Tribulus Terrestris

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
AND VAJIKARANA EFFECT OF GOKSHURA - AN

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
BY
Dr.VIRUPAKSHI.M.KATARAKI
Dissertation submitted to the
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore
In partial fulfillment of the degree of

Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D.
In
DRAVYA GUNA
Under the Guidance of
Dr.G.V.MULAGUND MD (AYU)
And Co-guidance of
Dr. S.B.NIDAGUNDI MD (AYU)
Department of Dravya Guna

Post Graduate Studies & Research Centre,
D.G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,

GADAG
2005-2008
J.S.V.V. SAMSTHES
D.G.M.AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE

POST GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH CENTRE
GADAG, 582 103
Endorsement by the H.O.D,Principal/head of the

Institution
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Preliminary phytochemical
investigation and Vajeekarana effect of Gokshura an experimental study is a
bonafide research work done by Virupakshi M.Kataraki. Under the guidance of
Dr.G.V.MULAGUND MD (AYU) Professor and H.O.D Dept of Dravyaguna and
Dr. Shashikanth B.Nidagundi MD (AYU) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the post graduation degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D. (Dravya Guna) Under
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka.
(Dr. G. V. MULAGUND)
Professor & HOD
Dept. of Dravya Guna
PGS&RC.
(Dr. G. B. PATIL)
Principal,
DGM Ayurvedic Medical College,
Gadag
Date:
Place: GADAG
Date:
Place: GADAG
Copy right
Declaration by the candidate

I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health
Sciences, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and
disseminate this dissertation/ thesis in print or electronic format for the
academic / research purpose.
Date
Place
: Gadag
Dr. Virupakshi M.kataraki.
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
D.G.M.AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE
POST GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

CENTER
GADAG-582103
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Preliminary phytochemical

investigation and Vajeekarana effect of Gokshura an experimental study is a
bonafide research work done by Virupakshi M.Kataraki. in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the post graduation degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati M.D. (Dravya
Guna) Under Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka
Co Guide
Guide
Dr.Shashikanth B.NidagundiMD(Ayu)
Dr.G.V.MULAGUNDM.D.(Ayu)
Lecturer in Dravya Guna
Professor&HOD Dept.of Dravya Guna
DGMAMC, PGS&RC, GADAG
DGMAMC, PGS&RC, GADAG
Date:
Date:
Place: Gadag
Place:Gadag
Declaration by the candidate

I here by declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled Preliminary
phytochemical investigation and Vajeekarana effect of Gokshura an
experimental study is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by
me under the guidance of Dr. G.V.Mulagund M D (AYU) professor and H.O.D,
Dr. Shashikanth NidagundiM D (AYU) Lecturer in Dravya Guna, DGMAMC,
PGS&RC, Gadag.
Date:
Place: Gadag
Dr.Virupakshi M.Kataraki.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I assent my heart full regards and express my gratitude to my father who filled the
inner strength to me to achieve every milestone in my life. I express my profound love
towards my father Mallikarjun for his constant encouragement. My deepest gratitude to
my beloved mother Kamalaxi and grand mother Chanabasavva
Words are poor substitutes for my immense feelings of gratitude for
Dr. G.B. Patil Principal, DGMAMC, Gadag. I thank him for his ever inspiring
encouragement, facilities provided and for his personal interest in overall supervision of
this study.
I take this glorious opportunity to knowledge with deep sense of gratitude to
Dr.G.V.Mulagund. Professor, H.O.D. Department of postgraduate studies research
Dravyaguna Shri D.G.M.A.M.C.Gadag. For his valuable guidance and close supervision
throughout the dissertation work.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my Co guide Dr.Shashikanth B.Nidagundi.
Lecturer Department of Dravyaguna Shri D.G.M.A.M.C.Gadag. For his constant
encouragement throughout this dissertation work.
I express my heartly gratitude to Dr.Kuber Sankh..Asst.Professor Department of
Dravyaguna Shri D.G.M.A.M.C.Gadag.
I also take this opportunity with deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Dr.G.S.Hiremath.
H.O.D. Dravyaguna dept, Shri D.G.M.A.M.C.Gadag.
I am very much thanks full to my teachers and HODS of other Dept
Dr.Varadacharyalu, Dr.Purushottamacharyulu, Dr.M.C.Patil, Dr.K.S.R.Prasad, Dr.
Shivaramudu,
Dr.R.V.Shetter, Dr.Girish Danappagoudar, Dr. Santosh Belavadi, Dr
Jagadish Mitti, Dr.Mulkipatil, Dr.B.G.Swami. Dr.U.V.Purad, Dr.K.S.Paraddi . Dr.Veena

kori,
My Sincerely thanks to P.M.Nandakumar Statistician,Sri.V.M.Mundinamani
Librarian, Keroor, Solibavi, Shyavi, Tippanagoudar, for their timely help during my
study. I will remain ever thankful to Shree: Shivakumar.Inamdar M.Pharma Lecturer
K.L.Es college of Pharmacy Gadag.
My sincere thanks to my senior friends Dr.S.S.Sajjanar, Dr.C.B.Inamdar,

Dr.Anand Doddamani, Dr.Ashok Bingi, Dr.Sharanu.Angadi,Dr.Jagadish Handiganoor.
Dr.Jigaloor.Dr.Gangoor.
Special thanks to my Friends Dr.M.M.Kattimani, Dr.Shibaprasad, Dr.Shivalila.
Kudari, Dr.Ashwini vastrad,Dr.Shalini. Sharma, Dr.Kamalaxi, Dr.Kalyani, Dr.Sulochana,
Dr.Rudrakshi, Dr.Jayashree, Dr.Jamakandi, Dr.Savita Bhat, Dr.Payappagoudar,
Dr.Muttu.Budi, Dr.Prasanna, Dr.Jaya Malgoudar, Dr.Kalavati.Petlur, Dr.Mukta.Arali,
Dr.C.C.Hiremath, Dr.AshaMandak, Dr.Bopesh.Sharma.Dr.S.Rotti for their constant cooperation and help.
It is my privilege to express my gratitude and affection for My Uncles
Basavaraj.Kataraki and Rajashekar.Kataraki, aunties Smt.Shivaleela,& Smt.Renuka.
and Shambulingappa.Kubasad and Suvarna Kubasad for their blessing to me in each and
every step of my education and also who filled the inner strength to me to achieve every
milestone in my life and also I am thankful to my wife Roopa, who have inspired me to
continue my PG study with their constant moral support.
I am very much grateful to President, Principal and all the staff members, of
B.M.J.A.M.C.Gajendragad. For their timely assistance in completion of this work.
I express my thanks to Prabhu, B.Shetyappagouda, attainders dept of Dravyaguna
.who helped me a lot in during the study.
Finally I thank god for making all those wonderful people happen to me and pray
for continued blessing and success.
I dedicate this Dissertation work to My Grand Father

Late. Shri. RACHAPPA N.KATARAKI.
Date:
VIRUPAKSHI.M.KATARAI
Place:
II
ABBREVIATIONS
A.H.
Astanga Hrudaya
A.K.
Amara kosha
A.P.I.
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India
A.R.
Abhidana Ratnamala
A.S.
Astanga sangraha
B.P.
Bhavaprakasha
B.R.
Bhaishajya Ratnavali
BDA
Brahat Dravyagunadarsha
BP.N.
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu
Cha.Chi
Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana
C.D
Chakradatta
C.S.
Charaka samhita
D.N.
Dhanwantari Nighantu
DG.PV
Dravyaguna Vijnana By Priyavrat Sharma
DG.VMG
Dravyaguna vijnana By V.M. Gogte
DGHB
Dravyaguna Hastamlaka by Banvarilal
DGYt
Dravyaguan vijnana By yadavji Trikamji
I.M.M.
Indian Materia Medika
I.M.P.
Indian Medicinal Plants
K.N.
Kaiyadeva Nighantu
M.D.
Madava Dravyaguna
M.N.
Madanapala Nighantu
M.N
Madhava Nidana
Mau.N.
Mahausadha Nighantu
N.A.
Nighantu Adarsha
R.N.
Raja Nighantu
Sha.S.M
Sharangadhara Samhita Madhyama Khanda
Su.Sa
Sushruta Samhita
V.N
Vanoushadhi nidarshika
Y.R.
Yoga Ratnakar
III
ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives:
Impotency or Erectile dysfunction is a severe stress that disturbs the physical,
psychological and social well-being of a person. It may due to intake of substandard food,
consumption of alcohol, smoking, over indulgence in sex or the over stress and anxiety
making the man impotent. Because of this he not only looses the ability to produce
healthy progeny but also ends up in loosing his normal course of enjoyment. In this
connection, it becomes more important for mankind to procure therapeutic drugs to
regain the positive health. Vajeekarana drugs not only help in the recreation but also in
procreation, which are indicated in sexually active age.
Objectives:
In this connection, the present drug Gokshura has been selected to Evaluate Vajeekarana
action on albino rats,
To Evaluate Vajeekarana action of Gokshura on albino rats, this is prepared by two

methods.
1. Alcohol extraction
2. Aqueous extraction
To evaluate better compound in between these two.
To do physicochemical and Phyto chemical analysis of the two extract of Gokshura
IV
Methods:
The drug was prepared in Department of Dravya Guna PG and Research
center DGM AMC Gadag, Then it was sent for physicochemical and Phyto chemical
analysis. Then the drug is subjected to experimental trials to evaluate the effect of
Vajeekarana effect by following Beech and Stone 1940.
Results:
Both the treated groups showed significant effect.
When compared in-between the two treated groups, group T2 showed better
values than the group T1.
Interpretation: The plant having Madhura rasa, Snigdhaguna, Sheeta Virya,
Dhatuvridhikar and balya properties along with Vatahara gunas, its phala possesses
Madhura rasa and very minute (kinchit) Tikta rasa. While in its leaves we find Tikta rasa
and Moola Madhura tikta.and Vipaka as stated is Madhura in all Literature . And its
Gunas are snigdha and guru guna. Increasing Shukra dhatu and Oja is possibly on the
above said factors, while the drug should be confidently use in the loss of Libido or
Erectile dysfunction on clinical evolution.
Apart from all these Gokshura Kshirapaka contains Milk additionally (In this
Experimental study we use Milk as a vehicle for drug) Milk possess qualities like
Snigdha,Guru,Prasanna etc and has Balya, Shukrala and Rasayana properties.
The more significant values of Gokshura are possibly due to the above said
characters.
So these are all qualities are responsible for the Vajeekarana effect of the
Gokshura and may become a boon in cases of Oligospermia.
Key words:
Vajeekarana, Impotency, Erectile dysfunction, Stress; Vrishya; Balya;
Shukra dhatu etc.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1-4
2. Objectives
3. Review of Literature
Gokshura
6-40
Vajeekarana
41-66
4. Methodology
67-78
5. Observations and Results
79-101
6. Discussion
102-108
7. Conclusion
109-110
8. Summary
101-113
9. References
114-123
VI
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 GOKSHURA
Table No
Title of the Table
Page No
1.1
Synonyms According to Different Authors
1.2
Gana and Varga According to Different Classics
10
1.3
Guna(Properties) According to Different Authors
11
1.4
Karma(Action) According to Different Authors
12
1.5
Prayoga(Uses)According to Different Authors
13
1.6
Prayojyanga According to Different Authors
13
1.7
Use of Gokshura in different Yogas
14,15,16
Table 2 VAJEEKARANA
Table No
Title of the Table
Page No
2.1
Pritilingadyotanartham
59
2.2
Samprayogakala
59
2.3
Kanyachumbanam
60
2.4
Gruhanachumbanam
60
2.5
Dasana Ccheda
61
2.6
Nakacchedam
62
Table 3 METHODOLOGY
Table No
3.2
Title of the Table

Dose fixation of Extract Alcoholic & Aqueous
Page No
70
VII
Table No 4 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

Table No
Title of the Table
Page No
4.1
Organoleptic examination of Extracts
80
4.2
Physical analysis of Gokshura
81
4.3
Phyto-Chemical analysis
82
4.4
T.L.C. of Gokshura
83
4.5
Intermediate Calculation ANOVA table
84
4.6
Effect of Drug on Initial Arousal Period
84
4.7
85
4.8
Effect of Drug on Peak Arousal Period
85
4.9
86
4.10
Effect of Drug on Mounting behavior
86
4.11
87
4.12
Effect of Drug on Ejaculatory reflex
87
4.13
88
4.14
Effect of Drug on Mount latency
88
4.15
89
4.16
Effect of Drug on Time interval to mount again
89
Table No 5 COMPARISON IN BETWEEN THE GROUPS

Table No
Title of the Table
Page No
5.1
Initial Arousal period
90
5.2
Peak Arousal period
91
5.3
Mounting behavior
92
5.4
Ejaculatory reflex
93
5.5
Mount latency
94
5.6
Time interval to mount again
95
VIII
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph
Graphs
Page
No.
No
Initial Arousal period in six male albino rats
84
Peak Arousal period in six male albino rats
85
Mounting Behavior in six male albino rats
86
Ejaculatory reflex in six male albino rats
87
Mount latency in six male albino rats
88
Time interval to mount again in six male albino rats
89
Comparison of Initial Arousal Period in between all the three
90
groups.
8
Comparison of Peak arousal period in between all the three
91
groups
Comparison of Mounting Behavior in between all three groups. 92
10
Comparison of Ejaculatory reflex in between all three groups.
93
11
Comparison of Mount latency in between all three groups.
94
12
Comparison of Time interval to mount again in between all
95
three groups.
IX
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Picture
Title of the Photographs
Page No
Whole Plant Gokshura
32
Plant Gokshura and its different parts
40
Intensity of Lordosis shown by Female rat
78
Powder Gokshura
99
Aqueous Extraction
99
Soxhlet Extractor
99
Aqueous Extract evaporating on Hot plate
99
Alcohol Extract
99
T.L.C Separation of alkaloids isolated from aqueous
99
extract
10
Alcohol and Aqueous Extract
100
11
Alcohol and Aqueous Extracts mixed with Milk
100
12
Oral Feeding
100
13
Sniffing at female genitals
101
14
Male genital Grooming
101
15-18
Mounting
101
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Children are the natural result of Love and Marriage, Infertility is
seldom if ever, a physically debilitating disease, it may however severely affect
the couples psychological harmony, sexual life and Social function In varying
degrees, the experience of infertility involves losses of relationship, health, status
or prestige, self esteem, Self confidence, Security, a fantasy or the hope of
fulfilling an important fantasy and something or someone of great symbolic value.
Thus creating a crisis of major proportions to many couples
10-15%of married couple seeks advice for infertility. Out of this 50% of
cases constitute male factor (Mehandale S.M.Sept 93, current medical
practice),
In another study conducted by Insler and Lunenfeld, Infertility ranges from

26.2% to 46.6%
Another study reports the rate of male infertility as 56.7% - 78%

(Androlgia 1982)
Over 75% of men with infertility have poor semen quality of unknown
cause.(Dr.S.Sahani,92),
Survey conducted by W.H.O. reveals about 21% patients are suffering

from abnormal sperm function (W.H.O. Task force survey 1990)
Since ancient times, human societies have searched for effective drugs to
enhance sexual activity and desire. Legendary aphrodisiacs made from rhinoceros
horn, the glards of musk deer, sheep or bull testicles, Spanish fly and ginseng have
been used throughout the history.
The word aphrodisiac originates from Aphrodite, Greek-Goddess of sexual
love. Fertility and beauty-born from the severed genitals of god Uranus. An
Preliminary phytochemical investigation and Vajeekarana effect of
GokshuraAn Experimental study
Introduction
aphrodisiac is defined as any food or drug that arouses and increases pleasure and
performance. There are two types of aphrodisiacs psycho-physiological stimuli
(visual, tactile, olfactory, and aural) preparations and internal preparation (food,
alcoholic drinks, and drug).
The word, Vajeekarana can be roughly translated as aphrodisiac. However,
the Indian definition is some what different from the western use of the word. In
the west, aphrodisiac means that which arouse sexual desire. The Ayurvedic
equivalent denotes that which strengthens the body by re-invigorating the sexual
organs. Or, Vajeekarana is a specialized treatment influencing the fundament al
aspect of formation, functioning and maintenance of sukradhatu leading to overall
nourishment, which also affords the prevention and cure of sexual dysfunctions
and fertility disorders. Thus in short, Vajeekarana therapy preceded by the
samsodhana therapy assures sexual and reproductive health and improvement of
ojus.
As India is known as a holy land and Indians having deep interest in
spiritual knowledge. Vedas recognize four goals for the complete development of
any human being.
Dharma
Concerning moral and ideal needs
Artha
Concerning material needs
Kama
Concerning physical needs
Moksha
Eternal salivation
All these four together considered as the very foundation of life. The
Sanskrit term kama in a wide sense refers to all the desires of a human being. It
denotes love as well as lust; one angle of kama refers to sex means to get physical

Introduction
and mental pleasure. The basis for mating, marriage and progeny. In ancient India
many treatise were written on Kama. Describing the ways and means of deriving
maximum enjoyment from sex. The authors of these works were Munis and
Rushis. They knew that kama was an instinct and it was not possible to suppress
it. They accepted that the correct practice of kama makes both men and women
happy.
Charaka in his samhita covered the subject of Vajeekarana in depth.
Vajeekarana is one of the eight major specialties of Ayurveda. Vajeekarana is a
process or a substance which makes a man sexually as strong as horse and is able
to copulate for longer period as an elephant and as frequently as a sparrow with
many female partneres. There are various means by which Vajeekarana could be
achieved i.e. Ahara (diet), Vihara (environment and activities) and Aushadha
(drug). It involves all the therapeutically and non-therapeutically measures taken
to ensure a healthy sex life.
In all cultures and societies, from the primitive to the most sophisticated
nearly all women and men desire progeny. In many communities progeny is seen
as important asset to the family, particularly to those whose life revolves around
traditional family values in the rural area.
In many cultures progeny represent final proof of virility. If a women in
the society fails to get progeny after marriage she is subjected to indignity and will
be main accusation because, failure to become pregnant is perceived to the
entirely her fault. But 30% of the infertility is caused by male factor related to the
problems with sperm defects representing the highest single cause. An analysis of
a large number of studies led to the conclusion that an average sperm
concentration indeed had fallen from 113 million to 66 million.

Introduction
To over come this problem the present study aimed to find out the efficacy
of Gokshura in term of Aphrodisiology as mentioned in Astanga Sangrha,
Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Bhava Praksasha Nigahantu etc and
to interpret the same effect of the Drug Gokshura in male albino rats and to assess
the role of the compound through the parameters like Initial arousal period, Peak
arousal period, Mounting behavior and Time interval to mount again.
Vajeekarana tantra is that branch of Ayurveda, which exclusively acts on

sukradhatu and its derivative beeja. As ayurveda emphasizes prevention over cure
without neglecting cure, Charaka places it under urjaskara chikitsa and deseribes
its high curative potential too.
Further more, if we make a proper selection among the Vajeekarana

formulations, to get such a formulation, which besides in sukradhatu, has a
curative capacity or a beneficial effect, on derangement or diseases those resulted
in klaibya, that will be better promising; because it offers a better curability and a
prevention of further occurrence as Vajeekarana has the potential as a preventive
medicine also.

Objectives
OBJECTIVES
1. An experimental study to evaluate Vajeekarana action of Gokshura.
2. To do pharmaceutical standardization of the Aqueous and Alcoholic extract of

Gokshura.

Drug Review
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. DRUG REVIEW
There is no convincing reference of the drug Gokshura in Vedic period.
Information of this plant is available from the time of Samhitas. Various therapeutic
uses of this drug are seen in many classics.
Gokshura
has
mentioned
in
various
Nighantus
like
Bhavaprakasha,Dhanvantari etc.
SYNONYMS AND ITS MEANINGS
1. Bahu kantaka
MhOMiuAm pYxr |
This has got many thorns.

2. Bhadra kantaka
3. Bhakshata
That which has got useful thorns.

-
The fruit which is having thorns is being eaten as a

medicine.
4. Bhakshaka

medicine.
5. Bhuksura
dged dgT Bd | [ed.Tdy.]
Fruits are armed with spines which injure the feet of

grazing
6.
Bhakshakantaka
Cattle.
IPLeIdyed dSdZ |
medicine.
7. Chanadruma
dPdddZ dgdZ |
Its kshupa resembles with chanaka (cicer alietinum).
8. Chanapatraka
The leaves resembles the leaves of Bengal gram plant.
9. Granthila
The root of which has got nodules.

Gokshura An Experimental study
Drug Review
10. Gokshuraka
ddda Imdy dgT Bd IPLIzZ ddQdydddd |
Its thorn will pinches the legs of cow like knife.

11. Gokantaka
dddaIPLIZ |
The thorns of Gokshura can enter legs of wandering

cows.
12. Kanti
Its fruit having thorns.
13. Kantaka
Its fruit having thorns.
14. Kantakatrika
The fruit of which has got three thorns.
15. Kshura
dgT Bd dfPdIPLIddd |
Its thorns are as sharp as kshuraka knife.
16. Kshuraka
Thorns sharp as knife.
17. Kanta Phala
IPLeIda RddSd |
Fruits are having Thorns.
18. Ikshgandhika
BddyeTd dddySd
The smell which comes out from this kshupa resembles

with ikshu.
19. Sthala shrunghata -
ddy dddZ dmdLIdIdTZ |

Its fruit resembles with shrungataka
(trapabespinosa)and
It grows on the earth (sthala).
20. Swadamstra
dgddy Qayd, dfPdIPLIddd |

Its thorns are as sharp as dogs teeth.
21. Shadanga
dNded IPLIdeUddSdSd |
a) It has got six parts like root stem, leaf, flower, fruit,
and seed.
b) All the six parts of it are used for therapeutic
purpose.

Drug Review
20. Swadukanataka
dSdIPL Iddd |
The fruits are sweetish in nature.
21. Trika
That which alleviates all the three doshas.
22. Trikantaka
dSdZ IPLIdZ RdySd |

The fruit of which has got three thorns.
23. Palankasha
dda ddada Ided eUded, IPLeIddd |

The fruit of which makes wounds and causes pain.
24. Vyaladamstra
It causes pain which is like wild animal bite. It easily

digests the meat.
25. Vanashringata
ddy dddZ dmdLIdIdTZ |

It is present with the horns (thorns) in the garden.
26.Vanasringara
ulxr
dm aU Cu |
It spreadds throughout the present area.

Drug Review
Table 1.1: SYNONYMS ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT AUTHORS

Synonyms
Cha.1
Su.2
A.S.3
D.N.4
M.N.5
R.N.6
K.N.7
BP.N.8
Mau.N.9
A.R.10
A.K.11
Gokshura
Bhakshyaka
Swadu kantaka
Gokantaka
Bhakshakha
Kantakatrika
Swadamstra
Trikantaka
Kantaphala
Vyaladamstraka
Sthalashrunghata
Kshura
Kshuranga
Kantaka
Bhakshya kanta
Mahanga
Palankasha
Kshudrakshura
Vanashrunghataka
Ikshugandha
Trika
Kantaka kshura
Chanadruma
Bahukantaka
Shadanga

Drug Review
Table 1.2.GANA AND VARGA ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT CLASSICS
Cha Su
Varga
A D
M R
K BP Mau M A N A
N N
R A K
Anuvasanopaga
Abhayadi varga
Bilwadi varga
Guducchyadi varga
Kantaka panchamoola
Krimighna
Laghu panchamoola
Laghugokshuradi varga
Mutra virechaniya
Oushadi varga
Shothahara
Swadu kanda
Shatavhadi varga
Vanoushadi varga
Veeratarvadi
Vidarigandadi
Vidaryadi
Vividoushadi varga

10
Drug Review
BHEDA (VARIETIES)
1. Laghu or Kshudra Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris)
2. Brihat Gokshura(Pedalium murex)
Charaka and Sushrutha have not mentioned about the varieties. Only
the terms like Gokshura Swadmstrra and Trikantaka has been mentioned.
The name Brihat Gokshura is found in Raja Nighantu. Raja Nighantu
mentioned about Kshudra Gokshura and Brahat Gokshura. And lastly he
claims even both Gokshuras endowed with same properties.
GUNA KARMA
Table 1.3: GUNA (PROPERTIES) ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT AUTHORS
D.N.12
GUNA
M.N.13
R.N14
K.N.15
BP.N16
Mau.N17
N.A18
BDA19
DG.H20
API21
RASA
-
Guruguna
Snigdhaguna
Tridoshahara
Vatahara
Kaphavata hara
Vatapittahara
Madhura
GUNA
VEERYA
Sheeta
VIPAKA
Madhra
DOSHAGHNATA

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Drug Review
Table 1.4: KARMA (ACTION) ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT AUTHORS

Cha22
Karma
D.N23
M.N24
R.N25
K.N26
BP.N27
M.D28
Mau.N29
BDA30
IMM31
API32
Brimhana
Vrishya
Deepana
Pustikruta
Balakruta
Rasayana
Mootrala
Anulomana
Vajikara
Shotharhara
Basti
Shodhana
Krimighna
Asmarihara
Rujahara

12
Drug Review
Table 1.5: PRAYOGA (USES) ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT AUTHORS

PRAYOGA
D.
N
33
M.
N
34
R.
N
35
BP.
K.
N
36
N37
Mau
.N
BDA39
IMM40
41
YTA
API42
38
Cha
Sa
43
Su.
Sa44
Shoola
Hridroga
Prameha
Swasa
Kasa
Mutrakrichra
Ashmari
Arsha
Vataroga
Table 1.6: PRAYOJYANGA ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT AUTHORS
V.N45
B.D.A46
Y.T.A47
N.A48
P.V.S49
V.M.G50
D.G.H51
I.M.M52
Panchanga
Phala
Moola
Beeja
PRAYOJYAANGA

13
Drug Review
Table 1.7: USE OF GOKSHURA IN DIFFERENT YOGAS

YOGAS
INDICATION
REFERENCE
Sl NO
Bramhi Rasayanam
Vrishya,Rasayanam
Cha.chi.1/41-57
Chyavan Prasha
Rasayana,Kasa,Shwasa
Cha.chi.1/62-74
Brimhani Gutika
Vrishya,Brimhana
Cha.chi.2/24-32
Vrishya Payasa yoga
Vrishya,Brimhana
Cha.chi2/12-14
Apatyakara Gritha
Vrishya,Rasayana
Cha.chi2/28-29
6.
Amrutadya Taila
Vatavyadhi
Cha.chi 28/158-163
7.
Swadamstra Taila
All types of Vatajanya roga
Cha.chi 28/146-147
8.
Swadamstradi gritha
Ashmari
Cha chi 26/74
9.
Gokshuradi yoga
Ashmari patana
Cha chi 26/62
10.
Pashanabhedadi churna
Ashmari bhedana and patana
Cha chi 26/60-61
11.
Shatavaryadi kwatha
Pittaja Mutrakrucchra
Cha chi 26-50
12.
Dashamooladhya gritha
Agnideepana, Pachana,
Cha chi 15/82
1
2
3
4
5
Vataghna
13.
Agastya Haritaki
All
types
of
Kasa, Cha chi 18/58-62
Kshaya,Swasa
14.
Punarnavadi yoga
Ashmari
Cha chi 26/63
15.
Shatavaryadi choorna
Vrishya, Rasayana
Sha.S.M.Kha 6/155-156
16.
Kamadeva Gritham
Pandu, Vrishya
Sha.S.M.Kha 9/28-34
17.
Loha rasayana
Pandu, Vrishya
Sha.S.M.Kha 12/274-288
18.
Gokshuradi kwatha
Mutrakrucchra,Ushnavata
Sha.S.M.Kha 2/107
19.
Gokshuradi guggulu
Mutrakracchra, Prameha
Sha.S.M.kha7/84-87
20.
Kamadeva gritha
Raktapitta, Mutrakrcchra
Sha.S.M.kha9/27-37
21.
Dashamoolarista
Grahani,Swasa,Kasa,Aruchi
Sha.S.M.kha10/79-84
22.
Dashamooladi kwatha
Parshwa shoola, Shirashoola
C.D. 10/10
23.
Goksuradhi churna
Vrushya
C.D 67/9

14
Drug Review
24.
Bhargiguda
Swasa,Kasa
C.D. 12/25-30
25.
Kantakari gritha
Swarabheda, All types of C.D. 13/12

kasa
26.
Bhrangarajadhya grithum
Swarabheda, kasa
C.D 13/14
27.
Chavan prash
Kasa, Swasa,Kshataksheena
C.D.10/47-54
28.
Amrutadi choornam
Amavata
C.D.25/14
29.
Alambushadhya Choorna
Amavata, Sandhi shotha
C.D. 25/19-22
30.
Yogaraja guggulu
Amavata, Urustamba
C.D. 25/25-30
31.
Swadamstra gritha
Hrudroga,Shoola,
C.D.31/27-30
Mutrakrucchra
32.
Haritakyadi kwatha
Daha, Mutrakrucchra
C.D. 32/7
Trikantakadi kwatha
Ashmari, Mutrakrucchra
C.D.32/22
33.
Trikantakadya grutha
Mutrakrucchra,Ashmari
C.D.32/28
34.
Sukumarakumarakam
Mutrakrucchra, Katishoola,
C.D.32/28
grutha
Yonishoola
35.
Varunadi kwatha
Vatajanya ashmari
C.D. 34/1
36.
Shuntyadi kwatha
Ashmari, Mutrakrucchra
C.D.34/5-7
37.
Pashanabhedadhya gritha
Vatajanya ashmari
C.D.34/8-10
38.
Nagaradi kashay
Ashmari
C.D.34/28
39.
Swadamstradi kashay
Ashmari
C.D.34/30
40.
Swadamstradi panakam
Ashmari
C.D.34/31
41.
Trikantakabeeja choorna
Ashmari
C.D.34/34
42.
Dashamoola kwatha
Swasa,Sannipata jwara
Y.R.Jwara chikitsa slk 10
43.
Dashamooladya
Sannipata jwara, Kasa
Y.R.Jwara chikitsa slk11
Astadashanga kwatha
44.
Shuntyadi Kwatha
Amavata , Katishoola
Y R Amavata Chikitsa slk1
45.
Ashta dashanga kwatha
All types of Jwara
Y R Sannipata Jwara Chikitsa

slk 3
46.
Dashamooladi Kwatha
Hrudroga
Y R Hrudroga Chikitsa slk 1
47.
Gokshuradi Kwatha
Mootrakrucchra
Y R Mutrakrucchra Chikitsa
slk1

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Drug Review
48.
Trikantakadi Guggulu
Mootrakrucchra,
Y R Mutrakrucchra Chikitsa slk
Mootraghata
12
49.
Dashamoola Kwatha
Parshwa Shoola , Jwara
B.R. 15/13
50.
Agastya Haritaki
Rasayana, Vali, Phalita
B.R. 15/173-178
51.
Trayo Dashanga Guggulu
Katigraha , Grudrasi
B.R. 26/99-101
52.
Mahamasha Taila
Pakshaghata, Hanustamba
B.R. 26/578-584
53.
Maha Vishagarbha Taila
Al types of Vatavikaras
B.R. 27/140-147
54.
Trikantakadi Guggulu
Mootrakrucchra, Ashmari
B.R. 34/22
55.
Datryadi Kwatha
Mootrakrucchra
B.R. 34/23
56.
Haritakyadi Kwatha
Mootrakrucchra, Vibanda
B.R. 34/27
57.
Gokshura Kwatha
Mootraghata
B.R. 35/4
58.
Dashamooli Kwatha
Jwara
B.P.N 1/413
59.
Amrutadya Choorna
Amavata
B.P.N 26/62
60.
Alambushadi Choorna
Amavata, Vatarakta
B.P.N 26/63-65
61.
Gokshuradi choorna Gutika
Prameha ,Shotha
B.P.N 138/82-87
62.
Gokshuradyavaleha
Mootradaha, Malabanda
B.P.N 38/105-107
63.
Truna Panchamooladya
Ashmari
B.P.N 37/55-57
Grutha
64.
Amritaprasha Gritham
Krishakashata,Vrishya
A.Hri.Chi 3/94-101
65.
Swadamstradi Gritham
Kasa,Shosha,Mutrakrichra
A.Hri.Chi 3/120-105
66.
Nagadala Gritham
Vrishya, Rasayana
A.Hri.Chi 3/120-125
67.
Agastya Rasayana
Kshaya,Kasa,Prameha
A.Hri.Chi 3/ 127-132
68.
Vasistha Rasayana
Kshaya,Kasa, Prameha
A.Hri.Chi 3/ 133-142
69.
Kanatakari Gritham
Kasa,shwasa, Hikka
A.Hri.Chi 3/ 56-57

16
Drug Review
DOSAGE
The dose of a drug cannot be fixed rigidly because there are so many
factors, which influence the doses.For exaple-age,condition of the patient,
severity of diseases, etc. the general rules governing Matra or dosage of the
drugs, administered in different forms, is mentioned in the ancient Ayurvedic
texts. Gokshura can be used in the form of Swarasa, Kwatha or Churna
internally.
The general dosage according to Vanoushadhi Nidarshika
Phala Churna 3 to 6 gm or 3 to 6 Masha:
Kwatha
- 5 to 10 Tola .
According to Nigantu Adarsh
Phala Churna - tola:
Moola
- tola.

17
Drug Review
SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS

Pedalium murex belonging to Pedaliaceae family is also known as
Brihatgokshura is available in the market as substitute of Tribulus terrestris,
But the two plant can easily be distinguished from each other. T.terrestris is
commonly known as Chhotagokshura, while P.murex is known as
Brihatgokshura.
Macroscopically, the root of P.murex is with longitudinal ridges and
furrows having transverse cracks, with the fractures being short and granular
in the bark and fibrous in the wood. It is mucilaginous with a indistinct odor
and slightly bitter taste. T.terrestris has a smooth surface except for a few
small nodules; the fracture is fibrous, slightly aromatic with a sweet and
astringent taste. Microscopically, the root of P.murex is characterized by 6-10
layered cortex- the outer two being irregular, di-triarch stele, cork cambium
arising in the outer two layers of the cortex, fibers absent in the phelloderm
and phloem but presenting the xylem, presence of stone cells in the
phelloderm and phloem, wide and narrow medullary rays and absence of
crystals. T.terrestris however shows 4-5 layers cortex, diarch stele, and cork
cambium in the pericycle, presence of fibres in the pheloderm, phloemand
xylem absence of stone cells, narrow medullary rays and prismatic rosette
crystals of calcium oxalate. The fluorescent characteristics of the two roots are
also different. The powder as such in case of P. murex appears buff in colour
while that of T.terrestris is bluish green. On treatment with IN NaOH, the
powder fluoresced dark brown and bluish green respectively 53

18
Drug Review
MODERN REVIEW OF THE DRUG GOKSHURA

BOTANICAL NAME: TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS (Linn)
Meaning of Tribulus terrestris54
Tribulus = having three sides, terrestris = of the ground
VERNACULAR NAMES55
Latin
Tribulus terrestris
Hindi
chotagokhru
English
Caltrops, small caltrops
Kannada
Neggila mullu,Sannanegulu
Gujarat
Betagokhru,mithagokhru,nahanagokhru
Marathi
Ghokaru,Lahangokhru,sarala,sharatte
Tamil
nerunji,nerinjeekai
Telugu
Chinnipalleru, palleru kayalu
Malayalam
Neringil, Nerinnil
Urdu
Gokharu, Khar-e- khasak khurd
Arab
Khara khusk, Hasak
Punjabi
Kurkundai
Bengal
Gokhuri
Oriya
Gakhura,gokshra
Rajasthan
Gokhatri,gokhru-bara,kanti,
Assam
Goksura
Burma
Charatte
Chines
Chili, tsili tse
South Africa
Devils thorn
Central provinces
Gokhru
Sind
Land caltrops
Spanish
Abrojos

19
Drug Review
TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF GOKSHURA56

Kingdom
Plantae
Division
Spermatophyta
Class
Dicotyledonae
Sub class
Polypetalae
Series
Disciflorae
Order
Geraniales
Family
Zygophyllaceae
Genus
Tribulus
Species
Terrestris
FAMILY CHARACTERS ZYGOPHYLLACEAE57

Shrubs or herbs woody at the base, rarely trees. Branches often jointed at the nodes.
Leaves
opposite or alternate, 2-foliolate or pinnate, rarely 3 foliolate,

not Gland dotted.
Stipules
paired, persistent, often spinescent.
Flowers
rarely blue, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic or Zygomorphic.
Sepals
5, rarely 4, free or rarely connate at the base, imbricate, rarely

valvate.
Petals
4-5, rarely absent, hypogynous, free, imbricate or conorted,

rarely valvate.
Disk
mostly present.
Stamens
the same number as to triple the number of the petals, often

Unequal in length.
Filaments
free, often with a scale inside.
Anthers
2 celled, opening lengthwise.

20
Drug Review
Ovary
superior, sessile or rarely stipitate, usually 4-5 celled, cells

rarely transversely locellate,
Style
simple, short or stigmas sessile
Ovules
2 or more in each cell, axile.
Fruit
various but never baccate.
Seeds
mostly with some endosperm, embryo as long as the seed,

straight or slightly curved.
GENUS CHARACTERS TRIBULUS58

Branching prostrate herbs, often with silky hairs.
Leaves
Stipulate, opposite (or sometimes alternate by suppression)
usually
one of the pair smaller than the other, abruptly pinnate.
Flowers
Solitary pseudoaxillary, white or yellow.
Sepals
5, imbricate.
Petals
5, spreading, imbricate, fugacious, disk annular, 10-lobed.
Stamens
10 (rarely 5), inserted on the base of the disk, the longer

oppositeto the petals, the 5 shorter with a small gland outside.
Filaments
Filiform, naked.
Ovary
Sessile, hirsute, 5-12 lobed, 5-12 celled.
Ovules
1-5 in each cell, superposed.
Style
Short, pyramidal or filiform.
Stigmas
5-12
Fruit
5 angled. of 5-12 winged or spinous or tuberculate indehiscent

cocci.
Seeds
Obliquely pendulous, testa membranous, embryo

exalbuminous; cotyledons oval radicle short.

21
Drug Review
MORPHOLOGY OF GOKSHURA 59
A procumbent herb: Stems and branches pilose. Young parts silky villous.
Leaves
Parippinnate,Opposite, abruptly pinnate, one of each pair

usually smaller than the other, sometimes wanting.
Stipules
Lanceolate, hairy.
Leaflets
5-8 pairs, Sub equal, Oblong to liner-oblong,

3-6 pairs. 6-12 mm in long , oblong mucronate, sericeo villous
with appressed hairs beneath and more or less so on the upper
surface, base rounded oblique
Petioles
Very short, pilose.
Flowers
Auxiliary or leaf-opposed, solitary, pale yellow to yellow
Pedicels
1.2-2 cm long slender, hairy
Sepals
6 mm long, lanceolate, acute, hairy.
Petals
1 cm long, oblong, obovate, claw short, hairy.
Ovary
Bristly.
Style
Short, Stout.
Stigmatic lobes longer than the diameter of the style.
Fruit
Globose, consisting of (usually) 5 hairy or nearly glabrous,

often muriculate, woody cocci each with 2 pairs of hard sharp
spines one pair longer than the other.
Seeds
Several in each coccus with transverse partition between them.
Roots
Slender,Cylindrical, some what fibrous, 10-15cm long,light

brown and faintly aromatic.

22
Drug Review
HABITAT60
This trailing plant is common in sandy soil throughout India and Ceylon.
Plentiful in the united provinces and in Madras.
It is common weed of the pasture lands, road sides, and other waste lands,
chiefly growing in hot, dry and sandy regions through out India and up to 3000 m in
Kashmir.
It is found through out India up to an altitude of 5400m. It is widely
distributed over fields, grounds, warmer regions of the world and growing widely
with aroma of sugar cane.
Found in tropical regions in India, Konkan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Deccan,
Peninsula, Bengal, Bihar, Madras and very common in upper Gangetic plains, Ceylon
and abundant in university campus.
Collection and Storage of Drugs:
Complete shoot system of the plant was collected freshly and then it was
shade dried in a clean place. Then after complete drying the fruits and leaflets whole
plant were procured for intended work.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL FEATURES OF TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS61

MACROSCOPIC
Fruit - Fruit is globose 0.5 inch in diameter and 1/3 inch in thickness. Fruit consists
of five densely hairy. Woody. Often-muricate coccii. Each coccus bears two large
sharp, pointed rigid spines directed towards the apex and two smaller. Shorter spines
directed downwards. Colour is yellowish brown. Seeds several in each coccus with
transverse partition between them.
23
Drug Review
MICROSCOPIC
Fruit - The transvers section of the fruit exhibits five coccii, which are free in the
upper part but united below. In the transverse section five pairs of large spines are
seen distinctly. In coccii epicarp consists of one layer of epidermis with unicellular
lignified trichomes.
Mesocarp is parenchymatous and contains vascular bundles. Rosette crystals
of calcium oxalate are in abundance in mesocarp. Endocarp is lignified and contains
five seeds one in each coccus
PHYTOCHEMISTRY.
The fruits contain furastanol is glycoside which is identical with protodioscin
and on acid hydrolysis it yields spirostanol diosgenin.
Further fruits contain
sapogenins diosgenin, rus cogenin and gitogenin of the steroid saponins.
Fruits
contain three flavone glycosides. Two glycosides are kampferol 3- rhamnosides and
third tribuloside is kampferol 6, p-coumaroyal 3. D-glucoside. It contains traces of
an alkaloid, fixed oil and potassiumnitrate.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITON.62
The leaves moisture-79.09; protein-7.22;ether extr,0.54;total ash 4.63;
calcium 1.55; and phosphorus 0.08% ; iron 9.22 ; and vitamin C,41.53 mg/100
g. they are rich in calcium and poor in iron.
The plants saponins, which, on hydrolysis, yield steroidal sapogenins ;
diosgenin, gitogenin, chlorogenin (m.p 275-77) ruscogenin, and 25 D- spirosta-3,5diene. Saponins having high haemolytic index are present in leaves and roots, but
absent in stems ro seeds; three saponoins in leaves and two in roots have been
identified Kaempferol, kaempferol-3 glucoside, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, and a new
flavonoid tribuloside (C30 H26 O 13 ;m.p.224-26degree) have also been isolated
from the leaves and druits have also been isolated from the leaves and fruits
24
Drug Review
The fruits - also contain alkaloids, resin, and a fixed oil (3.4-5.0%,consisting
mainly of unsaturated acids), peroxidase (stable below 50 degree),diastase and traces
of a glucoside. The fatty oil has excellent drying properities, and the seedcake is rich
in phosphorus and nitrogen.124 the Wealth of India
Tribulus Terrestris contains three groups of active phytochemicals: 63
Dioscin, protodioscin, diosgenin and similar. These substances have effect on
sexual performance and may treat various sexual disorders, they regulate sexual
energy level and strength by increasing the percentage of free testosterone level for
men and they effect pregnenolone, progesterone and estrogen. The hormone balancing
effects of Tribulus Terrestris for women makes this herb suitable for premenstrual
syndrome and menopausal syndrome.
Sterols like betasitosterols or stigma. These substances protect the prostate from
swelling and in combination with the X steroidal saponins, protect the prostate from
cancer.
Steroidal saponins currently referred to as X steroidal saponins. These X steroidal

saponins effect the complete immune system. They have been demonstrated to
possess anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects. Bulgarian Tribulus Terrestris may be used
internally and externally to treat herpes, and virus infections such as influenza and the
common cold.
Tribulus terristris was found to be a rich source of calcium (Duhan et al. 1992).
Studies have shown a better than 50% increase in testosterone levels when
taking the Tribulus herb. Studies show that it works very well when stacked with
DHEA [(dehydroepiandrosterone), a master hormone that provides the raw material
for many of the body's hormones, including testosterone, is one such supplement.] and
androstenedione. It increased testosterone levels in a different way, however, than
either DHEA or andro do. Instead of being a testosterone precursor, it leads to the

25
Drug Review
production of the luteinizing hormone (LH). When LH levels are increased, the
natural production of testosterone also increases. LH is a hormone that also deals with
sex drive. Tribulus terrestris increases sperm count as well as motility levels after
taking it for 30 days. This is a good supplement for men and women to increase their
sex drive. Most experts recommend experimenting with 750 to 1,250 mg per day,
divided among meals. A significant benefit of Tribulus is the stimulation of hormone
production to a balanced level, without over stimulating the secretion of hormones.
Tribulus Terrestris works by stimulating the anterior pituitary gland to release
luteinizing hormone (LH), which is responsible for stimulating the testes to produce
testosterone.
When scientists began studying the curative power of Tribulus, they discovered
that it significantly elevates the level of several hormones: Testosterone; Luteinizing
Hormone (LH is a gonad stimulating hormone produced by the pituitary gland),
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Estradiol. A significant benefit of Tribulus
is the stimulation of hormone production to a balanced level, without over stimulating
the secretion of hormones. When 750 mg per day of Tribulus extract was given to a
total of 212 men in open clinical trials, 85% had increased libido after 30 days, and
94% after 60 days. Thus, Tribulus unquestionably stimulated sexual desire. In another
study, treatment with 750 mg per day for 60 days significantly increased sperm
motility in 38 men with idiopathic oligospermia (low sperm count of unknown
origin). In the same study, of 14 patients with reduced libido, 12 showed considerable
improvement after 30 days (1500 mg/day), and one was slightly improved after 60
days' treatment. Libido was improved in 27 of 36 patients with chronic prostatitis.
Patients who had suffered this condition for five years or more showed no
improvement, yet in patients with shrunken testes and oligospermia, libido was
apparently improved. A study involving healthy individuals taking 750 mg/day of
tribulus terrestris evaluated hormonal responses and revealed LH increased in males
from 14.38 ml/U/ml to 24.75 ml/U/ml (that s a 72% increase). The free testosterone in
males went from 60 ng/dl to 84.5 ng/dl (an increase of 41%).

26
Drug Review
Testosterone and Tribulus

Your testosterone levels begin to decline slowly but surely after the age of 35.
Since testosterone plays a vital role in muscle growth, most men find that it gets more
and more just to maintain muscle mass, let alone build it, as they approach middle
age. Low levels of testosterone also make it more likely that you'll gain fat around
your waist. Researchers from the University of Washington have shown that low
testosterone levels are strongly linked to abdominal fat.
Not only does it affect the way you look, testosterone also affects the way you
feel. Because the human brain is loaded with testosterone receptors (the parts of the
brain that respond to testosterone), your behavior is affected if testosterone levels
drop too low.Termed by some as "irritable male syndrome", the age-related decline in
testosterone might explain why some men become grumpy and irritable the older they
get. When men who cannot produce testosterone come off hormone replacement
therapy, they become irritable and depressed. Their mood improves when they resume
treatment.
According to David Abbott, of the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research
Center in Madison, "Testosterone effects have been missed. When someone gets
grumpy and irritable, [researchers] try and explain it only in terms of cortisol levels
and depression. They ignore the fact that their testosterone levels are probably low as
well."
Although one mechanism by which Tribulus works is by stimulating LH,
which in turn can elevate testosterone levels, the primary mechanism of Tribulus is to
restore testosterone receptor sensitivity. In other words to enable your body to better
and more efficiently utilize whatever testosterone is there. If Tribulus does elevate
testosterone (in addition to making it work better), it will likely do so within
physiological limits, it will not raise them to abnormal levels. Tribulus is not a
prohormone but more of a secretagogue or a manager that helps with secretion.

27
Drug Review
Low testosterone levels may also be responsible for symptoms of sexual

dysfunction such as premature ejaculation and low sex drive. Testosterone
replacement therapy offers older men an opportunity to experience a sense of vitality
and well being they havent experienced since they were 30 years younger.
IDENTITY PURITY AND STRENGTH64
Foreign matter
not more than 2 percent
Total ash
Acid-insoluble ash
Alcohol soluble extractive
not less than 6 percent
Water-soluble extractive
not less than 10 percent.
Tribulus terrestris contents new compounds: 65

Diosgenin,
Trillin
Tribulosin
Chlorogenin.

28
Drug Review

29
Drug Review
USES OF PLANT IN OTHER SYSTEMS AND COUNTRIES

ACTION AND USES IN SIDDHA66
Madhura rasam, seetha veeryam, mootralam, vrishyam, deepanam, balakaram,
pushtikaram,
in
ashmari,
prameham,
arshas,
mootrakrichram,
swasakasam,
hridrogam.
ACTION AND USES IN UNANI67,68.
Murakabul khuva, diuretic, aphrodisiac, increases, semen, removes stones
causes nuzi in madda, in colic due to heat.
The fruit is sour with bad taste, diuretic removes gravel from the urine and
stone in the bladder. Cures strangury, gleet. The leaves are diuretic, tonic, enrich the
blood, and increase the menstrual flow. Cure gonorrhoea and gleet, a decoction is
useful as a gargle for mouth troubles and painful gums reduce inflammation. The root
is good stomachic and appetizer, emmenagogue, diuretic, carminative, cures lumbago.
In South of France and in the southern countries of Europe the roots and the
leaves are considered tonic and aperient.
In China the fruit is reputed tonic and astringent. It is used for coughs,
spermatorrhoea, scabies, anemia.opthalmia; it is powerful haemostatic, much used in
post partum haemorrhage and in dysenteries; It is a Suto Rheumatism remedy in
South Africa.

30
Drug Review
RESEARCH PROFILE
1:Furostanol saponins from Tribulus terrestris.
An HPLC-ELSD-ESI-MS method has been developed for the analysis of the
steroidal saponins in the aerial parts of Tribulus terrestris. Protodioscin, a new saponin
(5,6-dihydroprotodioscin, neoprotodioscin) and their respective sulfates were
detected. The structure of the new compound was elucidated on the basis of NMR
and ESI-MS spectral analysis.
2:Preliminary studies on the diuretic effects of Hygrophila spinosa and Tribulus
terrestris.
3:Some aspects of chemical and pharmacological studies of Tribulus
terrestris.Linn.
4:Tribulus terrestris: preliminary study of its diuretic and contractile effects
and comparison with Zea mays.
5: Effect of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate metabolism in rats.
6: New steroidal glycosides from the fruits of Tribulus terrestris.
7: Study of antihypertensive mechanism of Tribulus terrestris in 2K1C
hypertensive
rats: role of tissue ACE activity.
8: Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal
And castrated rats.
9: Tribulosin and beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside, the anthelmintic principles of
Tribulus terrestris.
10: Effect of saponin from Tribulus terrestris on hyperlipidemia
References: WWW.PUBMED.COM. PMID: [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

31
Drug Review
Picture -1

32
Drug Review
References of Gokshura
aU - mrr vS:
aMhOM: SwO pMOM aUcr aUM: |
MOxM: vUhr: mrrUSMlOM pui || (A.q)
aU: UMm xri MhO: xuSMhOM: |
aMhOM pOQM ulbaO Cirm ||
msQMw SxO c
ij xrSalkM: || (p.m.)
aU: xrS aUM pM: xuSMhOM: |

aMhOM pOM wQQa: MhOMM: ||
( k.l.)
xrS aU aUM: UQa:|

SxOM: MhOMpSMhOM |
xrS ursSvO: UM qWQa
Sqcr qv SvWu: ||
( U.l.)
aU - ahMq:
xriqp aUM xviV |
osmk i qkU c oWh |
NvqUqWuSWlvl
Uxrl i oWS alU: ||
(U.l.)
aU: vis osr qkU oWh qi: |

uxivkSMU uwr:mxiMcr Uxrl: ||
AalSmiMU: xuSqNvqUWU: |
SWqWxMxSav: ulvl: ||
uxiui Sw c MwP vs c lvri |
(v.l)

33
Drug Review
aUM qNbl osr uwrlsmW: |

i aUM uwr vM xiuvklq ||
(U.u.)
oe aUM vi qs vTuUhq |
uvrqrvMU vYsqWli clvlq | (A.x)
Uxi aUh i qkU: vis qi: |
xiuvklcu uibl uwr Lu c || (l.U.)
aU qkU uwr Sml osmwOi |
vis uxiuibl SvloWl: |
SaqWcvq xMxeWU: || (M. l)
qNlsWU uxiuiluUh: |
uwr xuSUx: vi aU: xMxei || (q.l)
SwO oWh uwrxSv vql Aali |
vsSacNbl: mqWuluM: || k.l.
aU: vis: xuSosS uxivkl: |
qkU Sml uvr: mxOS vqUWU: ||
mqW xMxv: NSauili || (p.m.)

34
Drug Review
aU - mra
MhOMxr oel ch qM xrq |
AuUh xmiWqvqU pSl moi ||
(x.x.c)
Yuj aU oexr ruUrYiq moi |

qN veevc mi: vb ulvri |
(c.S.)
vhP aUM Yuj: mi: milwui: |

xq ui MOvs mcl M mhvlq || (c.S)
SvO mrx x moSMMl lU:
eUr mixUAm ruu cUi xr: ||
vRs:
ch SxOTsuealk ulqi qMxqmrq |

Uh xSq mUmrql vw c Mx c lWli mxq || (UeqihQ:)
xqsaU Yuj: xiqMxri: |
lvrlqNh ij cwh xqUhq ||
(vQakU: )
aU xismwmh isr c qkxmw: |

xU:msml il Mvxukl mUq ||
(vQakU:)
aUM qNlsWUhq | c.x.x

35
Drug Review
ddydgTdy djdImJddy dmSdZ ddQgZ ddfTedd |

djdUmQdydddddy dmaUPddy dyUddddZ ||
[d.ed.]
Tdeddy . . . .. . . dQadd ddddSdda Tdeddddedda dSdZ |
dddfITPddy dQad dSddd . . . . . . dTZ |
dTSd dfdddTdyed . . . . . . . || [ddyOd dQeddU.2-9-58]
ddydy djPd dQadRdddeddadd . . . . . . |
. . . . . ddyda d Idda edUed dgaddd || [Tdd ddddPN]
Adddddy -
dgPMfddydgTdddZ dddZ . . . . |
. . . . . ILfdjda dddda IdPddddd || [dQd 25-9]
IRddjdImJy dQadeQdddZ
dQaded dddySda dd IRImJedddddd | [dQd, djdImJ 32-13]

Teddddda ddydgTdeQ ddyQId
ddddIdd, ddedITddeQIT, 72/25-23
ImedddaddyddSd ddgadIdy
dSded ddydgT djPda JdddfTyPdddedda dddg |
. . . . . . Sddedda IgdSddydyPd || [dd.d.dd.72-49]
UmQdyddQSdZ edeIddSdda dQd, UmQdyd, ed.31/27-30]
AdTf dedIdTdda edIPLIdfddjPdd
dQaddmdd [dQd, AdTf .ed.34-34]

36
Drug Review
AdSddd -
djda dQaydgIdydgIdd . . . . |
. . . . . dySd edded ddddeT dyQddSd || [d.d.ed.26-62]
edIPLISd dfdddda . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . dyQda dTd || [dg.d.ed.7-19, ddddd, 34-28]
ddydgTISd dfdddda . . . . . . |
. . . . . ddddddeTddddd || [UeTd.d.3-31-13]
ddydTdyd
djPda dQadRda ddedddd . . . . |
. . . . . ddyda d Idda d edUeddgaddd || [TddddddN,12-3]
Adddddy
dgPMfddydgTI dddZ dddZ dddeddyeddZ ||
. . . . . . . . . . . IdPddddd ||
TddSdd
[dQd 25-9]
djPda dQadddIddmdddda . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . dddZ dda dfdedImPdIydZ || [A.Um.D.39-160]
djdddddTdddy
dddddTfddydgTIZ dmda dd . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . Sdd djdddddd dda dSdded || [d.d.ed.4-85]
djdImJ edddSdda ddy.dSddyd
edIPLIdeQ dddZ
edIPLIda dmdd || [dQd 32/22-28]
djddddy
edIPLId ddedda dfTa - [dQd 33-9]
AdTf ed. ddy. Sddydd
dQadeQ dddId
dQadeQ IddSd [dQd, AdTf. ed.34/30-31]

37
Drug Review
dImdy djdImJy
ddda ddydgTdfdSd . . . . . |
. . . . . dImdd dfdZ dfda eddddSdyd || [dmdddd 32-16, dd.d.ed.35-33,
dQd]
AdSddSd
dmda dQaddTdyd edd |
dfTyPd dzdddgPdyd dySdd ||
djdddddd dda ddmdy djdy
[d.da.ed.26-74]
ddydgTIzZ dmda dd | [d.da.ed.26-74]

dTUT dddeQ dmd
ddda dQaddmUdf Iddf ddddfa | [d.ed.3/223]

AdTfdyQdddd
edIPLISd . . . . . . |
. . . . . . dddUddTf dyQda eddyd || [dg.d.ed.7]
dQaddzdd
dQaddTddddz dz dddz dSddd dU ||
...................
. . . . . . .d Qgdyd dySdd IdZ ddSddy || [d.d.ed.28-146/148]
djdImJy
ddydgeUdZ ImJy |
AdTf Tdydy
[A.Um.D.40-50]
edIPLISd dfdddda. . . . . . |
. . . . . dySdddeT ddddd || [dd.d.AdeTTdyddedIT 3-64]
Tdeddy
QddSdd dePddfeddd . . . . . . |
. . . . . Tdedd ddedda dSdZ || [ddddd 9-98]

38
Drug Review
djdImJy
dQadIPLIdTfSdda djdImJy dddePddd || [d.da.dj.2-22]

dQaddTdy dzda . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . SddySda dddedddddUd || [dg.da.D.59-19]
ddda ddydgTdfdSd . . . . .. |
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . d dITddeTddddd || [dmdddd, 32-16, dd.d.ed.35-36]
Iyddaddd
ddydTedd dgddePd . . . . . |
. . . . . . Iyddaddda dTd ||
djdImJy dyQddddd
[dTddT.da.3-11-22]
ddda ddddjdSd . . . . . . |
. . . . . . djdImJdddUd || [dddyd, djdddd, 30, dd.d.ed.36-30]
djdgJy
dddmadddIRdzdd . . . . . |
. . . . . . dydeddyddy ddIdTZ || [dz dddyTdd,7-3]
ddjdddydgTdddZ edddddedIdaSdgdZ |
dddSdyd dmdImJdePd ddd ddyydddfTPdd || [dd.da.2-2-109]
dgdyQdedIa dmdd
dgddf dddjSddz y dddddd dgdddd
Iddd eJdUd dzd Tddd ddydgTIdy ddd || [d.ed.343]

39
Literary Review
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
VEDIC REVIEW ON VAJEEKARANA
Rigveda:
The word Vajayan hints towards Vajeekarana. The important husband of
vadhrimati was satisfactorily treated and was able to become fertile. The name of twin
physicians Asvinau is indicative of horse and horsepower. The unmarried, old aged
patient Ghosa was successfully treated to become young and later on to get married.
Kali achieved youth and married. Vandana, Kaksivana, Vrddha Kali, Vrddha
Chyavana, Jahnu, Raja Mana etc were treated for ageing and achieved youthfulness
and progeny. Various means were advocated in Garbhaposhana, Garbhpata,
Niyantrana and Govandhyata with treatment.
Atharvaveda:
It has many references related to normal and abnormal sexual functions.
Anatomical terms like Vrisana, Sepha, Sisna, Viryavahini Nadi etc. are available.
The word MRITABHAJA (who has lost body heat ) is used for Klaibya. Sepha
harsini was the drug used to enhance the size of penis like that of horse, improve
erection and increase the semen production to make the individual sexually active.
Specific mantras to improve erection are available. The word Klaibya, Klibikarana
(castration) and impotence because of injury to Viryavahi nadi are highlighted. The
term Krisata denotes physical impotence or under developed size of genital organs,
whereas the word glayata denotes psychological impotence.
Upanishad and Purana period:

Prestigious Madhuvidya and the way of getting prosperous progeny are found
in Upanishad period. But as this was mainly means for the brahmajnana, sex and
sexual disorders are not stressed. Various references in relation to Vajeekarana tantra
are available in pauranic literature, though the term vajikarana has not been used.
Vajeekarana therapeutics or virilifying medicines have been advocated. References to
Daivavapasraya methods of virilification etc. are also available. Woman is virilific
because certain body parts of woman are the seat of erotica. There are twelve factors
famous for erotic potency, out of which six are body parts of the woman viz. The
Preliminary phytochemical investigation and Vajeekarana effect of Gokshura 41
An Experimental study
Literary Review
Kamini Katasa (eye movements), the knotting of the hairs, the thighs, the breasts, the
umbilical part and the lips. The remaining six factors are environmental such as
autuman, the sound of kokila, the full moon light, a lake place, madhu-madhava etc.
The drugs Shatavari, Ashwgandha, Sriaushadha, Vatamkura, Asvatha, Nagakeshara,
Masa, Karpasa Phala, Tita, Dhatri, Vajra, Vamsa, Vaisnave, Darbhamula,
Palasahija,Lodhra, Putrajivak, Rudravanti etc. are advised as Yuktivyapasraya
vajikarana therapy, it can be used in the form of powder, with milk, honey etc. and
may also be used in the form of varti,lingalepa etc.Putreshti yagna, various types of
charities, sraddha, pilgrimage to some holy places, story hearing of some progeny and
about 15 putrakara or putra prada (male progeny inducing) recipes have been
mentioned. Hence it seems that pauranic advises for vajikarana are mostly herbal.
Vajikarana drugs without shodhana and other different modalities are available.
Fundamental and scientific approach is lacking in puranas in comparison with
Ayurvedic system.
Vajeekarana therapy is described along with illustration of various ailments.

Kama and stri are closely related and stri is considered whole and sole of universe.
Different types of impotence, their treatment and also the marriage laws and customs,
dialects of marriage and married life is descried.
Mythological texts also show the significance of performing putreshti yagna

by emperor Dasharatha to have son. Testicular transplantation to restore the virility of
Indra with mesa vrisana is also found. The death due to excessive indulgence in
coitus, in the form of example of Vicitravirya, son of satyavati is highlighted.
Naradas conversation with Yudhishtira on skills of Vaidyas on 8 branches of
medicine points towards Vajeekarana as one of the branches well established at that
time. Stories of Drupada, Shikhandi, Yayati are also indicative of Prevalence of
sexual dysfunctions. In darshana period references are found regarding kama
(passion), marriage-age, sexual conducts, legal aspects of marriage and second
marriage according to the circum-stances. The references regarding sexual
dysfunctions are rare.

Literary Review
In Bauddha period:
Navanitakam a famous treatise on therapeutic preparations illustrates
numerous Vajeekarana yogas, indirectly giving hints to sexual disorders. Lashuna is a
useful mentioned drug.
In Maurya and Gupta period:

A reference has been made to Pumsavana karma to change the feotal sex. The
famous Chinese traveler Meghasthanes writes so in his book INDICA. The golden
age of Ayurvda and especially of sexology, culture and literature in Gupta dynasty
brought out significant improvement in this field. Kamasutra was written by concising
the Bhabravyas writings by Vatsyayana, the father of ancient sexology. The book
which is authentic till today consists of 36 chapters, 67 contexts with 1250 shlokas.
Pandit Varahamihira in his treatise, Brihat Samhita described many Vajeekarana
yogas under the heading of kandarpikam to enhance the sexual potency and fertility.
AYURVEDIC REVIEW ON VAJEEKARANA

Etymology of Vajeekarana:
Vajeekarana is one among eight branches of Ayurveda. In Charaka Samhita,

this has been mentioned as the last one among the eight angas of Ayurveda.
Chakrapani quotes that Avajee Vajeevathyartam maithune Shaktah kriyathe
yena tad Vajeekaranam means Vajeekarana is a process in which an impotent will
soon turn into potent as it is denoted by powerful horse.
It is a therapy which enables one to approach women in an unrestricted
manner, endowing him with great strength and robustness, like that of a Stallion,
makes one greatly endearing to women, increases ones proportions and strength,
causes the seminal secretion even of the aging to remain undiminished and fertile and
enables a man to have many and excellent off springs.69Thus it seems that main action
of Vajeekarana drugs is to produce Sukra of good quality and quantity so that, the
man may cohabit with women like stallion and indulge in sexual activity frequently
with exhilaration.

Literary Review
Vajeekarana promotes the sexual capacity and performs on the other hand it
also improves the physical and psychological health of an individual and hence is
helpful in preservation and promotion of health of a healthy person. Vajeekarana
makes one loving to the females, more power and sustenance in sex congress and
amplifies physical strength, tissue nutrition and Ojus.70
By way of Vajeekarana not only the undergoing the therapy is benefited but
also his grandsons are also empowered with the capacity of healthy procreation and
generation.71 therefore Vajeekarana is a must of all those partners going to start the
sexual life and who wishes to continue the sexual life in a better way.
According to Todarananda Factors which are responsible for the Apyayana
(increase in quantity), Prasada (purification), Upacaya (accumulation), Janana
(ejaculation), and tarpana (nourishment) of the semen which has become alpa (less
quantity),dusta (vitiated), ksina (dimshed) and suska (dried) are called Vajikara. 72
Vajeekarana and Vrushya
Acharya Charaka opines that, the method of therapy which improves
potentiality for getting the offsprings for the continuity of the lineage, traits all type
of disorders of Sukra, causes instantaneous sexual excitation, performance like a
strong horse and nourishes the tissue elements is called Vajeekarana.73
The drugs or the articles which perform the above said functions are called as
Vrshya. The substance or factor helpful to increase quantity oja in human being
74
Vrushya and Vajeekarana are taken as synonyms for each others.

While commenting the above Dalhana stated that vrshyam sukrajanakam and
Vajeekarana as Shukrapravatakam.75
A vrsya dravya can act as Vajeekarana also and these words are shown as
synonyms to each other.
Vrshya dravyas may act as Vajeekarana also, but all Vajeekara do not possess
vrshya property. Because stimulant action on sukaravaha samsthana is predominant
in Vajeekarana draya, while vrshya is subjected mainly to increase the sukra in
quantitative and qualitative measures.
According to Shabda kalpa druma vrsya is mentioned as veerya vridhi karam.
Bhavaprakasha explains vrsya as Sukravridhikara i.e. the one which
increases the quantity and quality of sukra in the human body.

Literary Review
In another sense, Vaji means horse which is a symbol of sexual vigor and
Vrushya means bull, which is sexually not so potent like horse, but can have multiple
orgasms and procreate off springs better than horse. The semen analysis of both these
animals reported that, the sperm count of horse is 1,20,000/ml while that of bull is
10,00,000/ml (Thaddeus and Mann 1981)
The term Vaja means anna(food). Sukra arises as final product of its proper
transformation. Therefore sukra is called Vaji. Factors which help in the manifestation
(karana) of its excellence is quality and quantity are called Vajeekarana in the Vedas
(Sruti)76
The term Vaji means sukra. Factor which help in the production of sukra in a
person who is devoid of it are called Vajikarana.77
Hence Vaji may be considered for sexual vigor and Vrshya for procreation.
This might be the using both vaji and vrshya in classics.
In classics both these vrshya and vaji are mentioned synonyms to each other.
Vajeekarana is a therapy while the vrshya is the property (karma) of the drug or
substance which performs.
Advantages of Vajeekarana Karma:
Sushrutha has mainly described three great mottos of Vajeekarana therapy.78
1. To become lovable between the women by providing sexual contentment.
2. Procreation that is to get a strong, better and genetically good progeny.
3. Enhancement and maintenance of bodily strength.
Charaka opines 79
1. Giving instantaneous enjoyment
2. Provide prolonged sexual act and giving satisfaction to the spouse.
3. Imparting fertility to a man even in old age.
4. Providing multiple progeny.
5. Bringing a state of honor in the society.
6. Establishing a good lineage and fame.
7. Improving body strength.
8. Optimizing the nutritional status in general.

Literary Review
Sex and women:

Women have a pivotal place in sexual congress. She is the platform and
media for sex and considered always potent in sexual activity but she plays passive
role in sex. Hence Vajeekarana is not mentioned (mandatory) for women. A woman
with all best feminine qualities is essence of this materialistic world. Because of
whose fitness and reproductive capacities the race is continued. So she is goddesses of
home, without them house has no merit / respect though having wealth. Even they
(women) do not look excellent (beautiful) without combining with man (sexual union)
but they appear old. For women sexual union with man is the best virilification
/aphrodisiac.80
The foremost aphrodisiac is the repository which is the exhilarating woman.
The favorite sense objects even singly are exceedingly pleasant what to be said of the
female physique where they are stationed collectively ( the multitude of the sense
objects is only in the female body not anywhere else). Moreover, the sense object
located in woman and the progeny too is dependent on woman. Virtue and wealth,
affluence and creation also depend on women. The woman who is beautiful, youthful,
endowed with auspicious features, submissive and trained is regarded as the best
aphrodisiac. 81
Sex and man:

Sexual capacity is not an inherent, constant general property. Capacity to have
sexual intercourse with woman differs from person to person and is not constant
throughout the life span of a person. It has got ups and downs in life time. A person
looking strong in physical growth may be weak in sexual activity and one who looks
weak in physique may be sexually strong, potent, and possess many off springs.
Some men possess repeated and more numbers of sexual act as that of
sparrows, some ejaculate more quantity of semen but have less sexual acts as that of
elephants. Some persons will become strong enough in sex after Vajeekarana therapy
and some persons possess sexual power equivalent to bull by nature itself. Therefore
quantification of sexual capacity and generalized rule in this regard is indiscriminate.
A man who wishes active virilefecation should regularly consume virilified food
substances and medicines.82

Literary Review
Shukra and Sex:

Shukra is the thing belonging to man, product of 4 proto-elements
(Ap,Agni,Prithvi,Vayu) composed of all six tastes, when deposited in the womb of a
women brings about conception.83 Pumsatva, Paurasha, Bala, Veerya are functioned
synonyms of Shukra (the complete testicular secretions i.e. Semen +Androgens)
which is pervaded in entire body and defect in which leads to lack of virility,
masculinity and potency. Retas, the ejaculate (Rupadravya) comes out during intense
coital pleasure.84
Praharsha (excitement, erotic) Dhairya(Dearing activeness), Priti(love),
Cyavana (to come out), Bala(energy) and Garbotapatti (fertilization) are the functions
of Shukra related to Sexuality. 85
Any defect in Shukra thus leads to infertility and sexually disfunctions.86
Therefore in man Shukra is responsible for all reproductive phenomena and
relative psychosexual neuroendrocrinal disinfections too. 87
Sex and Age:

Persons below 16 years and above 70 years of age are unfit for sexual acts.88
Pre-adolescent male copulation with a female elder to him will loose strength
and vigor89 as the male sexual glands and neuroendocrines are not yet completely
matured at this age. Middle aged person (in between 16-60 yrs) is dominated with
pittadosha, hence is bestowed with Bala (strength) Veerya (potency) and Paurasha
(Manliness) etc, which makes him fit for sexual copulation.90 Sexual practice is
contraindicated in general after 70 years of age because of dominance of Vata dosha
which leads to loss of natural vitality and strength and if the Sex is practiced in this
old age many crisis will occur in the body. According to Acharya Sushrutha male
should not marry up to 25 years of age (meanwhile he should acquire knowledge
about sex) and then should get marry to a female above the age of 16 years. Female is
said to be (Fertile, Childbearing age) between 12 years to 45 years of age.

Literary Review
Seasons and Sex:

Sexual practice should be based on health status, personal strength and
seasonal rhythms. Continuous and uncontrolled sex in all days of the year is not
recommended.
1. Sex, to ones desired number of times in hemanta and sisira,the body being
prepared with proper recourse to vajikarana therapy.
2. Sex, once in three days in vasanat and sarat
3. Sex,once in fifteen days in varsha and greeshma. 91
The above gives a fair idea of the ratio of desired sex in various
seasons, and are based on the bodys own innate strength or weakness in
different seasons detailed in retucharya.It has to be noted that the natural
strength of the body is at its peak in hemanta and sisra, at it nadir (lowest
point) in grishma and varsha and medium in vasant and sarat.
Prakruti and Sex:

Sexuality and potency are also determined by the somatic and psycho
behavioral personality of an individual and the observations made are as
follows
1. Sleshma prakruti person is bestowed with good amount of Shukra/reta,
possess more sexual potency and entertain much sexual pleasure and also will
have more number of off springs.
2. Pittala prakruti person is having less Shukra, less powerful in sexual congress
and possess less of springs.
3. Vatala Prakrauti person is weak in sexuality and possess less off springs.92
Sara. Satmya and Sex:

If the two metabolic derivatives Majja (bone marrow) and Shukra
(semen androgen), are well nourished and essence full in a person either by
inheritance or acquired will be blessed with good progeny, good sexual power and
loved by females.93 One who consumes more milk and milk products (especially
ghee), mutton soups and other preparation will tolerate all food stuffs. He will be
powerful, tolerant and good in sexual practice.94

Literary Review
Sleep and sex:
Both sleep and sex are under the influence of limbic system, means rhythmic,
natural cyclic sleep phenomena is a psychoneurotic endocrinal regulation and so
also in sex.
Any disharmony in sleep and psychoneurotic endocrinal status has
repercussions upon general fitness nd fine functions of sexuality and vice-versa.
So it is rightly said that Vreshattva (virility) and klaibttva (sexual disinfections)
are dependent upon normal sleep. Sound sleep is required to maintain normal
sexual practice. Therefore sleep and sex are directly related.
Psyche (manas) and Sex:
Psyche and Vata are directly related. Vata controls, regulates, initiates and
maintains the manas. Sexual expression and ejaculations are under control of
Vata.95 The basic initiation of sexual instinct is under the influence of
psychological intergrity.96 Apana and Vyana Vata is association with Sadhaka
pitta and Manas influence the normal sexuality of an individual and any
abnormality in this Apana,Vyana, Sadhaka Pitta and Manas (AVSP) axis leads to
Shukra Vaha Srotodushti and hence shukradusti lands up in infertility or Sexual
disinfections.97
A person determination to (Samkalpa) have sex initiates the sex. Harsha,
Praharsha (excitement), Priti (affection, love), Bala (capacity to have sex) and
pschosexo endocrinal merits of shukra.98
The entire body is seat of manas and shukra and Hrudaya is the pivotal organ
for regulation of rasa, shukra, ojas, manas and Vayu. Hence all pasychosexo
endocrinal functions are interdependent. The Harsha-Sexual excitement is
dependent on Dehabala (psychological integrity) and also the Vrushattva-Sexual
capacity depends upon this excitement and this triangular Harsha-DehabalaSattvabala-Vrushabttva. HDSY axis in not constant. 99

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Sexophysiology:
1. Anatomical consideration: Of particular interest in anatomy are mamsa,siras,
dhamani, srotas, kala, sukra etc. to be derived from the father. Sushruta states
that there are a total number of 500 muscles in the body of which 10 are in the
vankshana, 3 in guda, 2 each in vrshana and vastisira.100,the seventh kala is
called sukradharakala.101. this kala is said to be spread all over the body and it
is described that just as ghee is present in the whole of the milk and jaggery is
present in the whole of sugarcane juice, sukra is all-pervasive in the body. It is
expressed during sexual stimulation, collects two angulas below and to the
right
of
the
bladder
(dvngule
dakshine
parshwe
vastidvarasya
chapyadhah),and is ejected out thrugh the urinary outlet(mutrasrota).Gananath

Sen,in pratyakshasarira, modifies this reference of collection on the right side
alone as dvngule dakshine vame; implying that collection is at either side.
Ghanekar is in agreement with this modification. The sukradhara kala itself
has been equated by him to mucous membrane of vesicle seminalis, vas
deferens etc. Susruta describes 30 adhogami dhamanis in the body of which
two are responsible for the formation of sukra and two, for its expulsion.102.the
adhogame dhamanis are invested with the function of dharana and yapana of
pakvasaya,kati, mutra, purisha, guda, vasti, medhra and sakthi. Siras are
described as traversing through mamsa as lotus stalks are enmeshed in a pond.
Susruta has listed 700 siras of which 34 are in kostha.103. Eight among them in
the sroni are based in guda and medhra. These are about siras pertaining to
vata. Similar siras if pitta,kapha and rakta are also to be counted. The siras in
the middle of the medhra are to be selected for siravedha in parivartika,
upadamsa, sukadosha and sukravyapat.104.there are two pairs of siras on
medhra considers these as inferior epigastric vessels. Regarding srotases,
Charaka considers vrshana (testicles) and sepha(penis) as the mula of
sukravahasrotas.105 Susruta considers vrshana and stana(breasts) as mula
sukravahasrotas, trauma to which causes klaibya, chiratpraseka, or
raktasukrata. Medhra, along with vasti, is considered the mula of mutravaha
srotas by Susruta .Trauma to these sites is supposed to cause Stabdamutrata.106

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2. Physiological consideration: Dealing with sexual aberrations, Susruta says

that by taking recourse to unusual and deviant measures of their choice the
sukravahasiras of these subjects swell up and dilate due to excitement,
pleasure and stimulation, resulting in erection of the penis.107. In different
context, he says pleasurable, and the body is engaged in sexually stimulation
congress with a desirable woman
108
. Charaka says that ejaculation during
coitus is a result of chesta as well as sankalpa. Thus it is evident that the mind
plays a paramount role in sexual gratification. In fact, without the favorable
disposition of the excitement fails even to be initiated. Charaka has listed
daurmanasyam as the first cause for causing avrshya, and sankalpa as the
foremost among vrshyas.109. In reality, the two indiriyas that maintain
proximate relationship with the physiology of erection are the mind and the
penile organ itself. The intermediarty or vehicle the establishes connection
between the mind and the sense organ is the principle of vata, says Susruta.
110
. Since the experience of climatic sexual joy is essentially tactile, the role of
tvak and sparsana cannot and should not be overlooked. In fact,

sparsanendriya
is
the
garbhavakarantisarira,
gateway
Charaka
for
says
all
that
sensory
sparsa,
perception.111.
In
sparsnam,prerana,
dhatuvyuhana, and chesta are vayvatmaka.112. Tvak is the seat of vata and
sparsanendriya. Here, it would do well to remember the observation of Susruta
in Nidanasthana113. That vitiation of vata in the tvak causes supti where tactile
response is dimmed. It is said that mind cannot function without tvak (tvacho
yogo manasajnanakaranam). Therefore mind cannot function effectively if
tvak is affected as in supti114.When vata vitiates in sukra it leads to apravtti or
vikrtapravrtti of the dhatu.115. vitiated vata in the organs of sensory perception
cause indriyavdha.116
Sexual desire, excitement and satisfaction are psychosexual feelings. The

Touch, sound, vision taste and smell with respect to the sexuality are the exotic
probes and pleasure principles in sexology. The human sexual arousal is directly
proportional to the physical and mental integrity and fitness.117

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The young, beautiful, willing, erotic, well dressed and behaved female (wife)
is considered to be exotic ultimatum. The sexual act in that given time will be
successful only if the mentality of both partners is equal both are young, healthy,
willing, without fear and made up of their mind to have copulation.118
The sexual copulation starts with sensate, focus phase, wherein the person
determined to have sex (samkalpa) starts pleasurable talks, touch and sensations.
The next phase is foreplay-Chesta-Samkalpa-Pidana-Samsparshana.119 to initiate
the sexual feelings and thereby to get excitement and erection; there should not be
any strict order to carry out this chain of activities. This differs in time, style and
manner from person to person. The next phase is for complete erection ejaculation
and orgasm. Here Harsh,Dhvaja Uchhraya and Shukra Pravartana take place.
Samkalpa, Chesta, Pidana, (kissing, genital fondling etc) prepares both for actual
coitus. Vata (Vyana) being chief factor, stimulates Manas and Shukra in the entire
body Shukra by its virtue of saratva, Picchilitva, Guruttva and Apunarbhava starts
dislodging from entire body and Shukravaha srotomula. Vayu and Akasha
principles make it to ooze out through Majja vaha channels120 from the depth of
the sneha part of Majja, the prcising metabolic derivative of shukradhatu. The
still continued sexual pleasurable acts mediated through Apana-Vyanavata axis
bring Shukra towards ejaculation. In climax the rupa dravya (Retas, the complete
ejaculatory material) is ejaculated from Shepha, the shukravaha srotomula and the
male gonadal counterpart.121 Acharya Sushrutha also narrates this Sexophysiology
starting from sensual sight, thoughts, words and pleasant mind then physical ouch
leading to ejaculation, which is very similar to the process of Lactation and
milking female mother.122 So ejaculation and orgasm are complex and are under
the influence of psycho sexo ndocrine axis rhythm, called Vata,Manas, Shukra,
Rasa etc, in Ayurvedic doctrines.
Sexopathology:
Shukra is the platform to exhibit the symptomatology of sexual dysfunctions.
Any derangement in Manas-Vata-Shukra axis due to any cause leads to
shukravaha srotodusti and shukradusti manifests either as infertility or sexual
disfunctions.123 The supporting factors are Agni, morbidity of recurs or metabolic
derivatives, Trayopasthambahas, prakruti,vayu, Bala, Sara, Ahara, Vihara, Manas,
Agantu factors and lastly even Daiva or Karma.124

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Kriyakala specific to Sexopathogenesis:

Due to the different causes, Tridosha Vitiation and Agnidusti leads to Ama
(Sanchaya,Prakopa) and that intern hamper regulation of seven dhatus (Prasara).
So the retovahasira, shukravaha sortas and shukravaha srotomula are effected by
pathological ailments(Sthanasamsraya) where in the supportive external factors
are marma cheda etc., the shukradusti manifested like this is the root mechanism
for manifestations of various reproductive and sexual problems(Vyakti)
viz.,Kshayaja, Jarasambhava,Bijopaghataja and Dhvajabhangaja klaibjya. When
not checked in this stage the complicated manifestations will be seen (Bheda) viz,
Hurdroga, Shvasa,Krumi, Manishepha-Mushaka vidirna.
Samprapti ghataka :
Dosha
Vata,Pitta
Dushya
Suukra
Agni
Jataragni
Ama
Dhatwagnimandya
Udbhava Sthana :
Amapakvashaya
Sanchara
Sukravahini shira
Adhistana
Vrushana and medhra
Vyaktastana
Vrushana
Rogamarga
Madhyama rogamarga
Srotas
Sukravaha
Srotodusti
Sanga.
Vajeekarana and its adaptation:

The Vajeekarana therapy is only indicated for males omitting the female
because the females do have sexual motive forces eight times more than the
males. But in contrast to other sciences the equal arousal and interest is needed to
fulfill the act in both sexes. Though the active females are passive. Sexual
activities were limited to procreation, attitude in ancient times where the various
stimulants are being used by both sexes in recreational attitude right now.
Supplementation of hormonal therapy for both in sterility and impotency is being
observed today.

Literary Review
By quoting Nithyamatvam chakrapani describes it as young males should be

considered for Vajeekarana, omitting the adolescent and under nourished or ill
developed people. It elucidates the priority attested to procreational sex rather than
considering it as recreational as in those periods.
In Kshema kutuhala, it is indicated to indulge in sexual activities from 16
years onwards and some observed 20 years for male 16 years females.
Contemporary Classics considered the Balavastha is below 20 years and old age
comes after 80 years. Out of all the theories the maturation for adaptation of
Vajeekarana karma Sushrutha fixes it up to 25 years for males and 16 years for
females. Sushrutha falls near to modern view point of thinking, the maturation of
the sperms takes place after 25 years to male and the prescribed age for female to
marry is 18 years. Though the various other factors such as Desha, Kala, Ahara
and Seasonal variations may change the maturation levels.
Vajeekarana Dravyas:
Multiplication of the living beings, animals or plants for the existence and
propagation of the species is a biological phenomenon and is known as
reproduction. Reproduction or procreation is rather a natures compulsion or
biological principle or law of nature.
Present generation when compared to ancient is addicted to different things
like smoking, alcoholism, narcotics, chewing tobaccos and other chemical
ingredients like opium, heroin etc. are more subjected to afflict with sexual
inadequacies like impotency and sterility of various types.
The environmental pollution of sound, water and air exercising upon the
natural resources hardly yield various edibles for human king. Finally the
adulteration in food stuffs stands to give rise many diseases, especially using
different colours in eatables causing impotency and hence various factors
intriguing the sexual apathy.

Literary Review
When it is speculated it the Vajeekarana and Vrishya dravyas mentioned in the

classics, reveals the properties of having Madhura rasa, Madhura vipaka, Guru,
Snigdha gunas and mainly Sheeta Veerya drugs where with their nutritive values
nourishing all the dhatus may act as bramhana and hence vrishya etc. But it can
also be interpreted as the drug possessing Ushna veerya will stimulate the reserved
energies in the body accumulated by the vrishya ahara and aushada may be
considered as Vajeekarana dravyas and the augmenting factors of Sheeta Veerya
dravyas as vrishya in properties.
Classification of Vajeekarana dravyas and Concepts:

Charaka has defined the Vajeekarana as the substance by which the man
acquires potency like horse and profound semen formation. This definition
denotes two aspects of Vajeekarana, the potency of energy for sexual act, and the
formation of semen at the desired level. Then charaka includes the definition both
psychic and somatic aspects of the sexual performances which is concerned not
only with psychic satisfaction of the individual but also with the reproductive
functions one aspects concerns with deha (body) and other with satva (mind).the
stimulation is due to energy of the body and mind. This as a result produces the
potency. In simple, these two aspects have been said as Dehabalakara and
Manobalakara
The above two categories of Vajeekarana have been also termed respectively
as Shukravrudhikara and Shukra chutikara. Some scholars also proposed to a
third category as Shukrasrutivrudhikara which is actually a combination of the
above two categories. Chakrapani while commenting on the definition given by
Charaka quotes a verse mentioning these three categories and him self explains
them with examples as follows:
Categories
Example
1. Shukra vrudhikara
Masha, Ksheera, Ikshurasa, etc
2. Shukra srutikar
Samkalpa,Vijaya,Vishatinduaka, Kasturi etc
3. Shukrashruti vrudhikara
Ashwagandha, Shatavari,Goksura etc.

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Shukravrudhikara: Here the drugs enhance the production of Sukra Dhatu in

both qualitative and quantitatively, are included in this category. these drugs have
tulya guna, similar property to that of Sukra.
Shukra srutikar : These drugs do not interfere in the production of sukradathu

vruddhi, they only increase the capacity of sruti or ejaculation. This is on account
of their psychic action stimulating the sex centre of the brain and also sex organs.
Shukrashruti vrudhikara: Drugs including this category induces Sukravruddhi

and also act as a stimulant as Shukrashrut vrudhikara.
Dalhana while commenting on the definition given by Sushrutha, mention

Vajeekarana of three types:
Shukra janaka
Mamsa,ghreeta,payasa and masha
Shukra pravarthaka
Ucchata, brihati etc
Janaka pravarthaka
Godhuma and above all
Janaka dravyas nourish all the seven dhatus by medium of rasadhatu

and Prvarthaka stimulate the shukra dhatu for shukra dhatu for shukra
vireechana or discharge, Janaka pravarthaka meant for both actions. At the end
commentator mentions three groups by alternative terms such as
1. Dehabalakara
2. Manobalakara
3. Deha-Manobalakara
Vagbhata follows Charaka and Sushrutha in this respect and says that,
Vajeekarana is an immediate stimulant as well as promote reproductive
functions. Satisfaction, Nutrition and Progeny all these three is dependent on
Vajeekarana. The Vajeekarana dravyas protect the body of the persons
indulging in sex and also suffering from complications.
Sharangdhara studied this subject intensively and as such classified the
Vajeekarana dravyas in great details:

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Categories
Examples
Vajeekara
Nagabala, kapikachu,Goksura etc
Shukrala
Ashwagandha,musali, satavari etc
Shukrapravarthaka
Stree
Pravarthaka janaka
Dugda, masha etc
Shukra rechaka
Jatiphala, brihati etc
Shukra stambhaka
Jatiphala
Shukra shoshaka
Haritaki
In another version in place of Haritaki as shoshana, kalinga has been

mentioned as Ksayakari. Two types of Vajeekarana mentioned in ancient texts
have been elaborated to seven by Sharangadhara in his extensive work.
Aphrodisiac is an agent, food, drinks or drug, which stimulates sexual
desire and power. In another way these agents are divided into four headings:
1. Drugs
2. Diet
3. Physical Stimuli
4. Mental Psychic factors
I. Drugs are again categorized into five

a.
Spermatopiotic:
which
increases
in
quantity,
production
and
stimulation like jeevaka, meda,Kapikachu and satavari

b.
Spermo purifiers: which purify and improve the quantity of

semenlike kusta,katphala tila,usheera,kadambha and samudraphena.
c.
Help
sexually
and
in
ejaculation:
kupilu,kasturi,bhanga,
jatiphala, dattura, indragopa, true cantharides, red pepper oysters

and hard-boiled eggs.
d.
Drugs which help in retention of semen and increase the time of

copulation are bala, shatovari, kasturi, karpoora, akarakara,
ahiphena Kapikachu and Gokshura.
e.
Drugs which help in sexual arousal alone are ashwagandha,

satvari, keshara, kasturi, bhanga, dattura, akarakara, latakasturi
and ahiphena.

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II. Diets: Include milk, ghee, butter, meat, eggs, and alcoholic drinks.
III. Physical factors: dressing, touching, kissing, petting, easing and external Stimuli
etc.
Acc Vatsyana:125
Alingana
(embrace)
Chumbana
(kiss)
Nakha Cchedana (nail marks)

Dasan Ccheda
(bite marks)
Prahanana
(thrashing)
Silkrtam
(granting)

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Alingana (Embrace)
Table No 2.1: A. PritilingadyotanarthamIn the initial stages, for arousal. This is of 4 types
Samprshatakam
The man, as if inadvertently, touches in passing, the woman

whom he is attracted, and who he believes would respond to
his advances
Viddhakam
The woman who is aware of the intentions of the man

brushes, as if inadvertently the man with her breasts as the
man sits or stands all by himself in a secluded places
Uddhrshatakam
The man and woman, in the cover of darkness or while

walking in a crowd or in a secluded place rub their bodies in
stealth.
This is a heightened form of the former where the man and
Piditakam
woman indulge in some heavy petting in situations mentioned

above, leaning on a wall or a pillar.
Table No. 2.2: B.samprayogakala

After arousal, to heighten passion. This is also of 4 types
Lataveshtakam
The woman entwines herself, as if a creeper on tree, on the

man catching hold of the neck or the shoulders.
Vrkshadhirudham
Like climbing a tree, the woman climbs on the man, planting

one foot on his foot and the other on thigh and clasping his
back and neck with her hands.
Tilatandulam
The couple embraces lying on the sides, with the leg of one
between the thighs and hands, between the axilla of the other.
Kshiranirakam
With the woman sitting on the lap or lying opposing, the

couple engage in bone wrenching tight squeeze.

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Chumbanam (kissing)
Table No.2.3:A. Kanyachumbanam

it is three types
Nimittam
This is slight brushing of the lips; the woman being shy is not
ready for more.
Spuritakam
When the man introduces his lips to mouth of the woman, she,
still shy but responsive, tries to catch them with trembling
lips.
Ghattitaka
Shedding shyness the woman lightly catches the mans lips,

closes her eyes and that of the man with her hands and applies
pressure on the tip of the mans tongue.
Table No. 2.4: B.Gruhanachumbanam:

it is five types
Samachumbana
Straight kiss with the lip margins face to face
Tiryakchumbana
Oblique kiss with face turned at an angle
Udbhrant chumbana
Passionate kiss catching hold of the head or chin and pulling
Avapiditakam
The same as above performed by licking with tongue lip
(Adharapanam)
Akrshatachumbana
The man catches hold of the lips of the woman with his
fingers and softly bites on them without the teeth touching on
them.

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Table No.2.5:
Dasan Ccheda (bite marks)
Gudhakam
Soft bite marks without causing any wound; made on the lips.
Ucchunakam
A more deeper bite resulting in slight swelling in bite region; made

on the lips and on cheeks
Bindhu
Bite on a small area made on the lip of the upper and lower teeth;
made on the lips;
Bindumala
Bite marks as above made side to side; made on neck,axilla,groin, etc
Pravalamani
Repeated bites on a point with teeth and lips; made on cheeks
Manimala
Bite marks as above made side to side; made on neck, axilla, groin,
etc.
Khandabhram
Numerous bite marks, big intermediate and small, made on breasts or

chest in circles.
Varahacharvitam Groups of long, conjoint bite marks on the two sides of the breasts.

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Table No.2.6:
Nakacchedam (Nail marks)
Acchuritakam
This is induced by softly pinching, so as to produce a

pleasurable sensation, on the cheeks, breasts, lips etc.
Ardhachandrakam
Semi lunar nail marks made on the side of the neck, the
contours of the back and breast
Mandalam
Two semi lunar nail marks made face to face especially on the
naval, lips, waist, etc
Lekha
Short lines made anywhere on the body
Vyaghranakha
Curved lines made anywhere on the body
Mayurapadakam
Marks made by the five fingers around the nipple
Sasapulatakam
Nail marks on the fingers made at short distance from each

other around the nipples of the woman who praises the virility
of the man
Utpalapatrakam
Nail marks in row made on the naval, breasts, lion region etc.
IV. Mental or psychic factors:

Behaviors, talking, staring and Charaka was aware that under the influence of
Vajeekarana drugs, there are chances of person being indulge in sex indiscriminately.
Therefore he advocates the use of Vajeekarana to only those who have self-control,
who could control their desire and that too as object of producing progeny which was
necessary for continuation of the progenitors race.

Literary Review
According to Vatshyan 10 stages of kama
Chakshupreeti This is the initial stage of desire where by the very sight of an
attractive women the eyes respond with snigdhata signaling desire.Sight has a
very proximate and strong relation with sexual arousal. This factor has been
accepted by Ayurveda too. It is in appreciation of this fact that in vranitopasaniya
chapter of Susrutasamhita, the acharya has thoughtfully cautioned against the very
sight of woman by a seriously wounded person. The reason given is that by the
very sight of an attractive woman the man could be excited enough to cause
sukrasravana and thus even without performing the sex act, he experiences the
negative effects of sukrasravana.
Manassang This is a heightened state of desire where the mind, an important
factor of sex, expresses an intense longing for the object of desire, the woman.
Sankalpa This is too, according to Ayurveda, is a founction mind. This is the
stage of fantasizing where the man evolves in the mind various approaches to
court the woman and imagines what he is going to do with her once she is courted,
Sankalpa, in Ayurveda is a best aphrodisiac.
Nidraccheda Intense longing and fantasizing naturally robs ones sleep.
Ayurveda considers that sleep occurs when the mind with draws from it vishaya.
Hence, since the mind is constantly attached and is preoccupied with the object of
desire, sleeplessness is natural consequence.
Tanuta This is the state of emaciation because the man who has already lost
sleep and is listless, starts to neglect his basic needs like timely and healthy food
intake.
Vishayebhyah vyavrtti
- This is the stage of complete listlessness and
withdrawal. He fails to connect himself to anything that goes around him and in
fact, lives in a world of his own.
Lajjanasa Devoid of the faculty of judgment on his pronouncements and
actions, he is rendered to shameless state where neither is he bothered about what
others consider or say about him, nor does he bother what he does or says to them.
Unmada Veritably, this is state of mental disorientation bordering on the realms
of insanity as he loses all shames, fear and decorum.
Murccha Here he enters the realm of true psychogenic disorder and can be
called mentally unhealthy.
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Maranam. At this stage, he is willing and even anxious to give up his life for
the sake of love.
Whom to follow:
One who is having avara satva and affiliated with various diseases producing
toxemia frequently, should undergo for the Vajeekarana karma after treating the
ailments i.e. in convalescent period in order to substitute the loss of dhatus resulted
due to diseases.
Second one is for the importance of producing offspring it is essential.
According to Charka it is
necessary to adopt purificatory measures of
Panchakarma before going to advice for Vajeekarana and the age factors in between
16-70 years are selected, prior and after to this age limit and for unpurified therapy
because unhygienic or unclean cloth will not take the dye. As their best as a clean will
washed cloth used to be
i.
Purification: 1.Snehayukta virechana preceded by

2.Vasti i.e. a) asthapana (finally yapana)
b) anuvasana.
ii.
Vrishya yogas:
1.Dravya vrishyas and

2.Adravya vrishyas(Psychotherapy)
iii.
Pathyahara Therapeutic diet.
Necessity of this kind of approach
Vajeekarana preceded by samsodhana therapy: as Vajeekarana therapy which

exclusively acts on sukradhatu forms the choice of treatment.
Purification in the beginning purification of the body should be done according to
his strength, in an impure body aphrodisiac drugs/therapy administered do not
succeed just as colour not adhering to a dirty cloth.
The Utility of Samshodhana therapy : if the corresponding body channels are clear
and competent, a Vajeekarana remedy reaches the target tissues and organs more
effectively. The samsodhana procedures are based upon promoting bodys natural
method of elimination of unwanted substances. Thus they form the essential
prerequisite for Vajeekarana therapy. Also they assure the curability of many of the
Literary Review
diseases, including those result in klaibya, the samsodhana advised in klaibya are
virechana and vasti, which are included in panchakarma. Before initiating the
panachakarma, snehana and svedana are restored to, which brings out the vitiated
doshas localized in the tissues to koshtha, from where they can be eliminated easily.
After the samsodhana therapy, the Vajeekarana therapy acts on the defective
sukra dhatu and improves its health thereby promoting general health.
Vrishya yogas:
1.Dravya vrishyas
The vrishya drugs and formulations are numerous in the ayurvedic texts.
Those are all clinically tested and approved for sukragata vyadhis by acharyas. It is
the duty of the physicians to select the appropriate drugs for each clinical type,
2.Adravya vrishyas(Psychotherapy)
Like activities, places and situations influence on sexual desires so also touch
(that soothers the skin), speech(that gladdens the ears), clear nights mellowed by
beams of full-moon-night, dulcet songs (that charm the soul and captivate the
mind),wreaths of sweet-scented flowers, bank of clear, bank of clear water rivers, etc.
Influence ones sexual desire.
The stimuli that excite sense organs are having a psychogenic mode of action.
especially a nasal stimulation with sweet scented flowers, etc. Create a sensual mood.
This is widely made use of by the aroma therapists claiming beneficial effects;
essential oils such as rose, sandalwood, etc. Are the commonly used for this purpose.
Ayurveda states, the foremost aphrodisiac is life-partner i.e. exhilarating
woman. The qualities to be possessed by the female partner are clearly explained as
equally desirous to sex, skillful in copulation, charming, attractively dressed, etc. Or,
the importance of the female partner should not be the treatment of choice when the
sexual problem is secondary to major marital adurstment problems.
For abhicharaja klaiby, Charaka advises daivavyapasraya chikitsa and

sukrakara bhaishajya. Abhichara is that which causes mental trauma first followed by
physical
incapacity.
This
mantras(incantations),aushadis(sacred
therapy
herbs),
involves
mani(precious
chanting
gems),
mangala(propitiatory rites including oblations), bali(offerings), homa(sacrifices),

niyama(vows),etc. These are specifically aimed for psychogenic causation.

Literary Review
Usually this therapy is employed when both yuktivyapasraya and satvavajaya

fails. This is believed to have its beneficial effects on the higher functions of the
brain. It improves dhee, dhairya, etc. Which are the best remedies for psychologic
ailments.
Pathyahara Therapeutic diet.
Sushruta includes bhojanani vichitrani and panani vividhani in the vrishya
gana. It is the ahara dravyas (nutrient substances) that supply materials from which
the body builds up the structural and functional elements. It is vivid from the
properties of sukra and kapha, and that a wholesome diet sufficient to supply the
required amount kapha, specifically apbhuta predominant principles (nutrients)
analogous to sukra, is essential to maintain the health of sukradhatu.
Regarding the properties of vrishyadravyas applicable to both ahara and
aushadha dravyas, it is specified to be madhura, snigdha, brimhana, balavardhaka and
manoharshana. Charaka opines that the qualities imparting brimhana are guru, bahala,
snigdha, picchila, manda, sthira, seeta,slakshana and sthula. These qualities of
aharadravyas provide proper nourishment to kaphadosha and dhatus like, rase,
mamsa, medas, majja and sukra. The properties of ap-bhuta predominant dravyas are
also similar.
Bhavamisra opines that it is the specific property exhibited by snigdha guna
dravyas to be sleshmala, vrishya and balya. Thus, snigdha guna is having
predominance in imparting vrishata. Susruta states that all ksheera,mamsa ganas and
kakolyadi gana are the best vajeekarana dravyas. These satisfy the properties to be
possessed by the vrishya drugs.
Diseases occurring for not following Vajeekarana therapy:
If a person indulges in sex performance without using Vajeekarana karma
excessively may lead to afflict by various diseases mentioned below:
Glani, Kampa, Shithilata,Krishanata,Indriya shithilata, Shosha, Shwasa,
Upadamsha, Jara, Arsha, Bhagandhara, Rasa and Rakta dhatu ksheenata , vata roga,
kleebata and Lingabhanga or Dwaja bhanga.
Untoward results of today the blood pressure, cardiac problems, diabetics,
insomnia, etc are also develop due to the negligence of following Vajeekarana
measures and cohabiting excessively.

Methodology
MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was designed under two headings:
Drug analysis
Experimental Study.
PLACE OF WORK
The study was carried out in the Department of Dravya Guna PG and
Research center DGMAMC Gadag
The alcohol extract of Tribulus terrestris was prepared at K.L.E Societys
College of Pharmacy, Gadag
The aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris was prepared at Department of
Dravya Guna PG and Research center DGMAMC Gadag
Physico-chemical analysis was carried out K.L.E Societys College of
Pharmacy, Gadag
TLC Study was carried out at BioGenics, Research & Training Institute in
Biotechnology, Hubli.
Source of drug collection:

The genuine quality of Gokshura collected from Natural habitat, i.e. in
Kaalakaleswara hill (Gajendragad) 55 km. away from Gadag, Drug Identified and
conformed by botanist.
Preparation of drug:
The whole plant dried completely under shade to avoid oxidation of active
principles.
Powdering:
7 kg of dry drug was powdered by using pulverizer under mesh to get
coarse powder and yielded 5 kg which was stored in air tight container to
minimize the absorption of moisture.
Preliminary phytochemical investigation and Vajeekarana effect

of GokshuraAn Experimental study
67
Methodology
Preparation of extracts:
1. Aqueous extract 126
We followed the cold maceration method
One kilogram of coarse powder of Gokshura was soaked in 5 lt. of
chloroformed water (to prevent fungal growth) in closed container for 24 hours.
The mixture was stirred continuously during first 6 hours and allowed to stand for
next 18 hours. Then the water was filtered completely to a tarred flat-bottomed
dish and evaporates to dryness on a water bath. Dry for 6 hours cool in a dissector
for 30 minute. The semi solid extract thus obtained was stored in the glass bottle,
sealed and kept cool and dry in refrigerator
2. Alcohol extract 127
We followed the continuos hot percolation process (Soxhlet extraction)
Drug to extract is packed in a cylinder made up a filter paper called as Thimble
and is placed body of Soxhlet extractor. The solvent is place in flask apparatus is
fitted.
When the solvent is boiling on heating the flask it gets converted to vapor.
These vapors enter into the condenser through the side tube and get condensed
into hot liquid, which flak on the column of the drugs. When extractor gets filled
with solvent level of the syphon tube also raises up to its top solvent containing
active constituents of drug in syphon tube, syphons over and run into the flask,
thus emptying the body of the extractor. This alteration of filling and emptying the
body of extraction goes on continuously. The soluble active constituents remain in
the flask while solvent is separated by volatiles. This process of filling and
emptying of extractor is repeated until the drug is exhausted. Normally process is
repeated for 15 min for complete exhaustion of drug.
The main advantage of extraction using a soxhlet apparatus is that it is an

automatic, continuous method that does not require further manipulation
other than concentration of the extractive and saves solvent by recycling it
over the sample.
Preliminary phytochemical investigation and Vajeekarana effect

of GokshuraAn Experimental study
68
Experimental Study
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
SELECTION OF RATS:
Selection of male rats:
Normal adult rats 90 days age, weighing about 150-200gms are selected and
trained for sexual experience. The rats that are sexually active during training period
are selected. Then they are divided into three groups. The animal that did not show
any sexual interest during training period is considered as inactive.
Training of male rats:
Males are trained individually with normal adult female rats in estrous cycle in
a cage. A male is considered as sexually active when it attempts to mount the female
rats. This is introduced into the cage. Only the active males are selected for the
experiment.
To provide sexual experience each male rat is allow to 30 min exposure to
receptive female in estrous cycle. Several days before testing for copulatory
performance. The animals are tested three times over a period of 10 days for
copulatory behavior.
Selection of female rats:
Adult female rat of 90 days, weighing about 150-200gms are selected for
experiment and divided into three groups. The rats, which are in oestrous cycle, are
selected. Each group consisting of 6 rats, they were housed in a temperaturecontrolled room and in a 12hrs. Light
and dark cycle. Normal food and water
provided.

69
Experimental Study
Confirmation of estrous:
This was done by vaginal smear method. Vaginal smear was prepared
by introducing a drop of distilled water into vagina and collecting it and placing on a
clean slide. This was gently covered with clean cover slip after adding a drop of
glycerin. Smeared slide was examined microscopically under low power for type of
cells. If majority of cells mainly leucocytes, the animal was labeled as in diestrous,
presence of large number of nucleated cells indicates the presence of proestrous and
estrous was confirmed when 50% or more of the cells are cornified.
Plan of study:
Group I
Control group
Group II
Treated with sample 1 (Alcohol extract)
Group III
Treated with sample 2 (Aqueous extract)
18 young male albino rats are selected weighed and marked to separate them.
They kept individually in separate cages to ovoid even pheramonal contact with the
main colony for 10 days. During this period they were placed in a cool and dark place
at 22-250C of room temperature and fed with normal diet and water. Suitable
environment is created for albino rat providing good ventilation and change of food
and drinking water etc. After that on 11th day the trial drug was administered for 7
consecutive days and for control group distilled water is administered. Thin
observational readings are compared with control group.
Table No.3.2, Dose fixation:
Sl.No
Group
Drug
Dose
Control
Distilled water
0.5ml/kg body weight
Trial 1
Trial drug 1(Alcohol extract )
5 mg/kg body weight
Trial 2
Trial drug 2(Aqueous extract) 5 mg/kg body weight

70
Experimental Study
Precautions taken:
Males were kept individually but females were kept in groups.
Training of each male rat for 15min. at a time was done till they elicited sexual
behavior. Once the behavior was noticed males were exposed to receptive
females.
Initially male animals did not elicit the behavior in the presence of observer,
which was overcome by repeated training.
Experiment was conducted in a dark and silent room.
Care was taken to prevent animal jerking movement of mating arena during
the practical.
Since the urine trials left by one rat may have marked effect on the behavior of
his successor, cleaning of the matting arena was done after each trial.
Mode of Administration:
Drug was administered through oral feeding syringe prescribed dose of
suspended drug was loaded in syringe and the tube was inserted into the esophagus.
After confirming that the tube was inside the esophagus drug was pushed slowly into
the stomach.
Vehicle for administration of Drug:
As the alcoholic extract and aqueous extract was in semi liquid form, Cow
Milk was added to make a suspension and administered according to body weight.
Evaluation of aphrodisiac activity:
The copulatory behavior is an important parameter for evaluating the
aphrodisiac activity of a substance on experimental study.

71
Experimental Study
Sexual behavior in animals:
The sexual behavior of female is linked to the period of estrous that
coincides with evaluation and during which the animal is said to be in heat. The
estrous female arouses sexual interest in male by physical changes in her genital
region and the production of potent signs conveyed by pheromones. Pheromones are
secreted to the outside and scents emanating from them influence the behavior of
other animals of the same species.
Unlike in females, males sexual interest is not cyclic; the male is always
ready copulate, provided there is receptive female available. In effect, then male
sexual behavior is dependent on or controlled by female receptivity, gonadal
hormones regulate the sexual receptivity of females secretes both estrogen and
progesterone. When the estrogen levels are high relative to progesterone level, the
animals are said to be in estrous and become receptive to males, Rodents in estrous
respond sexually to all males, which display species-specific sexual patterns.
Other parameters frequently used to measure sexual activity in rat are the
number of intromissions, which precede each ejaculation. The importance of
ejaculation from a series of intromissions apparently triggers the release of hormones,
which are essential to implantation. Still anther measure of sexual activity is the
length of time following behavior. This is taken to indicate recovery from sexual
fatigue.
Much of our knowledge about the sexual behavior comes from the research on
rodents like rats, hamster and guinea pigs. Rats are used as experimental subjects for
most of the work done in this area. These animals were convenient to study and have
predictable, stereotype and gender specific sexual behavior that are under the strong
influence of sex hormones.
Morphological analysis of rat sexual behavior:
1. Description of male rat sexual behavior
Copulatory behavior of male rat is characterized by series of mounts
with or without vaginal intromission from
the rear of
the female
approximately once in every 30 to 120 seconds, that eventually culminates in

72
Experimental Study
lordsis response (A dorsum flexion of the spine and deflexion of the tail to one
side allowing vaginal access to the male) .Typically the male achieves vaginal
penetration by the presence of deep thrust and springing dismount.
2. Analysis of components of male rat sexual behavior
Common measures of copulatory activity have been categorized into
several hypothetical regulatory factors. A sexual arousal factor is typically
measured
by mount and intromission latencies (time from introduction of
female to the first mount and intromission) A measure reflecting the

copulatory efficiency is the proportion of mount. Which gain penile insertion,
and is termed intromission ratio or some time hit rate
A copulatory rate factor is comprised of the intromission interval(mean
interval between successive intromission proceeding ejaculation), ejaculatory
latency and post ejaculatory interval. Finally, ejaculation behavior is regulated
by the intromission count factor, and is measured as the number of
intromission proceeding ejaculation. A hypothetical threshold is defined
primarily as the number of intromission and latency to ejaculation.
In summary, sexual behavior can be analyzed broadly into two major
components Libido and potency. Libido is defined as sexual arousal and is
measured in terms of mount and intromission latencies. These measures are
confounded by the erectile process (i.e. potency), necessary for successful
execution of copulatory patterns.
Other tests have been devised which allow some separation of sexual
motivation from potency. Sexual arousal can be assessed with mount tests

73
Experimental Study
following penile anesthetization, which prevent penile insertion and
ejaculation.
3. Component of female rat sexual behavior
In females, it is fixed action pattern elicited by the mounting of the
male. Acceptance of male is seen by the exhibition of different grades of
lordosis by female (figure)
A. Marginal lordosis
Spinal flexion is slight head and tail base are slightly elevated.
B. Normal lordosis
Spinal flexion is prominent. Head is elevated at an angle of 300 to the
floor. Front paws are placed slightly forward and hind legs are straighten as to
elevate the tail base
C. Exaggerated lordosis
Spinal flexion is pronounced. Head is elevated at an angle 450 or more
to the floor.
Limitation of sexual behavior study in animals:
Extrapolation of the animal data to human being is a major problem because
1. It is difficult to measure sexual enjoyment in animals unlike humans
2. There are number of parameters to be observed. This makes the conclusion
difficult.
3. The environment conditions and seasonal changes result in variation in the
behavior of the animals, which may affect the study.

74
Experimental Study
Experimental procedure:
From two weeks before the screening tests until the end of study, the rats
were housed individually at 220 C under reversed light and cycle (with light
from 11 pm to 11 am) food and water were given.
1. Both the trial drugs are made into suspension with milk and administered
to male rats in the dose of 5mg per 1 kg of body weight. Control group of
animal received only distilled water.
2. Isolated female rats were taken and they were given 2-mcg/kg estrogen 48
hrs before and 500 mcg of progesterone 6 hrs. Before starting of
experiment.
3. After 6 hrs of administration of the progesterone the female rats were
observed for estrous stage by observing the vaginal smear of the rat.
4. The female rats, which are estrous stage, were employed in the study.
5. Then the highly receptive female (in estrous stage) was introduced into
males cage and each male rat was observed for copulatory behavior for 30
min. under red light.
Similar procedure is followed for he control groups also. Rats were
tested for copulatory behavior. These tests lasted for 30 min. The following
parameters were recorded.128
i)
Initial arousal period
ii)
Peak arousal period
iii)
Mounting behavior
iv)
Mount latency
v)
Ejaculatory reflex
vi)

75
Experimental Study
Rat sexual behavior study:
According to standard patterns set by Beach and Stone 1940,
proceptive and acceptive phases of sexual attitudes are designed in 18 male
albino rats.
Pre-copulatory and couplatory components are well classified in a proforma
before observations are recorded.
Under pre-copulatory performances the sexual motivation scale,
proceptive signals, extra genital love play and number of attempts for
mounting have been recorded. Under copulatory performances number of
intromission and number of ejaculatory reflexes and post ejaculatory interval
or refracting period is noted by assessing time interval to mount again.
Observational component under sexual motivation scale include initial
arousal period and peak arousal period.
Initial arousal period:
Initial arousal period is that when the male turns on or pays attention
in number of seconds after the female introduced into the observational cage
and starts sending proceptive signals in matting behavior of genital smelling,
licking, tale smelling etc.
Peak arousal period:
Peak arousal period is that when the male paying attention towards
female after some time or in few minutes with vigorous try for obtaining a
female goes by constant dating, with increased frequency of genital licking,
biting and try to mount is being noted as the male peak arousal period.

76
Experimental Study
Under proceptive signals by both male and female incorporate in mating
dance. Particularly to each species. Such as bush back appearance of male
and kissing by lifting legs to approach to face-to-face, tale smelling and
female a typical ear wiggling in its estrous period especially. Extra genital
love play include grooming each other, love bites, etc
Sniffing at female genitals: This behavior of male rats towards the

female genitals was observed and recorded for a fixed period of time.
Male genital grooming : Male rats chase the female and in between
starts grooming its own genitals which was counted for a fixed period
of time.
Number of mounting:
Number of mounts observed in 30 minutes.
Mount latency:
Mount latency is defined as the time taken for the first mount from the
introduction of the female into the cage containing the male.
Ejaculatory reflex:
Ejaculatory reflex is the number of ejaculation in 30 minutes.

77
Experimental Study

78
Observations and Results

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
Observation during Preparations of the Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris)
Preliminary phyto chemical analysis of Gokshura
Physico chemical analysis of Gokshura
All the datas about the parameters considered for the study
Results are compared
Observation regarding the preparation of the drug
7 kg of dry drug was powdered by using pulvarizer under mesh to get Greenish
brown colour coarse powder and yielded 5 kg which was stored in air tight container
to minimize the absorption of moisture.
Observation during preparation of the Alcoholic extract
By appropriate technique the coarse powder of Gokshura is put in the round

fold of filter paper in sauxhlet apparatus. So that it cannot obstruct any path
ways of sauxhlet apparatus. and uniform temperature is maintained.
During each batch, the cycles were continued till up to extractive factors of the
powder were get completely extracted in to the solvent then and then only
every batch was stopped.
After extraction solvents were distilled off
Observation was done so that the solvent is completely distilled off from the
total extraction.
Semisolid extraction taken off and put over the magnetic stirrer for
concentration of extraction should not be so liquid or completely dried.
Preliminary phytochemical investigation and Vajeekarana effect of Gokshura

79

400gm of coarse powder of Gokshura yielded about 40gm alcoholic extract
(10%) the alcoholic extract was dark Green in colour with aromatic odour.
Observation during Aqueous extract of Gokshura

200gm of coarse powder of Gokshura yielded about 30gm of aqueous
extract. The aqueous extract was brown in colour with aromatic odour.
Table No: 4.1 Organoleptic examination of extract

Organoleptic
Alcohol extracts
Aqueous extracts
Colour
Green colour
Dark Brown
Consistency
Viscous
Viscous
Odour
Characteristic
Characteristic
Taste
Bitter
Alkali

80
The Physical analysis of Tribulus terrestris results are as follows:

Table no.4.2
Analytical results
1 Description
Greenish brown colour
2 Foreign matter
0.6%
3 Total Ash
10.8%
4 Acid insoluble ash
0.81%
5 Water soluble extractive
14.58%
6 Alcohol soluble extractive 13.86%
Phyto-Chemical analysis :
Preliminary Phyto-chemical screening of taste sample 1 and 2 has following
constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Steroids
4. Glycosides
5. Saponins
6. Flavonoids
7. Tannins

81
Table No: 4.3

Sl.No
1
Chemical Tests
Tests for Sterols
A. Salkowski test
B. Lieberman Burchardt Test
C. Test solution+Sulphur
D. Test solution+Conc.H2SO4
Tests for Triterpenes
A. Salkowski test
B. Lieberman Burchardt test
Test for Saponins
A. Foam test
B. Haemolysis test
Tests for Alkaloids
A. Wagners test
B. Mayers test
C. Dragendorffs test
D. Hagers test
Tests for Carbohydrates
A. Fehlings test
B. Molisch test
C. Rarfoed test
D. Benedicts test
E. Selvinoffs test
Tests for Tannins
A. Ferric chloride test
B. Gelatin test
Tests for Flavanoids
A. Shinoda test
B. Ferric chloride test
C. Lead acetate test
D. Zinc-hydrochloric test
Tests for glycosides
A. Killer-Kiliani Test
B. Raymonds test
C. Bromine Water Test
D. Legals Test
Tests for Proteins
A. Millions Test
B. Xanthoptoteic Test
C. Ninhydrin Test
Extract - 1
Extract 2
+
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

82
T.L .C For different constituents of Gokshura Aqueous and Alcoholic

extracts:
Table No.4.4
Sl
Phyto
TLC
No
constituents
Plate
Rf Value
Detector
System
Alkaloids
Silica gel
UV
G-50
2
Alkaloids
Silica gel Dragendroffs

G-50
Reagent
Spot
Aqueous
Alcohol
Extract
Extract
0.96
0.92
0.68
0.75
Green
0.75
0.75
Orange
0.68
0.68
Orange
Results
colour
Fluorescent Present
Present
Presence of alkaloid and glycosides in aqueous and alcoholic extract was

confirmed by subjecting them to TLC.

83

All the datas about the parameters considered for the study
Table4.5 Showing Initial Arousal Period

Source of Variation
Degrees of freedom Sum of Squares
Mean Squares
Treatment
696.28
348.14
Residuals
15
4.60
0.306
Total
17
700.88
F Value = 1135.1
Table No.4.6 Shows Summary of Data

Effect of drug on Initial Arousal Period in six male albino rats
Group
No. Of rats
Mean
S.D
S.E
Control
26.00
0.205
0.084
Test(1)
21.30
0.590
0.241
Test(2)
11.10
0.727
0.297
*Score assessed in seconds

Graph no.1
Initial Arousal Period

30
25
20
15
26
10
21.3
11.1
5
0
control
T1
T2

84

Table No 4.7 Showing Peak arousal Period
Source of Variation
Mean Squares
Treatment
1457.1
728.54
Residuals
15
17.238
1.149
Total
17
1474.3
F Value = 633.95
Table No 4.8 Shows Summary of Data

Effect of drug on Peak arousal period in six male albino rats
Group
No. of rats
Mean
S.D
S.E
Control
44.10
0.955
0.390
Test(1)
30.40
0.391
0.160
Test(2)
22.30
0.543
0.630

Graph no.2
Peak arousal Period

50
40
30
20
44.1
30.4
10
22.3
0
Control
T1
T2

85

Table No.4.9 Showing Mounting behavior
Source of Variation
Mean Squares
Treatment
204.96
102.48
Residuals
15
3.411
0.2274
Total
17
208.37
F Value = 450.68.
Table no.4.10 Showing Summary of Data

Effect of drug on Mounting behavior in six male albino rats
Group
No. of rats
Mean
S.D
S.E
Control
19.40
0.783
0.320
Test(1)
27.40
0.244
0.100
Test(2)
25.20
0.088
0.036
Graph no.3
Mounting Behavior
30
25
20
15
10
27.4
25.2
T1
T2
19.4
5
0
Control

86

Table No.4.11 Showing Ejaculatory reflex
Source of Variation
Mean Squares
Treatment
58.82
29.410
Residuals
15
7.87
0.523
Total
17
66.700
F Value = 55.993
Table 4.12 Showing Summary of Data
Effect of drug on Ejaculatory reflex in six male albino rats
Group
No. of rats
Mean
S.D
S.E
Control
20.23
0.077
0.317
Test(1)
24.65
0.095
0.039
Test(2)
22.21
1.24
0.510
*Score assessed in minute

Graph no.4
Ejaculatory reflex
25
20
15
24.65
10
20.23
22.21
5
0
Control
T1
T2

87

Table No.4.13 Showing Mount latency
Source of Variation
Mean Squares
Treatment
8.320
4.160
Residuals
15
0.174
0.0116
Total
17
8.495
F Value = 356.84
Table 4.14 Showing Summary of Data

Effect of drug on Mount latency in six male albino rats
Group
No. of rats
Mean
S.D
S.E
Control
4.00
0.078
0.032
Test(1)
2.80
0.075
0.031
Test(2)
2.40
0.15
0.062
*Score assessed in minute

Graph no.5
Mount latency in six male albino rats

4
3
2
4
2.8
2.4
0
Control
T1
T2

88
Table No 4.15 Shows Time interval to mount again

Source of Variation
Mean Squares
Treatment
3991.4
1995.7
Residuals
15
0.289
0.0192
Total
17
3991.7
F Value = 103.58
Table No.4.16 Showing Summary of Data

Effect of drug on Time interval to mount again in six male albino
rats
Group
No. of rats
Mean
S.D
S.E
Control
72.45
0.152
0.062
Test(1)
43.45
0.100
0.041
Test(2)
38.79
0.156
0.064

Graph no.6

80
60
40
72.45
20
43.45
38.79
T1
T2
0
Control

89
COMPARISON IN BETWEEN THE GROUPS

Comparison of Initial Arousal Period in between all the three
groups.
Graph No 7
Comparison in between the Groups
30
Mean Value
25
20
Series1
15
Series2
10
5
0
Control vs T1 Control vs t2
T1 & T2
Groups

Table No.5.1
Mean
Groups
difference
t value
P value
Control Vs Test(1)
4.700
20.78
P<0.001
Control Vs Test(2)
14.90
65.904
P<0.001
Test (1) Vs Test(2)
10.200
45.115
P<0.001
As compared with the normal control group T1 treated group shows a rise in
As compared with the T1 treated group, T2 treated group shows highly

significant than T1.

90

Comparison of Peak arousal period in between all the three groups .
Graph No 8
Comparison of Peak arousal period
50
Mean value
40
30
Series1
20
Series2
10
0
Control vs T1 Control vs T2
T1 & T2
Groups
Table No 5.2
Mean
Groups
difference
t value
P value
Control Vs Test(1)
13.70
31.30
P<0.001
Control Vs Test(2)
21.80
49.81
P<0.001
Test (1) Vs Test(2)
8.10
18.50
P<0.001
Peak arousal period
Peak arousal period


91

Comparison of Mounting Behavior in between all three groups.
Graph No.9
Comparison of Mounting Behavior
30
Mean Value
25
20
Series1
15
Series2
10
5
0
Control vs T1 Control vs T2
T1 & T2
Groups
*Score assessed in numbers

Table No 5.3
Mean
Groups
difference
t value
P value
Control Vs Test(1)
-8.00
41.094
P<0.001
Control Vs Test(2)
-5.80
29.79
P<0.001
Test (1) Vs Test(2)
2.200
11.30
P<0.001
* Score assessed in numbers
Mounting behavior
Mounting behavior


92

Comparison of Ejaculatory reflex in between all three groups.
Graph No.10
Comparison Ejaculatory reflex
*Score assessed in minutes

30
Mean value
25
20
Series1
15
Series2
10
5
0
Control vs
T1
Control vs
T2
T1 & T2
Groups
Table No.5.4
Groups
Mean
t value
P value
difference
Control Vs Test(1)
4.42
14.939
P<0.001
Control Vs Test(2)
1.98
6.69
P<0.001
Test (1) Vs Test(2)
2.44
8.247
P<0.001
Ejaculatory reflex
Ejaculatory reflex


93
Comparison of Mount latency in between all three groups.

Graph No.11
Mean value
Comaparison in Mount latency

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Series1
Series2
Control vs
T1
Control vs
T2
T1 & T2
Groups

Table No.5.5
Groups
Mean
t value
P value
difference
Control Vs Test(1)
1.200
27.22
P<0.001
Control Vs Test(2)
1.600
36.29
P<0.001
Test (1) Vs Test(2)
0.400
9.07
P<0.001
* Score assessed in minutes
Mount latency
Mount latency


94
Comparison of Time interval to mount again in between all three

groups.
Graph No.12
Comaprison of Time interval to mount
again
Mean value
80
60
Series1
40
Series2
20
0
Control vs
T1
Control vs
T2
T1 & T2
Groups

Table No.5.6
Groups
Mean
t value
P value
difference
Control Vs Test(1)
29.000
511.76
P<0.001
Control Vs Test(2)
33.66
594.00
P<0.001
Test (1) Vs Test(2)
4.66
82.235
P<0.001
As compared with the normal control group T1 treated group

shows a rise in Time interval to mount Again
As compared with the normal control group T2 treated group

shows a rise in Time interval to mount Again
As compared with the T1 treated group, T2 treated group shows

highly significant than T1.

95
RESULTS
The aim of the experimental study is to evaluate the Vajeekarana effect of the
Gokshura in its different extracts one with alcohol and another one with aqueous. The
study is planned to follow through experimental source (Beech and stone 1940).
The Gokshura was prepared in the Pharmacy and was standardized

pharmaceutically and physico - chemically.
In next step, it was subjected to experimental trials. In the experiment it has

been revealed that both treated groups are highly significant in almost all parameters
(Initial arousal period, Peak arousal period, Mounting behavior, Ejaculatory reflex,
Mount latency, Time interval to mount again and Ejaculatory reflex).
When compared in between the two treated groups the T2 is better than the
T1, but T2 shows highly significance so the study can be concluded that T2 group is
having best therapeutic effect.

96
Discussion
DISCUSSION
Dravya Guna Shatsra is correlated with pharmacology of modern science and
deals with medicinal plants with regards to their identification and pharmacological
attributes.
In all cultures and societies from the primitive to the most sophisticated,
nearly all men and women desire progeny. In many communities progeny is seen as
important assets to the family, particularly to those whose life revolves around
traditional family values in the rural areas. In many cultures progeny represents final
proof of virility.
The trial drug is found Brihatrayee of Ayurveda. It is also found in
Laghutrayee and most of all Nighantu, therefore the drug is selected for animal
experiment with special reference to its Vajeekarana action.
Results of the present study can be discussed at 2 levels
1. About the drug Gokshura
2. Results from experimental study
About the Gokshura
Gokshura is not a controversy and botanically identified as Tribulus terrestris.
Its main karmas are Vrishya, Balakruta, Ashmarighna and Krimighna. And is
also one of the Shreshtha Rasaana. Its doshagnata karma is mainly Vataghna
or Kapha Vataghna.
Botanically laghu Gokshura has been confirmed as Tribulus terrestris and
Brahat Gokshura as Pedalium murex in some region Gokshura has been
botanically substituted or adulterated with Tribulus alatus, Acantho
spermum hispidium some people also substitute Martynia annua for
Gokshura since it looks similar to Gokshura.
102
Discussion
Morphologically both types of Gokshura now considered are entirely different.
Only one thing common in them is, both have prickles (thorns) present on
their fruits.
At first, the drug was authenticated by a botanical expert and then
pharmacognostic study of the drug samples i.e. macroscopic and microscopic
were carried out to study its morphology, internal structures and their contents
in detail.
Then the physic-chemical screening was done i.e. Ash value, acid insoluble
ash, alcohol and water soluble extractives values were determined. The ash
values of all samples within normal ranges as provided by herbal
pharmacopoeia. This represents the inorganic salts present in drug like
carbonates, bicarbonates etc. in this procedure the carbon is removed by
heating at low temperature.
Then the extraction procedures were carried out by Ethanol and Aqueous as
solvents. The procedures adopted are soxhelet extraction and cold maceration
procedures. Ethanol was selected, since it is standard during the new drug
extraction.
Then preliminary phyto-chemical screening was done that reveals the presence
of alkaloids, tannins, reducing sugars, proteins, saponins, flavonoids and slight
traces of glucosides in all alcohol and water extract samples.
Qualitative analyses of the plant extracts were done by some instrumental
technique i.e. T.L.C. by this test in observation, it showed presence of various
compounds that was detected by their Rf values. These Rf values can be
directly or indirectly help for checking adulteration in raw or compound drug.

103
Discussion
In T.L.C 0.2 gm of extract of samples was diluted to 10 ml of methanol and
used for T.L.C no bands were observed at 254nm and at 366nm for aqueous
extract. Slight bands were observed at 500nm.
The Rf values found were common in samples extracts respectively, i.e. In
alcohol extract of Tribulus terrestris plant (0.75, 0.80, 0.92)
Results from experimental study

For evaluation of aphrodisiac activity copulatory behaviors like initial arousal
period, mounting behavior, ejaculatory reflex, mount latency, and time interval to
mount again, are important parameters in experimental studies.
The copulatory behavior of male rat is characterized by series of mount with

or without vaginal intermission from the rear of the female, approximately once in 30120 seconds, that eventually culminates in ejaculation. The female rat responds to
each mount with a lordosis response. Typically the male achieved
vaginal
penetration on 50-80 percent of his mounts. Intermission patterns can be distinguished

behaviorally from mounts without penetration by the presence of deep thrust and
springing movement.
The drug is subjected for experimental trials to evaluate its Vajeekarana effect.
The observation of the experimental are as follows:

104
Discussion
Initial arousal period:
Initial arousal period showed highly significant values in both treated groups
in comparison with control group.
The mean times of Initial arousal period in seconds observed in individual groups are:
Control
26.00 sec
T 1(Alcoholic)
21.30 sec
T 2 (Aqueous)
11.10 sec
When the parameter evaluated statistically in-between T1 with the T2 group,

T2 group showed highly significant value at the level P<0.001 with at t- value of
45.115
The significant is more in both the treated groups, T2 shown almost high
therapeutic effect.
Peak arousal period:
Peak arousal period showed highly significant values in both treated groups in
comparison with control group.
The mean times of peak arousal period in seconds observed in individual groups are:
Control
44.10 sec
T 1(Alcoholic)
30.40 sec
T 2 (Aqueous)
22.30 sec
When the parameter evaluated statistically in between T1 with the T2 group,

T2 group showed highly significant value at P<0.001 with a t-value of 18.50
The significant is minimal that is both the treated groups have shown almost
same therapeutic effect.

105
Discussion
Mounting behavior:
Mounting behavior showed highly significant values in both treated groups in
The mean times of mounting behavior observed in minutes in individual groups are:
Control
19.40 sec
T 1(Alcoholic)
27.40 sec
T 2 (Aqueous)
25.20 sec

T2 group showed highly significant value at the level P<0.001 with a t- value of
11.30.
Ejaculatory reflex:
Ejaculatory reflex also showed highly significant values in both treated groups
The mean times of Ejaculatory reflex observed in minutes in individual groups are:
Control
20.23 sec
T 1(Alcoholic)
24.65 sec
T 2 (Aqueous)
22.21 sec
When the parameter evaluated statistically in between T1with the T2 group,

T2 group showed highly significant value at the level of P<0.001 with a t-value of
8.247

106
Discussion
Mount latency:
Mount latency showed highly significant values in both treated groups in
The mean times of Mount latency bowered in minutes in individual groups are:
Control
4.00 sec
T 1(Alcoholic)
2.80 sec
T 2 (Aqueous)
2.40 sec
When the parameter evaluated statistically in between T1 with the T2 group,

T2 group showed highly significant value at the level of P<0.001 with at a t-value of
9.07
The significant is more in T2 treated groups have shown more therapeutic
effect.
Time interval to mount again:

Time interval to mount again showed significant values in both treated groups
The mean times of Time interval to mount again observed in seconds in
individual groups are:
Control
72.45 sec
T 1(Alcoholic)
43.45 sec
T 2 (Aqueous)
38.79 sec

T2 showed highly significant value at the level P<0.001 with a t-value of 82.235.
The significant is more in T2 treated group have shown more therapeutic
effect. It may be because of the steroidal saponins are dissolved in both Aqueous and
Alcohol extracts, but more dissolvetion takes place in Aqueous.
When compared in between the two treated groups the T2 is better then
the T1 the significance is very more, in this study we can be concluded that both are
having highly therapeutic effect. Compare with in treated groups T2 is highly
significant.

107
Discussion
Probable mode of action:
Gokshura is collected in the thick forest, according to season, when all the
parts are mature (Panchang). The plant having Madhura rasa, Snigdhaguna, Sheeta
Virya, Dhatuvridhikar and balya properties along with Vatahara gunas, Its phala
possesses Madhura rasa and very minute(kinchit) tikta rasa. While in its leaves we
find Tikta rasa and Moola Madhura, tikta. But vipaka as stated is madhura in all latter
cases. And its gunas are snigdha and guru guna. Increasing shukra dhatu and Oja is
possibly on the above said factors, while the drug should be confidently use in the loss
of Libido or Erectile dysfunction on clinical evolution.
Apart from all these Gokshura kshirapaka contains milk additionally (In this
Expiremental study we use Milk as a vehicle for drug) Milk possess qualitie like
Snigdha,Guru,Prasanna etc and has Balya, Shukrala and Rasayana properties.
With that Modern studies shown that the Tribulus terrestris contains three
groups of active phytochemicals, they are
Dioscin, protodioscin, diosgenin and
similar. These substances have effect on sexual performance and may treat various
sexual disorders, they regulate sexual energy level and strength by increasing the
percentage of free testosterone level for men and they effect pregnenolone,
progesterone and estrogen.
The more significant values of Gokshura is possibly due to the above said
characters.
So these are all qualities are responsible for the Vajeekarana effect of the
Gokshura and may become a boon in cases of erectile dysfunction and in
Oligospermia.

108
Conclusion
CONCLUSITON
) The present study is aimed to evaluate the Vajeekarana effect of Gokshura. An
experimental study on albino rats by following Beech and Stone 1940.
) The first section of the dissertation is literary review. It includes Drug review
and review in relation with Vajeekarana.
) Various references in relation with Vajeekarana in different classics were
compiled and analyzed systematically.
) The word Vajeekarana is used in all the Ayurvedic classics.
) Second section Methodology
) The
Trial drug 1 is made up of Alcohol and Trial drug 2 is made up of
Aqueous
) The physico-chemical results i.e. ash value, acid insoluble ash, alcohol and
water soluble extractive value are with in parameters of Herbal
pharmacopoeia.
) The preliminary phyto-chemical screening of both Ethanolic and water
extracts, show the presence of Sterols, Triterpenes, Saponins, Alkaloids,
Carbohydrates, Tannins, Flavanoids, glycosides, and Proteins.
) The
selected
Gokshura
is
explained
Gadhanigraha,
Astanga
sangraha,Dhanvantari Nighantu, Raja Nighantu, etc is tried experimentally on

male albino rats.
) The rats, satisfying inclusion criteria were selected for the study in order to
evaluate the sexual behavior. The drugs were subjected to experimental trials
to evaluate their efficacy. The experimental results were tabulated in tables No
4.1.to 4.16.
) Both trail drugs selected for the study were found to be effective.
) Statistical data shows that both the trial drugs are having significant
Vajeekarana properties when compared with control group.
) When both trail groups compared in between, much difference was not found.
Statistical data shows that T2 is having more significance than T1.

109
Conclusion
Further scope of study

) As the trail drugs showed significant results, it is essential to study the drug in
large sample.
) The study was carried out with two dosage forms i.e. Aqueous and Alcohol
extract of Gokshura, other extracts like methanol, benzene, pet-ether etc can
be tried.
) It is also essential to evaluate the therapeutic action of Gokshura through
clinical trials.
) Extraction by different solvents to find exact base for their aphrodisiac activity
) Gokshura has the spematogenic activity so, it is better for cheek its Testicular
regenerator activity. For further study, then it will be becomes complete study.

110
Summary
SUMMARY
The present dissertation entitled The Preliminary Phyto chemical analysis and
Vajeekarana action of Gokshura-An Experimental study comprises of 7 Chapters
can be summarized as follows:
1. Objectives
2. Review of Literature
Gokshura
Vajeekarana
3. Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
7. Summary
First chapter Objectives at the beginning gives an idea of aims and objectives of
present study and design of present research work.
Second chapter review of literature consists of literary review of drug Gokshura
and literary review of Vajeekarana in other words aphrodisiac action
In part A -The majority of references described Gokshura having Madhura
Rasa,Sheeta Veerya,and Madhura Vipaka and Gokshura, is best aphrodisiac when
given with milk as per Acahryas and it is also a best rasayana, with that is best acting
in mootravaha sroto vikaras also.

111
Summary
In part B Detailed description of Vajeekarana in Veda,Budda,Mayura,and Gupta
period and Samhita period are explained, According to acharys detail study of
Vajeekarana are given, According to Vatsayana Muni ten stages of Kama and types
of Physical factors involved in Vajeekarana are explained.
Methodology, divided in three parts in
First part materials and methods present work and method which was
followed in present study has been described.
Second part contains i.e. drug analysis and experimental study.
The plant was subjected to
1. Pharmacognostic review,
2. Aqueous ,Ethanol soxhlet extraction,
3. Preliminary phyto-chemical screening,
4. T.L.C
The phyto-chemicals observed were Sterols, Triterpenes, Saponins, Alkaloids,
Carbohydrates, Tannins, Flavanoids, glycosides, and Proteins.
Third part contains total Experimental explanation of Rat behaviors and

Aphrodisiac activities, selection of rats, are explained.
Observation, Statistical data, statistical analysis and results are explained in
fourth chapter i.e. Observation and results. The results were stastically analyzed
and significance was elicited using ANOVA byt test.

112
Summary
Fifth chapter is Discussion part. Here discussion on the drug Gokshura and
experimentation and about results was done over the experimental and statistical
study.
Sixth chapter is the conclusion part. Finally the essence of this dissertation has
been explained in seventh chapter. i.e. summary
Both Aqueous and Alcohol extract at the dose of 5ml/kg body weight
showed highly significant results.

113
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77. Ibid
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119
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83. Agnivesha,Charaka Samhita Sarirasthana ,Chapter 2,sloka 3. Vaidya
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84. Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita Chikitsa sthana, Chapter 2/4,sloka 48-50,
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86. Agnivesha,Charaka Samhita Chikitsa sthana,Chapter30,slokha 153,
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Agnivesha,Charaka Samhita Chikitsa sthana,Chapter30,slokha 139-144,
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87. Vagbhata Astanga Sangraha Uttara sthana Chapter 50, sloka7,
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88. Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita Chikitsa sthana,Chapter2/4,sloka 40,
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120
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90. Agnivesha,Charaka Samhita Vimanasthana ,Chapter 8,sloka 122.
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100. Sushruta, Susrutasamhita, Sarira sthana chpater 4, sloka 37, Atridev,
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102. Ibid, 9/7, P- 345.
103. Ibid, 7/7, P- 335.
104. Ibid, 8/17, P- 341.
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114. Agnivesha,Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana, 11th chapter,41st
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PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION

AND VAJIKARANA EFFECT OF GOKSHURA - AN

In partial fulfillment of the degree of

Dr. S.B.NIDAGUNDI MD (AYU)

Department of Dravya Guna

D.G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,

D.G.M.AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE

Endorsement by the H.O.D,Principal/head of the

Declaration by the candidate

Dr. Virupakshi M.kataraki.

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

D.G.M.AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE

POST GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Preliminary phytochemical

Lecturer in Dravya Guna

Professor&HOD Dept.of Dravya Guna

DGMAMC, PGS&RC, GADAG

DGMAMC, PGS&RC, GADAG

Declaration by the candidate

Dr.R.V.Shetter, Dr.Girish Danappagoudar, Dr. Santosh Belavadi, Dr

Jagadish Mitti, Dr.Mulkipatil, Dr.B.G.Swami. Dr.U.V.Purad, Dr.K.S.Paraddi . Dr.Veena

My sincere thanks to my senior friends Dr.S.S.Sajjanar, Dr.C.B.Inamdar,

I dedicate this Dissertation work to My Grand Father

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India

Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana

Dravyaguna Vijnana By Priyavrat Sharma

Dravyaguna vijnana By V.M. Gogte

Dravyaguna Hastamlaka by Banvarilal

Dravyaguan vijnana By yadavji Trikamji

Indian Materia Medika

Indian Medicinal Plants

Sharangadhara Samhita Madhyama Khanda

To Evaluate Vajeekarana action of Gokshura on albino rats, this is prepared by two

To evaluate better compound in between these two.

To do physicochemical and Phyto chemical analysis of the two extract of Gokshura

The drug was prepared in Department of Dravya Guna PG and Research

Both the treated groups showed significant effect.

Vajeekarana, Impotency, Erectile dysfunction, Stress; Vrishya; Balya;

Shukra dhatu etc.

5. Observations and Results

Title of the Table

Synonyms According to Different Authors

Gana and Varga According to Different Classics

Guna(Properties) According to Different Authors

Karma(Action) According to Different Authors

Prayoga(Uses)According to Different Authors

Prayojyanga According to Different Authors

Use of Gokshura in different Yogas

Title of the Table

Title of the Table

Table No 4 OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

Title of the Table

Organoleptic examination of Extracts

Physical analysis of Gokshura

Intermediate Calculation ANOVA table

Effect of Drug on Initial Arousal Period

Intermediate Calculation ANOVA table

Effect of Drug on Peak Arousal Period

Intermediate Calculation ANOVA table

Effect of Drug on Mounting behavior

Intermediate Calculation ANOVA table

Effect of Drug on Ejaculatory reflex

Intermediate Calculation ANOVA table

Effect of Drug on Mount latency