:
=CEILING(A1,14)/14
Enter the number of invitees into cell A1 and you've got your answer.

You can reach the same result by using the following formula...
=FLOOR(A1,14)/14+1
Can you explain why?

Excel Count Function

Counting is one of the things Excel does best. And if you probe the help files you'll find 5 different counting
functions.
But let's turn to the basic COUNT() function.
The COUNT() function receives a range and returns the number of the numeric value found in that range.

For example, if we wanted to calculate the average of the numbers that appear in a certain range
(assuming that we didn't use the AVERAGE() function), we could use the following formula:

Note
The COUNT() function can be used to count the numbers in a column even if you don't know the what will
be the last cell in the column. This is achieved by passing the entire column as a parameter to the count
function in the following way:
=COUNT(A:A)

Question 3 how to insert symbol RM with 2 decimal places

Open Excel.
1. This step is dependent on the version of Excel you are using.
o

Excel 2010/2013 - Go to File -> Options

Excel 2007 - Go to Office Button -> Excel Options

3.

Select Advanced in the left hand column.

2. Uncheck Automatically insert a decimal point.

3. Click OK

Office X/2001/XP/2003
1. Open Excel.
2. This step is dependent on the version of Excel you are using.
o

Excel 2003 - Go to Tools -> Options

Excel XP - Go to Tools -> Options

Excel 2001 - Go to Edit -> Preferences

Excel X - Go to Excel -> Preferences

3. Select the Edit tab.

4. Uncheck Fixed Decimal Places:.

5. Click OK.

Conclusion
The conclusion that I have found is that , I am grateful to the teachers who have taught me about the use of
excel, it helped me a lot in the examination besides my work is useful even after the expiration learn where
anywhere is.