Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
POST:Power on self test, It will detect hardware, machine host ID,serialNo, architecture type,
memory and Ethernet address and it will loadthe primary program called bootblk.
OBP:Open boot programmable,
1.Diagnosing all the system hardware and memory.
2.Initializing the boot parameter.
3.Creating device trees and load the boot block from(0-15 sector), it is called as
secondary boot programmable ufsboot.
KERNEL
INITIALIZATION:ufsboot load the kernel (generic unix), kernel will load all thenecessary
devices modules to mount the root partition tocontinue the booting process.
InitPhase : It will started by executing of /etc/init program and startother process reading the
/etc/inittab files, as the directory in the/etc/inittab files.
Whatis the difference between init 1 and init s ?
Ifyou switch from multiuser mode to init s and switch it back tomultiuser mode.then remote useres
automatically reconnects to thesystem.
where as in the case of init 1. they have to reconnectmanully means they have to relogin
Explainabout init phases
Thereare 8 run level.
Init0:Shutting down the system and bring back the system to OBP prompt (OK)
Init1:Single user mode for administrative
Init2:Multi user mode without resource sharing
Init3:Multi user mode with resource sharing
Init4:Not in use
Init5:Shutdown and power off the system
Init6:Reboot the system to default run level
Inits:Single user mode but user login are disabled
Explainrc script and run level
Rcscript : check and mount the file system, start and stop the variousprocess.
#vi/etc/net/ticotsord/hosts
Howdo u change ipaddress in solaris 10
Changeipaddess in following files
#/etc/hosts
#/etc/inet/ipnodes
Wherethe ip address will be stored
#/etc/hosts
#/etc/hostname.hme
Whichfile maintain the kernel
#/etc/path_to_inst
Thiswill be quite complicative, because kernel is the core of theoperating system, its an image of the
OS. whereas /etc/path_to_instare the drivers are stored for the enabled hardware.
Howwill see the kernel version
Okbanner --> This will not show the Kernel
Ok.version --> This will tell the open boot prompt versionotherwords, FIRMWARE
#prtconf V
#showrev --> will show the installed patches
#uname x
Howwill see the hostname
#nodename
#hostname
Howwill compare 2 host patches
Throughftp copy the copied files nad use dd command to compare both the hostpatches.
usethe command called "diff"
Differencebetween probe-scsi-all and probe-scsi
OKprobe-scsi-all: it will show all the scsi devices connected internaland external
OKprobe-scsi: it will show only internal scsi devices connected
Howto find the hardware configuration
OKbanner --> from the open boot prompt
#prtconf
#sysdef
#/use/platform/sun4u/sbin/prtdiag
Howwill you find the number of hard disk
#format
>poweron
Whichfile to be configuring the logs messages (like: /var/adm/messageetc)
#/etc/syslog.conf
Howwill see the version of the patches
#showrev p
#patchadd P
Howwill check patches installed
#showrev p --> This is the correctone
#patchadd P
#patchrm : to remove the patch
#patchad d (patch no ) : to install the patch
Howwill you view the packages?
#pkginfo| more
Whenuser logging in which file will take place
.profiles
Defaultpath for patches
#/var/sadm/patch
Howmany fields in passwd, shadow and group files
7inPasswd:username:passwd:uid:gid:commentfiled:homedirectory:loginshell
9 inshadow:useraccount:passwd:lastchange:min:max:warring:inactivity:expiration:flag
4 ingroup: username:passwd:gid:user
Syntaxfor useradd commad
#useradd u 101 g other d /export/home/ragu m s /bin/kshc revenue ragu
Asa user how he can change is passwd with root privilege.
Setuidto set on /usr/bin/passwd command
Whatis default permission of /etc/passwd , /etc/shadow files
/etc/passwd:444
/etc/shadow:400
Whatis default permission of files and directory?
file:644
directory:755
Whatis UMASK
UMASKis a Unix environment variable, which automatically sets filepermissions onnewly created
files,
Defaultvalue is 022
Howto find the kernel bit version or architecture
#isainfo kv
Howto set the time zion
#/etc/default/init
TZ=
Expalinsoft link and hard link
Softlink: link between different file systems and inode number will bedifferent
(eg) /U3 - /U4
#lns /U3/file1 /U4/file2
Hardlink: link betweensame file systems and inode number will be same
(eg) /U3 - /U3
#lns /U3/file1 /U3/file2
Explainsetuid, setgid and stickybit
Setuid: When setuidpermission set on a executable file, user who access the file is
granted access permission of the owner of the file.
#find / -prem 4000
setgid: Permissionsimilar to setuid, The process is changed to owner of the file.
#find / -prem 2000
Stickybit: It is aspecial permission that protect the files within a public writabledirectory
Stickybit permission set the shared directory, user cancreate a files or directory
But only by owner of the directory can modify or delete.
#find / -prem 1000
Howto set passwd never expire for a user
#passwdx 1 (username)
Tolock an account simply type: passwd-l user_login_name
Nowcheck the status of the account: passwd-S user_login_name
Tounlock the user account...passwd-u user_login_name
passwd -S user_login_name
Howto enable and disable the dtlogin
#/usr/dt/bin/dtconfig e (enable)
#/usr/dt/bin/dtconfig d ( disable)
Howto change the hostname and Ethernet address in single command
#/usr/sbin/sys-unconfig
Howdo you add the disk without reboot the server?
#devfsadm c disk
Howto delete abc files using find command
#find / -name abc exec rm {}\;
Whatis difference between g G while creating useradd?
Smallg is primary group
CapitalG is for secondary group
Wehave edit the /etc/passwd file and modify a user forget to give theshell will user able to
loging?
IfPasswd f option given In which files it will update.
Howmany filed in /etc/vfstab
7fileds
Aftercreating swap file update the same to /etc/vfstab what will be thefstype.
temfs
Howwill you clear the soft error on disk
#format analyst & verify test
Howto modify the user from ragu to prasad
#usermod d /export/home/prasad m l prasad ragu
Howwill you find out enough memory?
#/use/platform/sun4u/sbin/prtdiag
#prtconf | grep i mem
Whatcommand can be used in running a background process?
#nohup ( comment ) &
Howwill you rectify the root passwd in solaris
Bootthrough cdrom 1/3 cd in single user mode.
Okboot cdrom-s
#mount F ufs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 /mnt
# cdmnt
#setTERM=vt100
#exportTERM --> If you dont give, vi editor won't start properly
# vi/etc/shadow (remove the passwd entry and save the file)
#umount /mnt
#reboot ( While system come up it will ask the new root passwd.)
Explaininode
Itcontain the information of the files and directory
Like( date, home directory, rights, modified date, etc)
Ifthe system panic or system not booting
Bootthrough cdrom 1/3 cd in single user mode.
Okboot cdrom-s
#mount F ufs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0 /a
# cda
#installboot /usr/platform/uname-i/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk/dev/rdsk/c00t0d0s0
#umount mnt
#boot r
Howwill you ad new aliases name
# vi/etc/mail/aliases ( enter the aliases name (eg)service:servicedesk@hotmail.com
#newaliases
#/usr/lib/sendmail v b (aliases name)
Totest send mail:
root on LIVE cathnidp #echo "This is a test msg" | mailx -s testthambirajh@inbangalore.mail.saic.com
root on LIVE cathnidp #
Whatare printer daemon
#/etc/inetd.conf --> This is an servicesdaemons
#in.lpd daemon
Whatis the protocol supported by NFS
UDPand TCP
Tofind the OBP environment variable
OKprintenv
ExplainFSCK
Utilityfor checking and repairing the files system inconsistence due toabnormal shutdown.
Ithas 5 phases
Phase1 : Check block and size
#eeprom
Howto bring the process to offline or online
#psradm f (no of the process)
#psradm a n ( no of the process)
Howto check the no of the processor available
#psrinfo v
Howwill you check the process for particular user
# psU oracle or #ps fu oracle | grep smon
Howdo you check the no of user logged into the system
#who
Notable to unmount the files its say busy
#fuser -kxuc to terminate all the process
#umount/prasad
Howdo you check the run level
#who r
Inwhich file port Nos are defined
#/etc/service
Howto enable the telnet or ftp session for one host
Editthe /etc/hosts.allow (it will have list of host to access) -> Thiswill show the user list on that host./etc/hosts.deny(it will have list of host to access deny)-> This will show theuser list on that host./etc/servicesfile
Iftelnet not working, what are the thing to be checked
Pingtest, service enable or not in (/etc/inetd.conf), NIS problem
Iftelnet is not working, first of all you will not be get connected,login through console access and then
find out with ps -ef | greptelnetd or Kill -1
Whatis nice and renice command do
Toset the high priority for the process
-20high priorities
+20low priorities
Eg:#nice 20 oracles
Tellme the port for Telnet, ftp,nis,ssh,nfs
Telnet= 23, ftp = 21, ssh = 22, nfs = 2049, nis = 749
Howwill you restart the inetd process?
5. nfslogd Provides filesystem logging. Runs only if one or more filesystems is mounted with
log attribute.
biod: On the client end, handles asynchronous I/O for blocks of NFS files.
Howto start / stop the nfs server
#/etc/init.d/nfs.server start
#/etc/init.d/nfs.server stop
Whatare performance tool used
Iostat,vmstat , prstat , sar ,netstat, top
Howwill you check the disk performance?
#iostat xctd 4 5
If adisk shows consistently high reads/writes along with , the percentagebusy (%b)of the disks is
greater than 5 percent, and the average service time (svc_t)is greater than 30 milliseconds, then
one of the followingaction needs to be taken
Howto find out the shared file system from server and client
Server: # share & dfmount
Client: # showmount e (hostname) and dfshares
Whatare the daemons in nis server.
rpc.yppasswdd
Ypxfrd
rpc.ypupdated
Whatare processing daemon in nis
Ypserv
Ypbind
Createda fs without largefilesuppot
bash-3.00#mkfs -F vxfs -o nolargefiles /dev/vx/rdsk/mydg/oravol
version 6 layout
204800 sectors, 102400 blocksof size 1024, log size 1024 blocks
largefilesnot supported
bash-3.00# mount -F vxfs /dev/vx/dsk/mydg/oravol /mnt
bash-3.00# mount -p | grepmnt
mnttab - /etc/mnttab mntfs - no
/dev/vx/dsk/mydg/oravol -/mnt vxfs - no rw,suid,delaylog,nolargefiles,ioerror=mwdisable
Modifyproperty throughfsadm -enable largefiles
bash-3.00#/opt/VRTS/bin/fsadm -F vxfs -o largefiles /mnt
alternately on allthe disks. In case of a single disk failure the data can be rebuildusing the parity
information from the remaining disks.
How manyreplicas should be for raid5 in sds if I have 5 disk
Noof Hard Devices Noof State Database Replicas to created
One Three, all on one slice
Two-four Two on each drive
Fiveor more One on each drive
Werewill be the configuration for metadevice
#/etc/lvm/md.tab
or
#/etc/opt/SUNWmg/md.tab
Howto grow disk size in SDS
Identifiedthe free disks and the volumes size and meta device name
#dfh
/dev/md/dsk/d19 27G 1.5G 25G 6% /rpbkup
Increasethe filesystem by 10Gb
#metattachd102 10G
#growfs-M /agtmgt/ora1data /dev/md/rdsk/d102
Tofind the free space on soft partition
#metarecover-v -n d40 -p|grep -i free
Howto find the disk controller
#cfgadm
CreatingNew FS in LUNs and new mount point to the Oracle filesystem
#metainit d111 -p d200 20G
d111:Soft Partition is setup
#newfs /dev/md/rdsk/d111
newfs:construct a new file system /dev/md/rdsk/d111: (y/n)? y
#mkdir ora13data
#chown oracle:dba /ora13data
#ls -la ora13data
#mount /dev/md/dsk/d111 /ora13data
#df-k
Whatis luxadm probe used
#luxadmprobe
FoundEnclosure(s):
#/usr/sbin/devfsadm Cc disk
This should remove devicepaths for this disk. Verify via:
#ls ld/dev/dsk/c1t0d*
This should return nodevices.
Thenew disk should now be inserted.
Refresh device names:
#devfsadm
or
#/usr/sbin/luxadm insert_device
luxadminsert_device /dev/rdsk/c1t49d0s2
wheresx is the slot number
or
#/usr/sbin/luxadm insert_device (if enclosure name is not known)
Note:In many cases, luxadm insert_device does not require the enclosure
nameand slot number.
Usethe following to find the slot number:
#luxadm display
Tofind the use:
#luxadm probe
Run"ls -ld /dev/dsk/c1t1d*" to verify that the new devicepaths have
been created.
#metadb a c 3c1t0d0s7
Check that metadbs arecorrect:
The lower case letteredflags may not appear until the server is rebooted. For sms800 thereneed to
be six total metadbs. Three on each of the root mirroreddisk.
# metadb
flags first blk block count
am p luo 16 8192 /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s7
a p luo 8208 8192 /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s7
a p luo 16400 8192 /dev/dsk/c1t0d0s7
Check the progress ofthe sync:
#metastat | grep i sync
Comment chk-vols intoroot cron if needed.
Receivingfollowing io error on /scratch ls /scratch
/scratch:I/O error
************************************************************************
Observation
Found trans deviced5having problem
Following file systemsare not able to open, while using dk k its shows i/o error.
[root drcs1] ksh$ df -k |grep -i /dev/md/meter
/dev/md/meter/dsk/d141001382 117016 874353 12% /appl/TEST
/dev/md/meter/dsk/d611329080 681210 9514970 7% /ora1data/METR
/dev/md/meter/dsk/d105664168 1651 5096107 1% /ora1index/METR
/dev/md/meter/dsk/d222002021 10 1981991 1% /oraredo/METR
/dev/md/meter/dsk/d261887813 20 1699013 1% /redoarch/METR
Step1
[root drcs1] ksh$
[root drcs1] ksh$ metastat-s meter d18
meter/d18: Trans
State:Hard Error
Size: 4087280 blocks
MasterDevice: meter/d17
LoggingDevice: meter/d5
meter/d17: Mirror
Submirror 0: meter/d15
State: Okay
Pass: 1
Read option:roundrobin (default)
Write option: parallel(default)
Size: 4087280 blocks
meter/d15: Submirror ofmeter/d17
State: Okay
Size: 4087280 blocks
Stripe 0:
Device Start Block Dbase State Hot Spare
c2t5d1s0 0 No Okay
meter/d5:Logging device for meter/d6 meter/d10 meter/d14 meter/d18 meter/d22meter/d26
State:Hard Error
Size: 131990 blocks
meter/d5: Mirror
Submirror 0: meter/d3
State: Okay
Submirror 1: meter/d1
State: Okay
Pass: 1
Read option:roundrobin (default)
Write option: parallel(default)
Size: 132240 blocks
meter/d3: Submirror ofmeter/d5
State: Okay
Size: 132240 blocks
Stripe 0:
Device Start Block Dbase State Hot Spare
c1t3d4s6 0 No Okay
meter/d1: Submirror ofmeter/d5
State: Okay
Size: 132240 blocks
Stripe 0:
Device Start Block Dbase State Hot Spare
c1t4d0s6 0 No Okay
Step2:- Analyzedboth the disk and no error found disks are okay.
21. c1t3d4
22. c1t4d0
analyze> test
Ready to analyze (won'tharm data). This takes a long time,
but is interruptable withCTRL-C. Continue? yes
pass 0 - pattern =0xc6dec6de
2732/18/14
pass 1 - pattern =0x6db6db6d
2732/18/14
Total of 0 defectiveblocks repaired.
Step3:- Take the output ofmetadevice configuration for meter
[root drcs1] ksh$ metastat-s meter -p
meter/d6-t meter/d2 meter/d5
meter/d2 -m meter/d0 1
meter/d0 1 6 c1t4d0s0c1t4d1s0 c1t4d2s0 c1t4d3s0 c1t4d4s0 c1t5d0s0 -i 256b
meter/d10-t meter/d9 meter/d5
meter/d9 -m meter/d7 1
meter/d7 1 3 c1t3d1s0c1t3d2s0 c1t3d3s0 -i 256b
meter/d14-t meter/d13 meter/d5
meter/d13 -m meter/d11 1
meter/d11 1 1 c1t5d1s0
meter/d5-m meter/d3 meter/d1 1
meter/d3 1 1 c1t3d4s6
meter/d1 1 1 c1t4d0s6
meter/d4 1 1 c1t5d3s0
[root drcs1] ksh$
Sterp4:Find the disk is place withsome other metaset
[root drcs1] ksh$ metastat-s drcs1 -p | grep -i c1t3d4
[root drcs1] ksh$ metastat-s drcs1 -p | grep -i c1t4d0
[root drcs1] ksh$ metastat-s tdcc -p | grep -i c1t3d4
[root drcs1] ksh$ metastat-s tdcc -p | grep -i c1t4d0
[root drcs1] ksh$ metastat-s ssd -p | grep -i c1t3d4
[root drcs1] ksh$metastat -s msp_cd -p | grep -i c1t3d4
[root drcs1] ksh$ metastat-s meter -p | grep -i c1t4d0
meter/d0 1 6 c1t4d0s0c1t4d1s0 c1t4d2s0 c1t4d3s0 c1t4d4s0 c1t5d0s0 -i 256b
meter/d1 1 1 c1t4d0s6
#mount/dev/md/meter/dsk/d6
#mount/dev/md/meter/dsk/d10
#mount/dev/md/meter/dsk/d14
MostImportant:- Verification and confirmation
Check dfk whether the file system are mounted
Check all the trans deviceis presentmetastat -s meter p
Check any error is existmetastat -s meterany hard error
Check all the file systemspecifically using ls lrt
Confirmedwith user and close the call.
Howto do the disk cloning on solaris
Hereis the procedure
installthe disk
youcan do this few ways, let's the scenario be, the disk is alreadyattached and its been label through
format.
primarydisk is u r c1t0d0s2
#ddif=/dev/dsk/c1t0d0s2 of=/dev/dsk/c1t1d0s2 bs=256k
Thiswill take time, depends on the size of the primary disk
verfythe clone disk has a clean filesystem, for that
#fsck-y /dev/rdsk/c1t1d0s0
Toverify that mount the clone disk
#mount/dev/dsk/c1t1d0s0 /mnt
changethe /etc/vfstab to point to the clone device
#vi/mnt/etc/vfstab
Aftermaking changes, boot the clone disk -----Done
Backups
Howwill you take ufsdump and ufsrestore in a sing command line?
#ufsdump 0f - /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6 | (cd /mnt/prasad ufsrestore xf -)
Tocheck the status of the media inseted on the tape drive
# mt/dev/rmt/0 status
Syntexto execute a ufsdump
#ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/1
Differencebetween ufs and tar commnad
ufsdump
1.Used for complete file system backup.
2. It copies every thingfrom regular files in a file system to special character and block
devicefiles.
3. It can work on mounted or unmounted file systems.
Tar:
1.Used for single or multiple files backup.
2. Can't backup specialcharacter & block device files.
3. Works only on mounted filesystem.
Howcopyall the files to new filesystem
#cd/export/home
#tar-cf - . | ( cd /mnt ; tar -xpf - )
Whatis different between crontab and at command?
Crontab:job can be scheduled
At:Job can be a run once only
Whatis difference between incremental backup and differential backup?
Incremental:Only those files will be included which have been changed since thelast backup.
Differential:Only those files will be included which have been changed since thelast Full backup
Howmany ufsdump level
0-9level
0 =Full Backup
1-9= Incremental backup of file,That have changed since the last lowerlevel backup.
Optionsin ufsdump
S =size estimate amount of space need on tape
L =auto loaded
O =offline once the backup completed & if possible to eject themedia
U =update the /etc/dumdate files (Indicate:Name of the file system,Levelof the backup 0-9,Date.
F =specified the tape devices name
Optionsin ufsrestore
T=list the content of the media
R=restore entire file system
X =restore only the file named on the command line
I= interactive mode
V= verbose mode
F =specified the tape devices name
# Vi/etc/system (To comment the error line in /etc/system files, wehave to use *)
Howwill you come to know wheather hme 0r eri or to configuring thenetwork card.
Baseon Ethernet card
Disasterrecovery steps if OS corrupted
Okboot cdrom s
#newfs /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
#mkdir a
#mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /a
# cda
#ufsrestore rf /dev/rmt/0
# rmrestoresymtable
# cd/usr/platform/uname-m/lib/fs/ufs
#installboot bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
# cd/
#umount /a
#fsck /dev/rdsm/c0t0d0s0
#init 6
fromthe OK prompt, execute
OK>boot -r
Howmay will you find the process id and disk utilizations.
# pr
Whatis an alternative to the top command on Solaris?
#prstat a
Isit possible to edit the corntab using vi
Itis not recommended but it is possible by editing
#vi /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root
Thecommand to edit the crontab is
#crontab-e
Howwill you restrict the users from login when system in heavy load
Isit possible to create swap in new harddisk without format
No without label the drive, you can't do anything
Cannotopen '/etc/path_to_inst'"
Systemcan not find the /etc/path_to_install file .It might be missing orcorrupted and needs to be
rebuild.
Torebuild this file boot the system with -ar option :
ok>boot-ar
Pressenter to select default values for the questions asked duringbooting and select yes to rebuild
/etc/path_to_install
The/etc/path_to_inst on your system does not exist or is empty. Do youwant to rebuild this file [n]? y
systemwill continue booting after rebuilding the file.
Whatare filed in vfstab
deviceto mount
deviceto fsck
mountpoint
FS type
fsckpass
mountat boot
mountoptions
Howto check the sudo user
# sudo l
Howedit the sudo
#/usr/local/sbin/visudo
Veritas
Howto find the demo?
#Psef |grep vxvm
Howto find the versions?
pkginfo-l VRTSvxvm
Whatare the daemons in VERITAS?
Vxconfigd
Vxiod
Vxrelocd
Howto add disk on a rootdg
#vxdg -g rootdg adddisk newroot=c2t2d0
Howto create a new dg
#vxdginit dgname disk=c2t2d0
Howto mirror a root disk
Initializea new disk
#devfsadm
#format (tolabel the disk)
#vxdctlenable
#vxdiskadm
Selectoption (2) to encapsulation
Rebootthe server or
#vxencapAc -g rootdg f sliced rootdisk=c0t0d0
Afterreboot
#vxdisksetupi diskname (c0t1d0)
#vxdgg rootdg adddisk rootnew=c1t0d0
#vxprintlist
#vxrootmirrootnew
Howto remove the mirrored root disk
#vxplexg bootdg o rm dis plexname
#vxdgg bootdg rmdisk mirror_disk_name
#vxdiskunsetup mirror_disk_name
Removemirror disk, and replace.
#devfsadmCv
#vxdctlint
#vxdctlenable
layoutthe new partitions on disk
#vxdisksetupi c0t1d0
#vxdgg bootdg adddiks rootmirror=c0t1d0
#vxrootmirrootmirror
foreach other volume
#vxassistg bootdg mirror volname
Diskto recover
#vxrecoversn g dgname newdiskname
Howto Unencapsulating root disk
Runthe following command to prevent VxVM from starting up afterreboot:
touch/etc/vx/reconfig.d/state.d/install-db
Detachsecond mirror
#vxplex -o rm dis opt-02 rootvol-02 swapvol-02 usr-02 var-02
unencapsulatea root disk that
#/etc/vx/bin/vxunroot
Rebootsystem #init6
Howto remove the root mirror disk permanently
#vxunroot
Rebootthe system (it will remove the entries of VXVM from /etc/systems &Filesystem from
/etc/vfstab)
Removethe plexes of the rootnew
#vxplexdis rootvol-02 (remove the plexes of the rootnew)
Howto start the vxvm
#vxiodset 10
#vxconfigdm disable
#vxdctenable
Veritaswill start
Now,the slice information for disk newroot (c2t2d0) is:
#prtvtoc -s /dev/rdsk/c2t2d0s2
Deletethe rootalt volume from the new root disk.
#cd /
#umount /mnt
#vxvol stop rootalt
#vxplex dis rootvol-02 (Disassociatethe plex from the volume and remove the volume.)
#vxedit rm rootalt
#vxsd dis newroot-01 (Disassociatethe sub-disk from the plex and remove the plex.)
#vxedit rm rootvol-02
Mirrorall the other volumes from the current root disk to the new rootdisk.Do not mirror swap
volumes. Swap slices will be created on thenew disk manually. In this example, the volumes to mirror
are var andopt.
#vxassist -g rootdg mirror var newroot
#vxassist -g rootdg mirror opt newroot
Tofind out the number of the disk available on veritas
#vxdisk-o alldgs list | more
Howill you create a subdisk and plexus
Howyou will identify that how may DG creation a particular VXVM versionsupport
rooton BUILD kirkcmis3 # vxdctlsupport
Supportinformation:
vxconfigd_vrsn: 21
dg_minimum: 10
dg_maximum: 120
kernel: 15
protocol_minimum:40
protocol_maximum:60
protocol_current:0
#/usr/lib/vxvm/bin/vxconfigrestore -l /etc/vx/cbr/bk/devdg
Diskgroupdevdg configuration restoration started ......
Installingvolume manager disk header for c1t1d0s2 ...
Installingvolume manager disk header for c1t2d0s2 ...
Installingvolume manager disk header for c1t3d0s2 ...
Installingvolume manager disk header for c1t4d0s2 ...
Installingvolume manager disk header for c1t5d0s2 ...
Installingvolume manager disk header for c1t6d0s2 ...
devdg'sdiskgroup configuration is restored (in a precommitted state).
Diskgroupcan be accessed in read only and can be examined using
vxprint(1m)in this state.
Run:
vxconfigrestore -l/etc/vx/cbr/bk/ -c devdg ==> to commit the restoration.
vxconfigrestore -l/etc/vx/cbr/bk/ -d devdg ==> to abort the restoration.
Whatare the steps to be follow to add a disk in veritas & before addthe disk what are the
steps to be follow
Beforeadding the disk,
takean output from the format command.
takean output of vxdisk list
afterthe disk is added, do the following:
#devfsadm
#format--> label the disk
#vxdctlenable
#vxdiskadm choose the option 1 and then it will ask you the diskgroup once ithas been added it will
ask for the encapsulation, say no then it willask the device name, assign the name, that's it,
#vxdisklist, this will tell the status of the newly added disk as online
Howill you remove the subdisk and plexus
todissociate a subdisk try
vxsddis disk##-##
removea subdisk by
vxeditrm disk##-##
Howwill you grow a disk space whitout disturbs
#vxresize
Howto find the VERITAS License?
Afterinstalling VERITAS, one should confirm with VERITAS license keys
#vxlicensep or #vxlicrep -g
Howto install veritas license
#/opt/VRTSvlic/bin/vxlicinst
#vxlicense(or) vxlicinst
Howto create a new volume
Detectnew disks
#devfsadm
#vxdiskadm - select option 1 to add new disks (Initialize new disks and add itto disk group appdg )
#vxassist g appdg make snetprd01 55g (create volume in appdg assnetprd01)
#mkfsF vxfs o largefiles /dev/vx/rdsk/appdg/snetprd01 (creating filesystem for the volumes
snetprd01)
# cd/ (creating directories for snetprd01 )
#mkdirsnetprd01
#chownoracle /snetprd01 (change the ownership to oracle for snetprd01directories )
#vi/etc/vfstab
#mount/snetprd01
#dfk
#mountp
#vxdisklist
##vxprintg appdg
Howto remove the volume
Restorethe previous /etc/vfstab
#cp/etc/vfstab.0702 /etc/vfstab
#umount /snetprd01 (Unmounting the files)
#rmdir/snetprd01 (Remove the mount points)
#vxvolg appdg stop snetprd01 (Stopping the volumes snetprd01 from appdg)
#vxeditg appdg v rm snetprd01 (removing volumes from disk group)
# dfk
#vxprint -g appdg
Explainshrinking the disk
Howto change the mirror status from 0:1 to 0:5 and how?
#vxassistg dgname v volume name relayout layout=strip
Werethe veritas disk information store.
#/kernel/drv/sd.cf
Howto find the plex, sub disk, Volume group, disk status, free spaces,disk controller, Volume
controller?
Displaysinfo about plexes
#vxprint-lp
#vxprint -l plex_name
Displaysinfo about subdisks
#vxprint -st
#vxprint -l disk##-##
showdisk iops over 10 seconds...
#ssaadmdisplay -p c#
Tracesall i/o on a volume..
#vxtracevol
Toreport disk stats
#vxstat-d
Displaysthe free space on the disks
#vxdgfree
Displaythe disk crontroller
#vxprintlist
#vxprint-Aht
Tellsyou how much you can grow a volume by
#vxassistmaxgrow vol
InVERITAS How to recover the mirror disk with data.
Howto increase the size of the file system?
# dfk ( dentify the VERITAS group and volume name of /myhr on EXU407)
#vxassist g appdg maxsize (check for the free space available inthe group appdg on EXU407 )
#vxprint thA g appdg (Check if /myhr is mirrored)
#mount p (check the file system of /myhr )
# cpp /etc/vfstab/etc/vfstab.070223 ((take backup of /etc/vfstab file)
youcan increase the size of teh file system by using solaris volumemanager
#vxresize F vxfs g rootdg myapps +5g (increase the size of/myapps by 5gb)
Howto increase the size of the file system?
#vxresize F vxfs g rootdg myapps +5g (decrease the size of/myapps by 5gb)
#df-k
#vxresizeb F vxfs ora03vol +70gb
Whatis encapsulation?
Thisis used to bring the disk under volume manager , which are alreadypresent in the system with
data but without volume manager .Data on these disks are not disturbed and if these disks
meetscertain volume manager requirements these are added under volumemanager
Whatis the difference between the VERITAS 3.0 and VERITAS 4.0?
InVERITAS 3.0 , the root dg is present by default
InVERITAS 4.0, the root dg has to be created manually
InVertias 4.0 cdsdisk has introduced which means, in any os it can beexported
Howto mirror a root dg? With eg
#vxrootmir
Howto rename the old root disk. In this example, rootdisk is beingrenamed as rootold.
#vxedit -g rootdg rename rootdisk rootold
Howto Encapsulate the new root disk (c2t2d0).
#/etc/vx/bin/vxencap rootdisk=c2t2d0
Howto mirror and unmirror a disk?
#vxassistmirror prasadly disk05 disk06
uses disks5 and 6 ro make a mirroron volume called prasadly
#vxassist make prasadly 50mlayout=mirror
makes a 50Mb mirror using any 2 disks
T3Storage
1)Voladd volname data undn raid n standby undn
2)Volstat
3)Vol init volname data
4)Volmount vol name
5)Vollist
6)Mkdir/dev/es
7)Luxadminsert
8)ifabove solaris 7 exclude the steps 6 & 7
9)format and partition .
Howmany controllers in 3510 storage.
4channels
2controllers
Whatis WWN on storage
Worldwide number _______________continues_____________________
Toview the LUNs on a Solarishost, you need to use cfgadms
Forexample if you remove SB3 board on 6800 server for replaceing faultymemory or faulty CPU
cfgadm-c unconfigure N0.SB3 ------Forunconfigure the entire(only SB3) CPU board
root@kbl-db-02# cfgadm -c disconnect N0.SB3 ----Disconecting from physical path
root@kbl-db-02# cfgadm -al |more --forconfirming removed or not
/N0/SB3/P2/B1/d2
cfgadm-c configure N0.SB3 ---Afterreplacing to configure the same board
SSAADM:-ssaadm command is now link to the luxadm command
LUXADM:TheLuxadm program is an administrative command that manages both the sunstorage A5000 and
SPARC storage array disk arrays, Lunadm performa avariety of control and query task, depending
on the command-linearguments and options used.
#vxdctl -c mode
mode:enabled: cluster active - MASTER
master:bits
#vxdctl upgrade
NOTE:All nodes need to be joined in the Cluster Volume Manager clusterbefore running the above
command.
Toconfirm that the protocol version has been updated, the following canbe run:
#vxdctl protocolversion
Clusterrunning at protocol 50
Howwill you check the status of LLT
#lltstatnvv
Howwill you check the status of GAB
#gabtaba
Howto run dignostic for system board and processor board
Okshow-post-result
Howto dettach the volum from veritas
#vxassist-F
Differancebetween 3.0 & 4.0 verision
before3 roodisk should be named as rootdg itself ..after 4.0 you can nameit as any thing u want
Whatis Multipathing
Multipathing is the use ofredundant storage network components responsible for transfer of
databetween the server and storage. ...Multipathing allows for two ormore data paths to be
to be prevented whenVCS fails over the service group to another node. Somemultipathing products
will be supported with I/O Fencing.
Thecluster resource group and resources showing ERROR_STOP_FAILED,then follow the
below mentioned steps.
1. -- Resource Groups -Group Name
Node Name
State
---------------------Group:pspd-rg
phys-pspd1
Error--stopfailed
Group:pspd-rg
phys-pspd2
Offline
=======================================================================
Forclearing the STOP_FAILED flag ---- -c is for clear flag, -h fornodename, -j for resource
name, -f for error flag.
root@phys-pspd1# scswitch -c -h phys-pspd1 -j pspd-oralisten-res -f STOP_FAILED
(ifmore then one resource showing error use this command every resourceand then go to
next step)
ForBring down the resource group ----- (If bring down the resource groupSTOP_FAILED error
will clear and it goes to Offline state)
root@phys-pspd1# scswitch -F -g pspd-rg
=======================================================================
2. root@phys-pspd1 # scstat -g
--Resource Groups and Resources ---Resource Groups -Group Name
Node Name
State
---------------------Group:pspd-rg
phys-pspd1
Offline
Group:pspd-rg
phys-pspd2
Offline
Resource:pspd-oralisten-res phys-pspd1
Offline Offline
root@phys-pspd1#
=======================================================================
Tobring up the resource group-root@phys-pspd1# scswitch -Z -g pspd-rg
=======================================================================
root@phys-pspd1# scstat -g
--Resource Groups and Resources -Resources:pspd-rg
pspd pspd-hastorageplus-res pspd-orasrv-res pspd-oralisten-res
Resource:pspd-oralisten-res phys-pspd1
Online Online
Resource:pspd-oralisten-res phys-pspd2
Offline Offline
1. On both systems, mount the file system, using the device file for the block device. Use the
option flag o cluster.
# mount -F vxfs -ocluster /dev/vx/dsk/orasrv_dg/srvm_vol /orasrv
1. To determine which node is the master, use the command:
vxdctl -c mode
In the output, look for:
cluster active - MASTER
or:
cluster active - SLAVE
Resolution:
Step-I
Thedisks were hot-swappable & were replaced online.
Weneed to reboot the servers phys-mw1 & phys-mw2 for the disks tocome under OS/Cluster control.
Hereis the procedure for rebooting of phys-mw1 and phys-mw2:
1. Login to console of phys-mw1 & phys-mw2.
telnet10.100.175.6 using ports 2 & 3
1. Login to phys-mw1 and switch the resource group gisdbmw to phys-mw2.
Phys-mw1#scadmin switch mwgis phys-mw2 gisdbmw onphys-mw1
(Monitoron both console sessions for any errors/warning duringswitchover. Wait for 5-10 mins for the
switchover)
1. Confirm that cluster is stable & both gisdbmw & gisfsmw are owned by phys-mw2.
Phys-mw2#hastat .on phys-mw2
1. Stop the cluster services on phys-mw1
Phys-mw1#scadmin stopnode .on phys-mw1
(Monitoron both console sessions for any errors/warning during stoppingfor cluster services. Wait for
5-10 mins for this activity)
1. Confirm that cluster is stable & both gisdbmw & gisfsmw are owned by phys-mw2. phys-mw1
will NOT be a cluster member now.
Phys-mw2#hastat .on phys-mw2
1. Reboot phys-mw1 server
Phys-mw1#shutdown y g0 i6 .on phys-mw1
1. Waiting for phys-mw1 to return.. Monitoring phys-mw1 from console for any issues.
2. Login to phys-mw1 & start the cluster services.
Phys-mw1#scadmin startnode .on phys-mw1
(Monitoron both console sessions for any errors/warning during startingfor cluster services. Wait for
5-10 mins for this activity)
1. Confirm that cluster is stable & both gisdbmw & gisfsmw are owned by phys-mw2. phys-mw1
will be a cluster member now.
Phys-mw2#hastat .on phys-mw2
1. From phys-mw2, Switch back gisdbmw back to phys-mw1.
Phys-mw1#drvconfig
Phys-mw1#devlinks
Phys-mw1#disks
Phys-mw1#format Check if the disk is viewable.
1. Disks needs to be added as DID device at the kernel level.
Toadd DID device d18, d30 and d39, run scdidadmR fromthe primay node (phys-mw1)
Phys-mw1#scdidadm R d18
Phys-mw1#scdidadm R d30
Phys-mw1#scdidadm R d39
1. hastat output is as shown in Appendix A.
2. Partitions the disks and mirror them as described in Appendix B.
Note:If any state database replicas exist on the failed disk (DID device),then delete the state
database replicas & then reboot the server.In phys-mw1, DID device d18 is containing the state
databasereplicas. This was removed before reboot.
phys-mw1#metadb -s gisdbmw
flags first blk block count
W l 16 1034 /dev/did/dsk/d18s7
W l 1050 1034 /dev/did/dsk/d18s7
phys-mw1#metadb d /dev/did/dsk/d18s7
Afterreboot and after scdidadmR d18
Phys-mw1#metadb ac 2 /dev/did/dsk/c18s7
AppendixA : hastat output
phys-mw1#hastat
GettingInformation from all the nodes ......
HIGH AVAILABILITYCONFIGURATION AND STATUS
------------------------------------------LISTOF NODES CONFIGURED IN CLUSTER
phys-mw1 phys-mw2
CURRENTMEMBERS OF THE CLUSTER
phys-mw1 is a clustermember
phys-mw2 is a clustermember
CONFIGURATIONSTATE OF THE CLUSTER
Configuration State onphys-mw1: Stable
Configuration State onphys-mw2: Stable
UPTIMEOF NODES IN THE CLUSTER
uptime of phys-mw1: 3:56pm up 34 day(s), 22:13, 2 users, load average: 0.97, 1.03,1.01
uptime of phys-mw2: 3:56pm up 34 day(s), 19:43, 6 users, load average: 1.29, 1.24,1.38
LOGICALHOSTS MASTERED BY THE CLUSTER MEMBERS
LogicalHosts Mastered on phys-mw1:
gisdbmw
LogicalHosts for which phys-mw1 is Backup Node:
gisfsmw
LogicalHosts Mastered on phys-mw2:
gisfsmw
LogicalHosts for which phys-mw2 is Backup Node:
gisdbmw
LOGICALHOSTS IN MAINTENANCE STATE
None
STATUSOF PRIVATE NETS IN THE CLUSTER
Status of Interconnects onphys-mw1:
interconnect0: selected
interconnect1: up
Status of private nets onphys-mw1:
To phys-mw1 - UP
To phys-mw2 - UP
nfs: On
StatusOf Data Services Running On phys-mw1
Data Service "mwgisapi":
Not being managed onthis system
Data Service "sybase":
Database Status onphys-mw1:
gisdbmw - running;
Data Service "nfs":
Not being managed onthis system
StatusOf Data Services Running On phys-mw2
No Status Method forData Service "mwgisapi"
Data Service "sybase":
Not being managed onthis system
Data Service "nfs":
On Logical Host gisfsmw: Ok
RECENT ERROR MESSAGES FROM THE CLUSTER
RecentError Messages on phys-mw1
Aug 9 14:27:00 phys-mw1 snmpdx: agent_process() : bad community from10.100.202.1
Aug 9 14:27:00 phys-mw1 snmpdx: local pdu process error
Aug 9 14:27:00 phys-mw1 snmpdx: session_send_loopback_request() failed
Aug 9 14:27:00 phys-mw1 snmpdx: session_open() failed for a pdu receivedfrom
10.100.202.1.50038
Aug 9 14:35:05 phys-mw1 ID[SUNWcluster.fdl_enum_probe_disks.1105]:Accessed majority of
diskset gisfsmw replicas
Aug 9 14:35:08 phys-mw1 ID[SUNWcluster.fdl_enum_probe_disks.3036]:Cannot access disk
c4t19d0 (/dev/did/rdsk/d30) in diskset gisfsmw,possibly due to a bad cable or controller.
Aug 9 14:35:08 phys-mw1 ID[SUNWcluster.fdl_enum_probe_disks.3036]:Cannot access disk
c4t22d0 (/dev/did/rdsk/d39) in diskset gisfsmw,possibly due to a bad cable or controller.
RecentError Messages on phys-mw2
Aug 9 14:26:58 phys-mw2 snmpdx: local pdu process error
Aug 9 14:26:58 phys-mw2 snmpdx: session_send_loopback_request() failed
Aug 9 14:26:58 phys-mw2 snmpdx: session_open() failed for a pdu receivedfrom
10.100.202.1.50039
Aug 9 14:40:17 phys-mw2 majmddb[7394]: open of '/dev/did/rdsk/d18s7'failed - No such device or
address
Aug 9 14:40:17 phys-mw2 last message repeated 1 time
Aug 9 14:40:17 phys-mw2 majmddb[7394]: Finished all listed devices:succeeded=24 toolong=0
bad=2
25 phys-mw1:/dev/rdsk/c4t1d0 /dev/did/rdsk/d25
phys-mw1#scdidadm -L |grep d18
18 phys-mw2:/dev/rdsk/c2t1d0 /dev/did/rdsk/d18
18 phys-mw1:/dev/rdsk/c2t1d0 /dev/did/rdsk/d18
3.Partition the disks as follows:
phys-mw1#format c4t1d0 c2t1d0
AVAILABLEDISK SELECTIONS:
0. c2t1d0
/sbus@3,0/SUNW,socal@0,0/sf@0,0/ssd@w21000020374fe013,0
1. c4t1d0
/sbus@b,0/SUNW,socal@0,0/sf@0,0/ssd@w2100002037222d57,0
Specifydisk (enter its number): 1
selectingc4t1d0
[diskformatted]
format>p
PARTITIONMENU:
partition>p
Currentpartition table (original):
Totaldisk cylinders available: 4924 + 2 (reserved cylinders)
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
0 unassigned wm 117 -4880 8.16GB (4764/0/0) 17107524
1 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
2 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
4 unassigned wm 2 - 116 201.64MB (115/0/0) 412965
5 unassigned wm 4881 -4886 10.52MB (6/0/0) 21546
6 unassigned wm 4887 -4923 64.88MB (37/0/0) 132867
7 unassigned wu 0 - 1 3.51MB (2/0/0) 7182
partition>q
FORMATMENU:
format>di
AVAILABLEDISK SELECTIONS:
0. c2t1d0
/sbus@3,0/SUNW,socal@0,0/sf@0,0/ssd@w21000020374fe013,0
1. c4t1d0
/sbus@b,0/SUNW,socal@0,0/sf@0,0/ssd@w2100002037222d57,0
Specifydisk (enter its number)[1]: 0
selectingc2t1d0
[diskformatted]
format>p
PARTITIONMENU:
partition>p
Currentpartition table (original):
Totaldisk cylinders available: 4924 + 2 (reserved cylinders)
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
0 root wm 0 - 73 129.75MB (74/0/0) 265734
1 swap wu 74 - 147 129.75MB (74/0/0) 265734
2 backup wu 0 -4923 8.43GB (4924/0/0) 17682084
3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
4 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
5 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
6 usr wm 148 -4923 8.18GB (4776/0/0) 17150616
7 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
partition>0
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
0 root wm 0 - 73 129.75MB (74/0/0) 265734
Enterpartition id tag[root]:
Enterpartition permission flags[wm]:
Enternew starting cyl[0]:
Enterpartition size[265734b, 74c, 129.75mb, 0.13gb]: 0
partition>1
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
1 swap wu 74 - 147 129.75MB (74/0/0) 265734
Enterpartition id tag[swap]:
Enterpartition permission flags[wu]:
Enternew starting cyl[74]:
Enterpartition size[265734b, 74c, 129.75mb, 0.13gb]: 0
partition>6
Enterpartition id tag[usr]:
Enterpartition permission flags[wm]:
Enternew starting cyl[148]:
Enterpartition size[17150616b, 4776c, 8374.32mb, 8.18gb]: 0
partition>p
Currentpartition table (unnamed):
Totaldisk cylinders available: 4924 + 2 (reserved cylinders)
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
0 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
1 unassigned wu 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
2 backup wu 0 -4923 8.43GB (4924/0/0) 17682084
3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
4 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
5 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
6 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
7 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
partition>7
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
7 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
Enterpartition id tag[unassigned]:
Enterpartition permission flags[wm]: wu
Enternew starting cyl[0]:
Enterpartition size[0b, 0c, 0.00mb, 0.00gb]: 2c
partition>4
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
4 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
Enterpartition id tag[unassigned]:
Enterpartition permission flags[wm]:
Enternew starting cyl[0]: 2
Enterpartition size[0b, 0c, 0.00mb, 0.00gb]: 115c
partition>p
Currentpartition table (unnamed):
Totaldisk cylinders available: 4924 + 2 (reserved cylinders)
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
0 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
1 unassigned wu 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
2 backup wu 0 -4923 8.43GB (4924/0/0) 17682084
3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
4 unassigned wm 2 - 116 201.64MB (115/0/0) 412965
5 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
6 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
7 unassigned wu 0 - 1 3.51MB (2/0/0) 7182
partition>0
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
0 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
Enterpartition id tag[unassigned]:
Enterpartition permission flags[wm]:
Enternew starting cyl[0]: 117
Enterpartition size[0b, 0c, 0.00mb, 0.00gb]: 4764c
partition>p
Currentpartition table (unnamed):
Totaldisk cylinders available: 4924 + 2 (reserved cylinders)
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
0 unassigned wm 117 -4880 8.16GB (4764/0/0) 17107524
1 unassigned wu 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
2 backup wu 0 -4923 8.43GB (4924/0/0) 17682084
3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
4 unassigned wm 2 - 116 201.64MB (115/0/0) 412965
5 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
6 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
7 unassigned wu 0 - 1 3.51MB (2/0/0) 7182
partition>5
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
5 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
Enterpartition id tag[unassigned]:
Enterpartition permission flags[wm]:
Enternew starting cyl[0]: 4881
Enterpartition size[0b, 0c, 0.00mb, 0.00gb]: 6
Pleasespecify units in either b(blocks), c(cylinders), m(megabytes) org(gigabytes)
Enterpartition size[0b, 0c, 0.00mb, 0.00gb]: 6c
partition>p
Currentpartition table (unnamed):
Totaldisk cylinders available: 4924 + 2 (reserved cylinders)
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
Step-2
Followthe steps mentioned in the Originaldocument.
Normallythe disks will be detected automatically .Problem we faced during theRFC;
Afterrebooting the server, one disk (d17) is detected in didlist of cluster but another disk (d9) is not
configured in didlist.
phys-mw2#metareplace -e gisfsmw/d21 /dev/did/dsk/d9s0
metareplace:phys-mw2: /dev/did/dsk/d9s0: No such device or address ---error message
14. How to know the date & time for when script is executed ? - Add the following script
line in shell script.eval echo "Script is executed at `date`" >> timeinfo.infHere, timeinfo.inf
contains date & time details ie., when script is executed and history related to execution.
15. How do you find out drive statistics ? - iostat -E
16. Display disk usage in Kilobytes ? - du -k
17. Display top ten largest files/directories ? - du -sk * | sort -nr | head
18. How much space is used for users in kilobytes ? - quot -af
19. How to create null file ? - cat /dev/null > filename1
20. Access common commands quicker ? - ps -ef | grep -i $@
21. Display the page size of memory ? - pagesize -a
22. Display Ethernet Address arp table ? - arp -a
23. Display the no.of active established connections to localhost ? - netstat -a | grep EST
24. Display the state of interfaces used for TCP/IP traffice ? - netstat -i
25. Display the parent/child tree of a process ? - ptree Example: ptree 1267
26. Show the working directory of a process ? - pwdx Example: pwdx 1267
27. Display the processes current open files ? - pfiles Example: pfiles 1267
28. Display the inter-process communication facility status ? - ipcs
29. Display the top most process utilizing most CPU ? - top b 1