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Abstract
This paper studies the perturbed Klein-Gordon equation by the aid of several methods of integrability. There are
six forms of nonlinearity that are considered in this paper. The parameter domains are thus identified.
Keywords: The perturbed Klein-Gordon equation; integrability; nonlinearity
1. Introduction
The nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (KGE)
appears in Theoretical Physics in the context of
relativistic quantum mechanics. There have been
several studies conducted with this equation by
Physicists and Applied Mathematicians across the
globe [1-10]. One of the most important tasks is to
carry out the integration of the perturbed KGE. This
paper will focus on obtaining the solution of the
perturbed KGE by the aid of G /G method, expfunction method and, finally, the traveling wave
solution will be obtained. There are six types of
nonlinearities of the KGE that will be considered in
this paper.
2. Mathematical Analysis
2.1.1. Form-I
'
(1)
*Corresponding author
Received: 18 February 2012 / Accepted: 16 May 2012
F (q) = aq bq 2
F (q ) is
(2)
432
2.1.4. Form-IV
2.1.2. Form-II
Here,
In this case,
F (q) = aq bq 3
(4)
(5)
F (q) = aq bq n cq 2 n 1
(9)
(10)
2.1.3. Form-III
approximated by
Here,
F (q) = aq bq n
(6)
(7)
n 1
a n 1 sin
q = 0
2
2
for small values of q , where a1 through a( n 1)/2
must be chosen such that only the linear term and
n
bn cos 1 q = 0
1
2
2
(11)
2.1.5. Form-V
n
a n sin 1 q b1 cos q
1
2
2
n
b2 cos 2q bn cos 1 q = 0 (8)
1
2
2
for small values of q , where a1 through an/2 1
must be chosen such that only the linear term
survives with coefficient a , and b1 through bn/2 1
F (q) = aq bq1 n cq n 1.
(12)
2.1.6. Form-VI
This is the logarithmic form of nonlinearity. In
this case [6],
F (q ) = aq bq ln q
(13)
Define
f ( x) = x log x 2
(14)
433
f ( x) = bn sin(nx)
(15)
n =1
bn =
f ( x) sin(nx) dx
(16)
x log x 2 = 4[
n =1
(1)
n
n 1
log( )
(17)
sin t
dt
t
(20)
Si ( x) =
q( x, t ) = g ( x vt )
1
Si (n )]sin(nx)
n2
k 2 v v 2 g '' F ( g ) g
where
Here,
(21)
s = x vt
= = = = 0
(19)
(22)
(23)
(24)
k 2 v v 2 g '' F ( g ) g = 0. (25)
'
k 2 v v 2 g '
2g ' F ( g )ds g 2 = 0.
(26)
x vt
v2 k 2 v v2
dg
g 2 g F ( g )ds
'
1
2
(27)
434
x vt
v2 k 2 v v2
1
bg 2
1
=
tanh 1
2( a)
a
3.1.1. Form-I
(28)
(36)
x vt
v k v v
2
= 3
dg
g 3( a) 2bg
(29)
1
2
x vt
B=
(30)
3(a )
2b
(32)
1
a
2
2
2 v k v v2
(39)
and
B=
(38)
b( a) < 0
A=
2a
b
and
v2 k 2 v v2
2
2bg
1
=
tanh 1
3( a)
a
A=
1
a
,
2
2
2 v k v v2
x vt
(33)
( a ) v 2 k 2 v v 2 > 0
(34)
3.1.2. Form-II
(n 1) a
v2 k 2 v v2
2bg n 1
1
(42)
tanh 1
.
(n 1)( a)
(35)
(n 1)(a ) n 1
A=
2b
(44)
435
3.1.5. Form-V
B=
(n 1)
a
2
2
2
v k v v2
(45)
3.1.4. Form-IV
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by
qtt k 2 qxx aq bq n cq 2 n 1 = q qxt qtt . (46)
x vt
v2 k 2 v v2
A = 2i g n
x vt
v k 2 v v2
g n 1
1
=
ln
,
(n 1) a G
2
gn
(47)
(48)
2b
c
2 1
g n 1
g 2n2
(n 1)( a )
n( a)
which finally leads to
A
1 C cosh[ B( x vt )]
1
n 1
, (49)
C=g
C=
2J
1 1 4 JK
1
n 1
a
v k v v2
2
(57)
2(n 1)( a )
b
(50)
(51)
2J
1 1 4 JK
(58)
(59)
1 1 4 JK
1 1 4 JK
(60)
J=
2b
(2 n)( a )
(61)
K=
2c
(2 n)( a)
(62)
(n; | k ) =
sin
1 nt
2
dt
(1 t 2 )(1 k 2t 2 )
(52)
3.1.6. Form-VI
For this form, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by
(53)
4b
4c
= 1.
2
2
(n 1) ( a ) n( a )
n
2
b( a) < 0
D=
where
B = (n 1)
2 Jg n
B = n 1 Jg Kg
1 1 4 JK
2b
g n 1 2
(n 1)( a)
(n 1)( a )
A =
A
isinh 1C D , (56)
B
2J
1 1 4 JK
where
q( x, t ) = g ( x vt ) =
where
G=
(55)
(54)
436
x vt
2
b
2
= a b ln g (64)
2
2
2
b
2
v k v v
q( x, t ) = g ( x vt ) = Ae B
2 ( x vt )2
(65)
v 2 B 2Q'' ,) = 0
(71)
A = exp
b
1
2
(66)
b
1
2
2
2 v k v v2
(67)
(68)
G' /G Method
'
q( x, t ) = Q( ), = B( x vt ),
(70)
(72)
are constants to be
d 2G ( )
dG ( )
G ( ) = 0.
2
d
d
where
and
(73)
(73) , we have
2 4
2 4
2
) c2 sinh(
)
c1 cosh(
2
2
4
, 2 4 > 0,
2 4
2 4 2
) c2 cosh(
)
c1 sinh(
2
2
2
2
4
4
) c2 sinh(
)
c cosh(
G' 4 2 1
2
2
, 2 4 < 0,
=
2
G
4 2
4 2 2
sinh(
)
cosh(
)
c
c
1
2
2
2
c1
2
, 4 = 0
c1 c2 2
b v2 k 2 v v2 > 0
G' /G as follows:
G'
Q( ) = a , am 0
l
l =0
G
m
where al , l = 0,1, , m
and
B=
We
To determine
four steps:
al for l = 0,1, , m.
437
6 B 2 y
b
a2 =
2 (a ) 2 2 z
4B2 z
In this section, we will demonstrate the G /G expansion method on several forms of the perturbed
KGE.
4.2.1. Form-I
z = 2 k 2 2 2 , y = k 2 v 2 v v 2.
When = 4 =
qtt k 2 qxx aq bq 2 = q qt qx
qxt qtt
(74)
> 0 we obtain
6 B ( v )
,
5b
(75)
and
(83)
15B 2 2 2 (5( a ) 6 B ( v ))
,
10 2b
f ( ) =
''
(82)
6 B 2 y
d2 =
,
b
(70) is
(v k v v ) B Q (a )Q
bQ 2 ( v ) BQ' = 0,
2
B2 z
where
d0 =
2 (a )
q( x, t ) = Q( ) = d 0 d1 f ( ) d 2 f ( ) 2 , (81)
d1 =
(80)
where
(79)
(84)
(85)
= ( 1)( 2 2 v 2 ) 2v ,
1 2 (a )
and = x vt , v = .
2
2
B z
2
(a )
2
< 0 we obtain
When = 4 =
B2 y
G
G
Q = a2 a1 a0 ,
G
G
(76)
a0 =
1
(3 2 B 2 z 2 (a ))
2
2b
6
a1 =
B(5 By v )
5b
(77)
q( x, t ) = Q( ) = d 0 d1 f ( ) d 2 f ( ) 2 , (86)
where
f ( ) =
When
2 (a )
B2 y
= 0,
(87)
the
q( x, t ) = Q ( ) = d 0 d1 f ( ) d 2 f ( ) 2 ,
where
(88)
438
c2
f ( ) =
.
c1 c2
(89)
and d 0 , d1 , d 2 ,
, c1 , c2 , B
are
arbitrary constants.
4.2.2. Form-II
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by
qtt k 2 qxx aq bq 3 = q qt qx
qxt qtt
(90)
where by the wave transformation
converted to
(70) is
Balancing Q
and Q
gives m 2 = 3m,
Q = a1
G
a0
G
(92)
2by (3By v )
where a0 =
6by
2 (a )
2 zB
, = x
t.
4.2.3. Form-III
In this case, the perturbed KGE to be studied is
given by
qtt k 2 qxx aq bq n = q qt qx
qxt qtt
(96)
and, by the wave transformation (94) is reduced
to
(94)
Here, y = v k v v
(95)
z = 2 k 2 2 2.
2
and
Therefore,
q( x, t ) = Q( ) =
B 2 2 z 2 2 (a )
.
4 zB 2
2
and
2byB
a1 =
b
c1 sinh( ) c2 cosh( )
c1 cosh( ) c2 sinh( )
2 2 (a ) zB 2 > 0
2
c1 sin( ) c2 cos( )
,
f ( ) =
c1 cos( ) c2 sin( )
2 2 (a )
2 4 =
< 0,
zB 2
c1
2 2 (a )
, 2 4 =
= 0,
zB 2
c1 c2
2byB
f ( )
b
''
2
2
n 1
hence m =
. We use Q = W
, so we have
n 1
(n 1) 2 bW 4 (a )W 2
2 y (n 1) B 2W ''W 2 y (n 3) B 2 W ' = 0. (98)
2
2m 2 = 4m,
2by (v )
6by
G
W = a1 a0 ,
G
where a0 =
a1 =
2by (3By v )
6by
b( a )
b
(99)
(100)
(101)
439
v=
2 4k 2 4k 2
, = 0,
2( 1)
Q = [
= 0.
(102)
2by (3By v )
6by
qtt k 2 qxx aq bq 2 = q qt qx
qxt qtt
(104)
b( a )
n 1
f ( ) ] and
b
2
c1 sinh( ) c2 cosh( )
2
c cosh( ) c sinh( ) , 4 > 0,
2
1
c sin( ) c2 cos( )
, 2 4 < 0,
f ( ) = 1
cos(
)
sin(
)
c
c
2
1
c1
,
2 4 = 0,
c1 c2
with
2 4
2
a e
n
m= p
k 2 v v 2 B 2Q'' (a )Q
bQ 2 ( v ) BQ' = 0,
(105)
c1e( c 3 p )
c2 e 4 p
(106)
c3e(2 c 2 p )
,
c4 e 4 p
(107)
''
in Q and Q , we have
2c 2 p = c 3 p,
b e
Q2 =
and
5. Exp-Function Method
Q( ) =
Q'' =
2 4k 2 4k 2
= x
t.
2( 1)
n=c
q
5.1.1. Form-I
(103)
p = c.
(109)
Q'' =
d1e (3q d )
d 2 e 4 q
(108)
and
Q2 =
d3e (2 d 2 q )
,
d 4 e 4 q
(110)
(111)
(3q d ) = (2d 2q ),
(112)
440
d = q.
(113)
Q( ) =
a1e a0 a1e
.
b1e b0 b1e
(1 ) Z 2 Z k 2 = 0
(120)
and
Set 3.
(114)
a1 = a0 = b1 = 0, a1 =
b1 (a )
, v = h, (121)
b
so that
q( x, t ) = Q( ) =
b1 (a )e
,
b(b1e b0 )
(122)
where
Set 4.
a1 = a1 = b1 = 0, v = h,
a0 =
b0 (a )
.
b
Set 1.
3b (a )
a1 = 0, a1 = 0, a0 = 0
,
b
b2
b1 = 0 , v = , B = h ,
4b1
(115)
So
so
q ( x, t ) = Q( ) =
3b0 (a )
,
1 b02 e
b(b1e b0
)
4 b1
(116)
(124)
5.1.2. Form-II
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by
k 2 2 2 Z 2 a = 0. (117)
qtt k 2 qxx aq bq 3 = q qt qx
qxt qtt qxxt qxxxx
(125)
, b1 0 , = x
root of
2
where
b0 (a )
,
b(b1e b0 )
where b ,
q( x, t ) = Q( ) =
(123)
(70) is
and
parameters.
yB 2Q'' (a )Q bQ 3 ( v ) BQ'
v B 3Q''' B 4Q'''' = 0,
(126)
a1 = a1 = b1 = 0, v = h,
b (a )
a
a0 = 0
,B =
,
h
b
Set 2.
(118)
y = v 2 k 2 v v 2
so
q( x, t ) = Q( ) =
b0 (a )
,
b(b1e b0 )
where
(119)
441
Q 3 and
''
p = c.
(127)
a1e a0 a1e
.
b1e b0 b1e
(129)
a1 = a1 , b0 = b0 , v =
h
.
B
q( x, t ) = Q( ) =
a0 b1e
a
a1 = a1 = b0 = 0, b1 =
q( x, t ) = Q( ) =
where b ,
a1e
,
b0
where
(138)
(139)
2 2 Z 2 a = 0,
(140)
and
B=
a1 , b0 are free parameters.
a0
. (141)
ba02
b1e
e
8b1 (a )
a1 = a1 = b1 = = c = 0, v = h,
b
a0
a
(142)
3(a )
,
2( h )
(143)
b0 =
ba02
, = 0, = 0
8b1 ( a )
of
Set 4.
( 1) Z ( B B ) Z a
B 2 k 2 B B 4 = 0, (132)
2
(137)
(131)
b0 0 and h is a root of
, B = h ,
v=
q ( x, t ) = Q( ) =
So
where
a0
Set 3.
(130)
(136)
So,
a1 = a0 = 0, b1 = b1 = 0,
b
0, h 0.
a
(128)
(4 9 ( a)) Z 2 2
9k 2 (a ) = 0 (135)
and
d = q.
Q( ) =
9( 1)(a ) 2 Z
order in Q and
to the result
where
where
Set 2.
a1 = a1 = b1 = = c = 0, v = h,
b0 =
b
3(a )
a0 , B =
,
a
2( h )
(133)
(134)
h = 9( 1)(a ) 2 2 Z 2
(4 9 ( a )) Z 2 2 9k 2 (a )
and
(144)
442
q ( x, t ) = Q( ) =
a0
b
a0 b1e
. (145)
a0b
b
(a )
a
(146)
(147)
(1 ) Z ( B ) Z
B k 2 B 2 2 2a = 0
2
(148)
a0 a1e
ba0
order in WW and W
leads to the result
Q( ) =
q( x, t ) = Q( )
b
a1e
a
(155)
d = q.
p = c.
b
h
b1 =
a1 , v = .
a
B
(154)
Set 5. a1 = b1 = = c = 0,
b0 =
y = k 2 v v 2 v 2 .
(149)
a1e a0 a1e
.
b1e b0 b1e
(157)
b
(a )
a
5.1.3. Form-III
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by
Set 1. a1 = a1 = b0 = 0,
qtt k 2 qxx aq bq n = q qt qx
qxt qtt
(150)
ba02
b1 =
2(n 1)(a )b1
(158)
and by q Q ( ), = B ( x vt )
v=
, B = h(n 1) .
(159)
(151)
is reduced to
k v v B Q aQ bQ
2
''
= Q v BQ BQ .
'
By q = W
2
n 1
'
Here h is root of
n
(152)
, this is converted to
2 y (n 1) B 2W W 2 y (3 n) B 2W 2
2( v)(n 1) BWW bW 4 (n 1) 2
W 2 (n 1) 2 (a ) = 0, (153)
here
4 4 2 4k 2 2 Z 2
a = 0.
(160)
2
So, q ( x, t ) = W n 1
443
a0
2
ba0
b e
e
1
2
n 1
(161)
qtt k 2 qxx aq bq n cq 2 n 1 = q
qt qx qxt qtt
Set 2. a1 = b1 = 0, v =
, a0 =
b0 ,
b
a
(a )b 1
b0
e
b
a
b
=
b0 b 1e
b1 =
h
, b0 =
B
2
n 1
(n 1) 2 (a )W 2 bW 3 cW 4
B 2W 2 (n 2) BW W ' ( v )
(n 1) y (n 1)B 2W W '' = 0,
''
p = c.
(169)
order in WW and
leads to the result
ba0
b
(a )
a
(164)
(170)
Q( ) =
2
n 1
d = q.
and
a0 a1e
=
ba0
b
a1e
a
b
(a )
a
(168)
here y = v 2 k 2 v v 2 and k , a, b, , , , c,
and are arbitrary constants. Using the ansatz
(101) and balancing highest order of exp-function
(163)
b
a1 ,
a
q ( x, t ) = W
(167)
which, by q = W n 1 is reduced to
2
(a )b1
n 1
a1 =
, (162) and q ( x, t ) = W
a
b
b
Set 3. a1 = b1 = 0, v =
5.1.4. Form-IV
a1e a0 a1e
b1e b0 b1e
(171)
2
n 1
a1 = a1 = 0, v =
( 1) Z 2 ( B ) Z ( a )(n 1)
k 2 B 2 B = 0,
(166)
a0 =
(a )(n 1)b0
,
b
(172)
b1 =
444
(c(n 1) 2 (a ) b 2 n)b02
,
4(nb 2b1 )
So q ( x, t ) = W
(a )(n 1)b0
(
c
(
n
1)
(
a
)
b 2 n)b02
e b0 b1e
2
4(nb b1 )
12 n 2 (n 4) B 4 W '' W 2 = 0.
2
a
.
2 k 2 2
B = (n 1)
1
n 1
1
n 1
Here k , a , b , , , , c , , and
are arbitrary constants. Using the ansatz (101) and
balancing highest order of exp-function in WW
and
(173)
p = c.
(180)
order in WW and W
leads to the result
d = q.
5.1.5. Form-V
For this form, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by
(175)
q ( x, t ) = Q( ), = B( x vt )
(176)
by
Q( ) =
a1e a0 a1e
b1e b0 b1e
B 2 v 2 k 2 v v 2 Q'' aQ
bQ1 n cQ n 1 Q B( v )Q'
v B 3Q''' B 4Q'''' = 0.
By
a1 = a1 = b1 = b1 = 0, b0 = ha0 ,
4
n
is reduced to 12n
(178)
5.1.6. Form-VI
For this form, the perturbed KGE that will to be
studied is given by
48 n(n 2)(n 4) B W
WW
' 2
(184)
4n3 v 2 k 2 v v 2 B 2W 3W ''
4
(183)
where h is root of
bZ 8 c 2 ( a ) Z 4 = 0,
v(n 4) B 3W 2W W
(182)
is converted to
Q =W
(181)
''
(179)
4n 2 v 2 k 2 v v 2 (n 4) B 2W 2
qtt k 2 qxx aq bq ln q = q qt
qx qxt qtt
(185)
with Q( x, t ) = Q( ), = B( x vt ) is converted to
B 2 v 2 k 2 v v 2 Q'' (a )Q
445
bQ ln Q ( v ) BQ' = 0
and by
(186)
Set 2.
ln q = u it is reduced to
B 2 v 2 k 2 v v 2 u'' u'
a1 = b1 = b0 = 0, v = h, B =
(a ) bu B( v )u = 0,
'
(187)
''
and W
p = c.
(a )b1
.
b
(1 ) Z 2 Z k 2 = 0. (195)
(188)
''
order in u and
' 2
d = q.
(189)
a1e a0 a1e
.
b1e b0 b1e
(190)
(a )b0
,
a1 = b1 = b1 = 0, v = h, a0 =
b
b
B=
.
(191)
h
Here h is the root of
(192)
q ( x, t ) = Q( ) = e
a0
So q ( x, t ) = Q ( ) = eu ( ) = e
where b 0 and
( a ) b1
e
b
b1e
, (196)
h .
6. Mapping Methods
v k
2
v v 2 g '' F ( g ) g =0.
(197)
6.1. Form-I
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by
Ag '' Bg C g 2 =0,
(199)
where
(1 ) Z 2 Z k 2 = 0
u ( )
(194)
Q( ) =
a1 =
b
,
h
=e
(200)
a1e
b0
A=v 2 k 2 v v 2 , B = a , C = b.
. (193)
446
g = A0 A1 f ,
(201)
where
' 2
2
R f 3.
3
(202)
(203)
AA1 Q B A1 2C A0 A1 =0,
(204)
(205)
AR
C
AQ B
. Eq. (205) gives rise to the
and A0 =
2C
a 4(2m 2 1)(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g (s) =
2b
2
2
2
2
6m (v k v v ) 2
cn ( s ).
(210)
b
When
(209).
A2 (Q 2 4 PR)= B 2 .
P = 2(1 m 2 ), Q =4(2m 2 ), R = 6.
2
Here, eq. (202) has the solution f ( s )=dn ( s ) .
So, we obtain the PWS of eq. (199) as
2
2
2
2
g ( s) = a 4(2 m )(v k v v )
2b
6(v k v v ) 2
dn ( s ).
b
2
(206)
When
(211)
(199) as
a 4(1 m 2 )(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g ( s )=
2b
2
2
2
6m (v k v v 2 ) 2
(207)
sn ( s),
b
and
a 4(1 m 2 )(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
2b
2
2
2
6m (v k v v 2 ) 2
cd ( s ).
(208)
b
g ( s )=
When
Case3.
constraint relation
(209)
f '' = P Q f R f 2 ,
f =2 P f Q f
6(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
tanh 2 (s ).
b
a 8(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g ( s )=
2b
Case 4.
g ( s) =
a 4(1 m 2 )(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
2b
6(v 2 k 2 v v 2 ) 2
ns ( s), (212) and
b
2
2
2
2
g ( s) = a 4(1 m )(v k v v )
2b
6(v k v v ) 2
dc ( s ).
b
2
(213)
g ( s )=
a 8(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
2b
447
6(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
coth 2 ( s ).
b
(214)
a 4(2m 1)(v k v v )
2b
2
2
2
6(1 m )(v k v v 2 ) 2
nc ( s ). (215)
b
2
g (s) =
P = 2, Q =4(2 m 2 ), R = 6(1m 2 ).
2
Here, eq. (202) has the solution f ( s )=nd ( s ) .
Case 6.
a 4(2 m )(v k v v )
2b
2
2
2
6(1 m )(v k v v 2 ) 2
nd ( s ). (216)
b
2
g ( s )=
6(v 2 k 2 v v 2 ) 2
cs ( s ).
b
(219)
a 4(2m 2 1)(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
2b
2
2
2
6(v k v v ) 2
(220)
ds ( s).
b
g (s) =
2b
6(1 m )(v k v v ) 2
sc ( s). (217)
b
2
(1 m 2 ).
solution
g (s) =
sd ( s ) (218)
g ( s)=
a 4(2 m 2 )(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
2b
g = A0 A1 f B1 f 1 ,
(221)
A0 =
AQ B
AR
3P A
, A1 =
, B1 =
, (222)
2C
C
C
A2 (Q 2 16 PR)= B 2 .
(223)
448
a (v k v v )
2b
2b
2
2
2
2
2
[4(1 m ) 12m sn ( s ) 12m ns ( s )], (224)
2
g (s) =
and
Ag '' Bg C g 3 =0,
(231)
Where,
a (v k v v )
(225)
2b
2b
4(1 m 2 ) 12m 2 cd 2 ( s ) 12m 2 dc2 ( s ) .
2
g (s) =
a (v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g (s) =
2b
2b
2
8 12 tanh (s ) coth 2 (s ) .
2
(226)
a (v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g (s) =
2b
2b
[4(2 m ) 12dn ( s ) 12(1 m )nd ( s )]. (227)
2
(232)
g = A0 A1 f ,
(233)
1
f '' = P f Q f 3 , f ' 2 = P f 2 Q f 4 r.
2
(234)
A= v 2 k 2 v v 2 , B = a , C = b.
where
When
(230)
a 2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g (s) =
2b
b
2
1 3sech ( s) .
(235)
3C A0 A12 =0,
(236)
( P A B) A1 3C A02 A1 =0,
(237)
B A0 C A03 =0,
(238)
(228)
Case 3.
A0 =0, A1 =
QB
, P A B =0.
PC
(239)
g ( s )=
g (s) =
a (v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
2b
2b
6.2. Form-II
Case 2.
a
tanh( s ).
b
P =1, Q = 2, R =0.
(240)
449
g ( s )=
f ( s)=sech( s ) .
2(a )
sech( s ).
b
(241)
P = (1 m 2 ), Q =2m 2 , R =1.
Here, the solutions of eq. (234) are f ( s )=sn( s )
and f ( s )=cd( s ) . So, the PWSs of eq. (231) are
Case 3.
g ( s )=
2(a )
msn( s ),
b(1 m 2 )
(242)
g = A0 A1 f B1 f 1
(248)
A0 =0, A1 =
QA
C
(249)
and
2(a )
g ( s )=
mcd( s ).
b(1 m 2 )
(243)
B1 =
2R A
, P A B 3C A1 B1 =0.
C
(250)
g ( s )=
2(a )
dn( s ).
b(2 m 2 )
(244)
P = (1 m ), Q =2, R = m .
The solutions of eq. (234) are f ( s )=ns( s ) and
f ( s )=dc( s ) . So, the PWSs of eq. (231) are
Case 5.
g ( s )=
2(a )
ns( s ),
b(1 m 2 )
(245)
and
g ( s )=
2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
b
tanh( s ) coth( s ) .
(231) as g ( s )=
(251)
P = (1 m 2 ), Q =2m 2 , R =1.
Here, the solutions of eq. (234) are f ( s )=sn( s )
and f ( s )=cd( s ) . Thus the PWSs of eq. (231) are
Case 2.
2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g ( s )=
b
msn( s ) ns( s ) ,
(252)
and
2(a )
dc( s ).
b(1 m 2 )
(246)
g ( s )=
a
coth( s ).
b
(247)
2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
b
mcd( s ) dc( s ) .
g (s) =
(253)
450
Case 3.
i , i i
are
12
determined
prolongation formulae
g (s) =
12
(254)
2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
csch( s ). (255)
b
Case 4. P =2 m , Q = 2, R = (1 m ).
(260)
12
Dt
and
Dx
are
given
by
D1 = Dt = t qt q and D2 = Dx = x qx q .
7.1.1. Form-I
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by
g (s) =
i = Di (W ) j qij ,
the
cs(s ) 1 m sc(s ) .
g ( s )=
by
i i = Di Di (W ) j q ji i , i, j = 1, 2,
2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
b
2
uniquely
2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
b
dn(s ) 1m 2 nd(s ) .
qtt k 2 qxx aq bq 2 qt qx
qxt = 0.
(261)
X1 = t , X 2 = x .
(262)
q = h( ),
(263)
h Ah Bh 2 = 0,
(264)
where
partial
differential
equation
admits the
X = 1 (t , x, q ) t 2 (t , x, q ) x (t , x, q ) q
i q i i q ,
(258)
if XE |E =0 = 0,
(259)
12
i1i2
h2 = Ah 2
2B 3
h.
3
(265)
451
h( ) =
3a
a
, (266)
sech 2 d
2
2
2b
4(k c c)
h( ) =
[ E cosh(e F )]
1
n 1
(273)
3a
a
q( x, t ) = sech 2 (d
2
2b
4(k c 2 c)
( x ct )).
(267)
7.1.2. Form-IV
n 1
an(n 1)
,
D=
n[nb 2 ad (n 1) 2 ]
E=
qtt k 2 qxx aq bq n dq 2 n 1
qxt qtt = 0, n > 1.
The
(268)
(269)
X 1 cX 2 -group-invariant
solution
q = h( ),
(270)
where = x ct .
The reduced nonlinear second-order ODE
resulting from substituting the group-invariant
solution (270) into the equation (268) is given by
h Ah Bh n Ch 2 n 1 = 0,
(271)
where
A := a/( c 2 c 2 k 2 c),
B := b/( c 2 c 2 k 2 c),
2
h2 = Ah 2
2 B n 1 C 2 n
h h .
(n 1)
n
F = (n 1)
(275)
a
.
(c c k 2 c )
2
(272)
(276)
q ( x, t ) =
[ E cosh(e F ( x ct )]
1
n 1
(277)
C := d/( c c k c)
2
n[nb ad (n 1) 2 ]
and
X1 = t , X 2 = x .
bn
2
(274)
452