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m = IAu m
= B
Magnetisation M
When a magnetic field B0 is applied to a
material, each atom responses to it, develops or
acquires a net magnetic moment the material is
magnetised. The extents of the magnetisation of
the material is described by magnetic vector M,
defined as the magnetic dipole moment per
unit volume.
1
M=
V
i =1
mi
B = B 0 + 0M
The corresponding magnetised field H is defined
as
H=
BM
Magnetic permeability
The magnetic permeability at a point of P in a
material is defined as
B
=
H
B
B
r =
=
=
B0 0 H 0
Magnetic susceptibility
In practice it is often that H is known (related
directly to current), the magnetisation M is related
to H by the equation
M = H
where is the magnetic susceptibility. Since both
r and describe the magnetisation, they are
related
r = (1 + )
m=r-1
Examples
Diamagnetic
negative, small
Polymers, Si, Cu
Paramagnetic
positive, small
Gases
Ferromagnetic
positive, very
large
positive, very
large
Fe, Co, Ni
Ferrimagnetic
Fe3O4
Polycrystalline Materials
The majority of the magnetic materials used in
engineering are polycrystalline. They have a
microstructure that consists of many grains of
various sizes and orientations.
B = 0 r H
Using Circuital law
NI
H=
d
Flux density is given by
B=
S
d
S
B = 0 r H
B
r =
0 H
H
r
Power absorbed at t
dB
dB
P = e12i = NA
i = AlH
dt
dt
W = HdB
0
d
dB
e12 = N
= NA
dt
dt
Let the core had no residual field when the coil is excited by i = Imax sin t
In the interval 0<t</2, B will rise along the path OGP. Operating point at P
corresponds to +Imax or +Hmax.
For the interval /2<t<, operating moves along the path PRT.
At point T, current is zero. However, due to sinusoidal
current, i starts increasing in the ve direction and operating
point moves along TSEQ.
It may be noted that a ve H of value OS is necessary to
bring the residual field to zero at S. OS is called the
coercivity of the material. At the end of the interval
<t<3/2, current reaches Imax or field Hmax.
In the next internal, 3/2<t<2, current changes from
Imax to zero and operating point moves from Q to M along
the path QFM.
After this a new cycle of current variation begins and the
operating point now never enters into the path OGP. The
movement of the operating point can be described by two
paths namely: (i) QFMNKP for increasing current from
Imax to +Imax and (ii) from +Imax to Imax along PRTSEQ.