Essential Specialist34 Solutions Ch1

Chapter 1 A toolbox
Solutions to Exercise 1A
1
a
i.
iv. 51 = (51
p )c 0.89c
180
720 = (720
p )c = 4c
180
v. 206 = (206
ii. 540 = (540
p )c = 3c
180
vi. 410 = (410
iii. 450 = (450

iv. 15 = (15
p )c = -5p c
180
2
v. 10 = (10 p )c = -p c
180
18
vi. 315 = (315
p )c =
180
-7p c
4
b
i.
5p c = ( 5p 180 ) = 225
4
4
p
p )c 7.16c
180
b
i.
p )c = p c
180
12
p )c 3.60c
180
1.7c = (1.7 180 ) 97.40

p
ii. 0.87c = (0.87 180 ) 49.85

p
iii. 2.8c = (2.8 180 ) 160.43
p
iv. 0.1c = (0.1 180 ) 5.73
p
v. 3c = (3 180 ) 171.89
p
ii. -2p c = ( -2p 180 ) = 120

p
3
3
vi. 8.9c = (8.9 180 ) 509.93

p
iii. 7 p c = ( 7 p 180 ) = 105

12
12
p
3
a
iv. -11p c = ( -11p 180 ) = 330

p
6
6
v.
13 p c
9
2
a
i.
= ( 13 p 180 ) = 260
9
p
vi. -11p c = ( -11p 180 ) = 165

p
12
12
sin ( 2 p ) = sin ( 2p )
3
3
p
= sin ( )
3
cos ( 3p ) = cos ( 3p )
4
4
p
= cos ( )
4
=
7 = (7
p )c 0.12c
180
ii. 100 = (100

iii. 25 = (25
p )c 1.75c
180
3
2
- 2
2
cos ( -p ) = cos ( p )
3
3
= 1
2
p )c 0.44c
180
Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions
cos ( 5p ) = cos ( + p )
4
4
p
= cos ( )
4
- 2
=
2
cos ( 9 p ) = cos (2 + p )
4
4
p
= cos ( )
4
2
= 2
cos ( 31p ) = cos (5 + p )

6
6
p
= cos ( )
6
=
- 3
2
- 3
2
cos ( 29p ) = cos (5 p )

6
6
= cos ( p )
6
=
- 3
2
sin ( -23p ) = sin( 23p )

6
6
= sin (4 p )
6
p
= sin ( )
6
= 1
2
4
a
3
2
cos (240) = cos (180 + 60)

= cos (60)
= -1
2
sin (225) = sin (225)

= sin (180 + 45)
= sin (45)
2
2
=
f
sin (420) = sin (360 + 60)

= sin (60)
3
2
5
a
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
0.25 + cos2 (x) = 1
cos2 (x) = 3
4
cos (x) = 3
4
- 3
cos (x) =
as 90 < x < 180
2
b
tan (x)
sin(x )
cos (x )
1
2
sin (135) = sin (180 45)

= sin (45)
=
sin (480) = sin (540 60)

= sin (180 60)
= sin (60)
=
sin ( 11p ) = sin (4 p )

3
3
p
= sin ( )
3
=
cos (300) =
=
=
=
2
2
cos (300)
cos (360 60)
cos (60)
= 2
=
2
3
1
3
3
3
1
2
6
a
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
sin2 (x) + 0.49 = 1
sin2 (x) = 51
100
sin (x) = 51
100
51
sin (x) = 10 as 180 < x < 270
8
a
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
0.09 + cos2 (x) = 1
cos2 (x) = 91
100
cos (x) = 91
100
91
3p
10 as 2 < x 2
cos (x) =
b
b
tan (x)
tan (x)
sin(x )
cos (x )
91
10
3
10

10
91
10
51
10
10
51
3
10
10
7
sin(x)
cos (x)
51
3 91
91
7
a
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
0.25 + cos2 (x) = 1
cos2 (x) = 3
4
cos (x) = 3
4
3
cos (x) = 2 as < x 3p
2
b
tan (x)
sin(x)
cos (x)
1
2
2
3
3
3
9
a
- 3
2
4
p
x =
, 5p as x [0, 2]
3 3
sin x =
b
sin (2x) =
3
2 ,
x [0, 2]
2x [0, 4]
p
2x =
, 2p , 2 + p , 2 + 2 p
3 3
3
3
as 2x [0, 4]
x = p , p , 7 p , 4 p as x [0, 2]
6 3 6
3
c
2 cos 2x = 1
cos 2x = 1 , x [0, 2]
2
2x [0, 4]
2x = 2 p , 4 p , 2 + 2 p , 2 + 4 p
3
3
3
3
as 2x [0, 4]
x = p , 2 p , 4 p , 5p
3 3
3
3
as x [0, 2]
d
sin (x + p ) = 1 , x [0, 2]
3
2
x + p [ p , 7 p ]
3
3 3
p
7
p
11p
x +
=
,
3
6
6
as x + p [ p , 7 p ]
3
3 3
x = 5p , 3p
as x [0, 2]
6
2
e
2 cos (2 (x + p )) = 1
3
cos (2 (x + p )) = 1 , x [0, 2]
3
2
x + p [ p , 7p ]
3
3 3
2 (x + p ) [ 2p , 14 p ]
3
3
3
2 (x + p ) = 2p , 4p , 2 + 2p ,
3
3
3
3
2 + 4 p , 4 + 2 p
3
3
as 2 (x + p ) [ 2p , 14 p ]
3
3
3
p
p
2
p
4
p
5p
x +
=
,
,
,
, 7p
3
3 3
3
3
3
p
4p
x = 0,
, ,
, 2 as x [0, 2]
3
3
CAS: Type
solve(2cos 2 x +
3
For part e we have,
f
2 sin (2x + p ) = 3
3
- 3
sin (2x + p ) =
, x [0, 2]
3
2
2x [0, 4]
2x + p [ p , 13 p ]
3
3 3
2x + p = 4 p , 5p , 2 + 4 p , 2 + 5p
3
3
3
3
3
as 2x + p [ p , 13 p ]
3
3 3
2x = , 4p , 3, 10 p
3
3
x = p , 2 p , 3p , 5p as x [0, 2]
2 3
2
3
10
a
5
tan
= tan +
4
= tan
4
= 1
b
2
tan
= tan +
3
= tan
3
=
3
= -1, x ) | 0 x 2
c
29
tan
= tan 5 +
6
= tan +
6
= tan
6
3
3
d
tan (240 )
tan (180 + 60 )
= tan ( 60 )
12
11
-4
-1
h
-2
h = 3+ 4
1 + 16
h =
h =
17
a
sin x
17
sin x
17
17
21
7
b
b
cos x
4 17
17
17
cos x
2 7
7
c
c
Since
Since
3
x
2
3

x
2
tan ( x)
x
as
2
x
2
tan ( x)
3
2
as
3
2
3
2
d
Since
x
2
3
x
2
x 2
2
tan ( x)
Since
x
2
x 0
2
tan ( x )
1
4
as
3
2
as
x 0
2
3
x 2
2
13
a
tan x =
x
, 2
3
3
2 5
,
as x [ 0, 2 ]
3
3
3
tan 3x =
6
3
as x [0, 2]
3x [0, 6]
7
+ 4 ,
+ 4
6
6
3x
6
7 13 19 25 31
=
,
,
,
,
,
6
6
6
6
6
6
3x
4 7 10 13 16
,
,
,
,
,
3
3
3
3
3
3
4 7 10 13 16
,
,
,
,
,
9
9
9
9
9
9
CAS: Type
solve(tan 3 x
6
x
[ 0, ]
2
3
2
3tan + 2x
2
= 3
= 1
as x [0, 2]
35
3x
,
6
6
6
7
7
3x
=
,
,
+ 2 ,
+ 2 ,
6
6
6
6
6
as
tan + 2x
2
3
x
=
2
4
3
, x ) | 0 x 2
3
+ 2x
2
+ 2x
2
2x
x
=
=
+ 2x ,
2
2
3 7 3
=
,
,
+ 2 ,
4
4
4
7
+ 2
4
3 7 11 15
,
,
,
4
4
4
4
5 9 13
,
,
,
4
4
4
4
5 9 13
,
,
,
8
8
8
8
14
a
f(x) = sin 2x , x [0, 2]
The transformation from the graph of

g(x ) = sin x is a dilation from the y axis of
factor 1 .
2
Use the right arrow key to view all solutions.

c
x
2tan + 2 = 0
2
x
tan = 1
2
x
[0, ]
and
2
b
f (x) = cos (x + p ), x [ p , ]
3
3
The transformation from the graph of
g(x ) = cos x is a translation of p to the
3
left.
f ( -p ) = cos 0 = 1
3
f (0) = cos p = 1
3
2
f () = cos 4 p = cos p = 1
3
3
2
d
f (x)
= 2 sin (3x) + 1, x [0, ]
The transformations from the graph of

g(x) = sin x are a dilation from the y axis of
factor 1 , a dilation from the x axis of factor 2
3
and a translation of 1 in the positive direction

of the y axis.
c
f (x) = cos (2(x + p )), x [0, ]
3
g(x ) = cos x are a dilation from the y axis
of factor 1 and a translation of p to the left.
3
2
To find x axis intercepts for f (x), solve

f (x) = 0
i.e. 2 sin (3x) + 1 = 0, x [0, ]
sin (3x) = 1 ,
3x [0, 3]
2
3x = 7 p , 11p
6
6
7p
11p
x =
,
18 18
f (0) = 1, f () = 2 sin (3) + 1
= 1
2
1
f(0) = cos
=
2
3
8
1
f() = cos
=
2
3
e
f (x)
= 2 sin (x p ) +
4
15
a
3 , x [0, 2]

g(x) = sin x are a dilation from the x axis of
factor 2, a translation of p to the right and a
4
translation of 3 in the positive direction of
the y axis.

f(0) = 2sin +
4
= 2 sin +
4
=
3
3
3 2
7
f(2) = 2sin
+
4
= 3 2
To find x axis intercepts for f (x), solve

f (x) = 0
i.e. 2 sin (x p ) + 3 = 0, x [0, 2]
4
- 3
p
sin (x
) =
,
4
2
x p [ p , 7p ]
4
4 4
x p = 4 p , 5p
4
3
3
x = 19 p , 23p
12
12
f(x)
tan (2x)
Period:
Asymptotes:
x =
( 2k + 1)
2n
x =
( 2k + 1)
4
x =
3
,
4
4
as x [ 0, ]
x-intercepts:
as x [0, ]
2x [0, 2]
tan (2x) = 0
2x = 0, , 2
x = 0, ,
2
y-intercept:
f(0) = tan (0) = 0
f(x) = tan x
3

Period:
n
Asymptotes:
x =
(2k + 1)
+
2n
3
x =
( 2k + 1)
+
2
3
x =

+
2 3
as x [ 0, ]
x-intercepts:
x =
as x [0, ]
5
6
2x +
x-intercepts:
as x [0, ]
2
x
,
3
3
3
tan x = 0
3
x
= 0
3
x =
3
3
3
3
tan 2x + = 0
3
2x +
= , 2
3
5
x =
,
3
6
y-intercept:
f(0) = 2tan = 2 3
3
y-intercept:
Endpoint:
f(0) = tan = tan = 3

3
3
7
f() = 2tan
= 2 3
3
Endpoint:
2
f() = tan
= 3
3
f( x) = 2tan 2x + 2
3

f(x) = 2tan 2x + = 2tan 2 x +
3
6

Period:
n
2
Asymptotes:
x =
( 2k + 1)
4
6
x =
3
,
4 6
4
6
x =
7
,
12 12
Period:
Asymptotes:
( 2k + 1)
2n
6
x =

= 2tan 2 x + 2
6

x =
( 2k + 1)
2n
6
( 2k + 1)
4
6
3
x =
,
4 6
4
6
x =
as x [ 0, ]
x =
as x [ 0, ]
7
,
12 12
x-intercepts:
as x [0, ]
2x +
3
3
3
tan 2x + = 1
3
5 9
2x +
=
,
3
4
4
11 23
x =
,
24
24
y-intercept:
f(0) = 2tan 2 = 2 3 2
3
Endpoint:
7
f() = 2tan
2 = 2 3 2
3
10
Solutions to Exercise 1B
1
a
C
x 5
A
AC2 = 82 + 52 = 89
AC = 89
tan x = 8 ,
5
2
a
sin 30 = a
12
a = 12 sin 30
= 12 1
b
sin 45 = 6
a
6
a =
sin 45
= 61
5 = 5 89 ,
89
89
8 = 8 89
89
89
cos x =
sin x =
= 6 2
c
C
5
x
30
30
AC2 + 52 = 72
AC2 = 24
AC = 2 6
5
tan x =
2 6
2 6
cos x = 7 ,
sin x = 5
7
5 6
12 ,
sin 30
5
= 1
cos 30
10
=
3
2
9
7
sin 30 = 5
x
5
x =
= 10
cos 30 = x = 10
a
a
10
a =
= 6
AC2 + 72 = 92
AC2 = 32
AC = 4 2
= 20
3
20 3
= 3
tan x = 4 7 2 ,
cos x = 79 , sin x = 4 9 2
11
3
a
a2 =
=
=
a
12 + 52
1 + 25
26
= 26
b
a2 =
=
a
b2 =
=
=
b
c2 =
=
=
c
12 + 22
5
= 5
12 + a2
1 + 5
6
= 6
b2 + 1
6 + 1
7
= 7
4
a
sin 45 = 1
a
1
= 1
a = 2
45 + z = 60
z = 15
z a
m
3
45
1
45
1
sin 30 = 1
2
1
= 1
2
x + w
x + w = 2
cos 30 =
h = 8
h=
30
x+w
c
Since the triangle has two sides of length 3,
it is isosceles and hence a = 1.
h + 1 = 3
1 + m =
3
2
1 + m =
3 , so m
8 = 2 2
3 1
d
sin 30 = 1
1 = 1
2
a = 2
b2 + 12 = a2
b2 = 22 1 = 3
b = 3
c
tan 45 = c =
1 =
b
c
3
c = 3
d2 = b2 + c2
= ( 3 )2 + ( 3 ) 2
= 6
d = 6
30
31
y
cos 30 =
3
2
3
w
= 2
3- 1
3 ( 3 - 1)
- 3
w =
= 3
2
2
Now x + w = 2
x = 2 w
= 2 (3
4 - (3 2
1 + 3
x =
2
3)
3)
12
sin 30 = 1
2
CAS:
Change to Degree/Deg mode
y
= 1
2
3- 1
y = 3 1
2
b
1+ 3
2
15
75
3 1
2
sin (15) =
=
=
=
3- 1
2
3- 1
2
3- 1
2 2
6 - 2
4
1 + 3
2
1 + 3
=
2
2 + 6
=
4
cos (15) =
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3- 1 1 + 3
2
2
2
= 3 1
2
3 +1
= 3- 1 3- 1
3+ 1
3- 1
2
( 3 - 1)
=
2
- 2 3
4
=
2
tan (15) =
= 2
1 + 3
2
1 + 3
=
2
2 + 6
=
4
sin (75) =
cos (75) =
=
=
tan (75) =
=
2
2
3- 1
2
3- 1
2 2
6 - 2
4
1 + 3
2
1
2
2
3- 1
2
3 1
3 1
3 1
3 1
42 3
2
= 2 +
13
Solutions to Exercise 1C
1
A + B + C = 180
B = (180 (73 + 55)) = 52
65 sin 58
)
AC
= (50.42874)
or C = 180 sin1 (
55
73
b
65 sin 58
)
AC
= (129.57125)
c = 10 cm
A
C = sin1 (
a
Applying the sine rule:
a
10
=
sin 73
10 sin 73
BC = a =
11.67
sin 55
Therefore BCA = 50.43, correct to two

decimal places. (A triangle with two angles
of 58 and 129.57 cannot be formed.)
3
sin 55
BC is 11.67 cm, correct to two decimal places.
11 cm
9 cm
67
A
10
b
=
sin 52
sin 55
10 sin 52
AC = b =
9.62
sin 55
AC is 9.62 cm, correct to two decimal places.

2
B
65 cm 58 8 cm
A
a
Applying the cosine rule:
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 2(AB)(BC) cos B
= 6.52 + 82 2(6.5)(8) cos 58
= 51.13839
AC = 7.15111
Since AD | | BC,
ABC
= 180 BAC
= (180 67)
= 113
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 2(AB)(BC) cos ABC
= 92 + 112 2(9)(11) cos 113
= 279.36476
AC = 16.71420
The length of the longer diagonal is 16.71
cm, correct to two decimal places.
4
The two possible triangles are:
b
65 = AC
sin C
sin 58
14
a
sin 34
sin B
=
56
85
85 sin34
1
B = sin (
)
56
= (58.07867)
b
sin C
sin 35
=
10
AC
ACB = C = sin1 (
10 sin35
)
AC
= (58.66995)
85 sin34
or B = 180 sin1 (
)
56
= (121.92132)
ABC is either 58.08 or 121.92, correct to

two decimal places.
b
If ABC = 58.08, then
BAC = (180 (58.08 + 34)) = 87.92
BC2 = AB2 + AC2 2(AB)(AC) cos BAC
= 5.62 + 8.52 2(5.6)(8.5) cos 87.92
= 100.15472
BC = 10.00773
or C = 180 sin1 (
= (121.33004)
10 sin35
)
AC
If C = 58.67 then
A = (180 (58.67 + 35)) = 86.33
But | AB | > | BC |
C > A
C = 121.33
ACB is 121.33, correct to two decimal
places.
6
B
45
If ABC = 121.92, then

BAC = (180 (121.92 + 34)) = 24.08
BC2 = AB2 + AC2 2(AB)(AC) cos BAC
= 5.62 + 8.52 2(5.6)(8.5) cos 24.08
= 16.69462
BC = 4.08590
60
12 cm
AB =
AC
sin 60
sin 45
3
AB =
12 2
= 6 6
1
2
AB is 6 6 cm.
5
10 cm
A
B
35
47 cm
a
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 2(AB)(BC) cos A
= 102 + 4.72 2(10)(4.7) cos 35
= 45.08970
AC = 6.71488
7
Q
2 cm
60
P
3 cm
QR2 = PQ2 + PR2 2(PQ)(PR) cos P

= 22 + 32 2(2)(3) cos 60
= 4 + 9 12 1
= 7
QR = 7
QR is 7 cm.
15
8
B
BC
10 3
40
18 cm
A
20 cm

sin C
300 144
18
10 3
2
156
10 3 2 39
2
= 5 3 39
sin 40
BC is 5 3 39 cm
20
C sin
10
9 sin 40
10
( 35 . 34573 ...)
5 cm
Hence, A 180 40 35 . 35 104 . 65

BC
12 cm
A
10 cm
20
sin 104 . 65 sin 40

20 sin 104 . 65
BC
sin 40
BC 30 . 102322 ...
a
10 2 5 2 12 2
2 (5) ( 12 )
cos B =
BC is 30.10 cm
69
120
23
=
40
9
The ambiguous case applies in this instance as
the smaller known side is opposite the known
angle.
B
23 = 54.90
40
A B C = 54.90
B = cos
8 cm
12 2 10 2 5 2
2 (10 ) (5)
B'
cos A =
8 cm
30
10 cm

AB AC BC 2( AC )( BC ) cos 30
2
19
100
19 = 100.95
100
B A C = 100.95
A = cos
3
2
64 100 B C 2(10)( B C )
2
BC 10 3 BC 36 0
2
16
Solutions to Exercise 1D
1
z + 68 = 150 (vertically opposite)
z = 82
a = 82
(alternate)
y = 180 150 = 30 (supplementary)
x = 30
(vertically opposite)
2
a
RTW = (180 105) = 75
(opposite angle of a cyclic quadrilateral)
b
TSW = 62
(angle subtended by the arc TW)
c
RTS
STW
SRW
TRS
=
=
=
=
37
(75
38
(62
(angle subtended by the arc RS)

37) = 38
(angle subtended by the arc SW)
+ 38) = 100
d
RST = (105 62) = 43
RWT = 43 (angle subtended by the arc RT)
3
c = 50 (angle between tangent and chord)
a = 40 (angle between tangent and chord)
b = 180 (50 + 40) (angles in a triangle)
= 90
4
a
ABX = BXA = XAB = 60
(angles of an equilateral triangle, ABX)
DAX = XBC = (90 60) = 30
ADX = AXD = BXC = BCX
= ( 180 - 30 )
2
= 75
(angles of a triangle, isosceles triangles ADX,
BCX)
d = 180 (80 + 60) = 40

(angles in a triangle)
DXC = (360 (75 + 60 + 75)) = 150 (angles at a point)
17
b
XDC = (90 75) = 15
5
a = 69 (alternate)
b = 47 (alternate)
c = 180 105 = 75 (supplementary)
d = 180 (105 + 47) = 28
(angles of a triangle, WOZ)
e = 180 (69 + 75) = 36
(vertically opposite angles of WOX)
6
(180 x)
(180 (b c))
= (180 b + c)
(180 c (180 b))

= (b c)
a
a
c
(180 b)
a + (180 b + c) + (180 x) = 180

a + 180 b + c + 180 x = 180
a b + c + 180 = x
7
x = 80 (angle subtended by arc at centre)
y = 180 40 = 140
(opposite angle of a cyclic quadrilateral)
8
a = 180 (70 + 50) = 60
(angles in a triangle)
b = 180 (50 + 50) = 80
(angle between tangent and chord, angles in a
triangle)
c = 180 (60 + 60) = 60
(angle between tangent and chord,
angles in a triangle)
d 180 b c
180 80 60
40
18
40
B
Triangle XAB is isosceles
(tangents from a common point)
XAB = XBA = 70
x = 70 (alternate segment theorem)
y = 110
(opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral)

10
20 + y = x + 50 and y = 2x
(angle subtended by arc at centre)
20 + 2x = x + 50
x = 30
y = 60
19
Solutions to Exercise 1E
1
t n 1 3t n 1,
t 8 12029
t1 6
t2 = 3t1 1
= 3 6 1
= 17
t3 = 3t2 1
= 3 17 1
= 50
TI: Open a Lists & Spreadsheet application.

Press Menu3:Data1:Generate Sequence
and input as shown below
CP: Open the Sequence application and

input the following:
a n + 1 = 3a n 1
a0 = 6
Tap 8 and change the Table End value to 10.

Now tap # to generate the sequence. Read
the value of t8 from the table (this occurs
when n is 7)
2
y
n 1
2 y n 6,
y1 5
y2 = 2y1 + 6
= 2 5 + 6
= 16
You will now have the sequence of numbers

listed in column A like shown.
y3 = 2y2 + 6
= 2 16 + 6
= 38
TI: In a new Lists & Spreadsheet, enter the

values from 1 to 10 into column A. Give
column A the name n. Give column B the
name term and generate the following
sequence into column B (as per question 1)
Formula: 2 u ( n 1) 6
Initial Terms: 5
n0: 1
nMax: 10
nstep: 1
Ceiling Value (upper limit): 6000
Scroll down to cell B10 to find the value of
y 10 .
Scroll down to cell A8 to find the value of t 8 .
y 10 5626
20
Open a Data & Statistics page. Add the

variable n along the horizontal axis and add
the variable term along the vertical axis.
5
S =
=
=
a
, a = 1, r = -1
1 r
3
1
1 - (-1
)
3
1
4
3
= 3
4
6
a
x
= x
x + 5
x2 = (x
= x2
x = 20
or sketching by hand we have:
- 4
x
+ 5)(x 4)
+ x 20
yn
6000
(10, 5626)
5000
b
r =
x
x + 5
= 20
25
= 4
5
4000
3000
(9, 2810)
2000
(8, 1402)
1000
(7, 698)
(1, 5) (2, 16) (3, 38) (4, 82) (5, 170) (6, 346)
3
t
t2
t3
t4
t5
=
=
=
=
=
1
1
t2 + t1 = 2
t3 + t2 = 3
t4 + t3 = 5
t6
t7
t8
t9
t10
=
=
=
=
=
t5
t6
t7
t8
t9
+
+
+
+
+
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
=
=
=
=
=
10 n
8
13
21
34
55
The first ten terms are:

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55
c
n
a
S Sn =
a(1 - r )
1- r
1- r
n
ar
=
,
1- r
a = x + 5 = 25, r = 4 , n = 10
5
S S10 =
1-
4
5
= 5 25 4 )10
5
4
a = 3, d = 4, n = 10
Sn = n [2a + (n 1)d]
2
S10 = 10 [2 3 + (10 1) 4]
2
= 5[6 + 9 4]
= 5 42
= 210
25 ( 45 ) 1 0
10
7
Sn =
a(r n - 1)
,
r - 1
a = 6, r = 3, n = 8
6((-3) 8 - 1)
-3 - 1
-3
=
((3)8 1)
2
S8 =
= 9840
21
8
S =
a , a = a, r =
1- r
a
=
1- 1
a
a =
2
ii.
1
2
a
2 - 1
2
2 + 1
2 + 1
2a
2 - 1
a(2 + 2)
=
1
= a (2 +
S10
-1
2 )
= 2
a(r n - 1)
, n = 10, a = 1, r = x
2
r - 1
1(( x )1 0 - 1)
2
x - 1
2
2 (( x )10 1)
x - 2 2
When x = 1.5,
b
i.
S =
a
11
=
12
=
2-
Given S = 2S10,
x = 2 2 10
9
a
Sn =
2 , x 2
2- x
2
4 (( x )10 1)
=
2- x
x - 2 2
( x )10 1 = 1
2
2
x
1
10
( ) =
2
2
1
x = ( 1 ) 10
2
2
Let S =
10
3
S10 = 4 1
4
, a = 1, r = x
2
x, x 2
2
9
10
10
a
S =
a , a = 1, r = sin
1- r
1
= 1 - sinq
b
1
1 - sinq = 2
2(1 sin ) = 1
1 sin = 1
2
sin = 1
2
p
=
, 5p ,
6 6
4,
= p + 2k,
6
p 2, 5p 2, p
6
6
6
5p + 2k, k Z
6
Now 1 < r < 1

1 < x < 1
2
2 < x < 2
The infinite sum exists for 2 < x < 2
22
Solutions to Exercise 1F
1
a
(x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 1
3
a
2x2 + 2y2 + x + y = 0
2[x2 + y2 + 12 x + 12 y] = 0
b
(x + 3)2 + (y 4)2 = 25
(x +
c
x2 + (y + 5)2 = 25
When x = 0,
(y +
2
a
x2 + y2 + 4x 6y + 12 = 0
Completing the square in x and y gives:
(x2 + 4x + 4) + (y2 6y + 9) + 12 = 13
(x + 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 1
A circle with centre (2, 3) and radius 1 is
described.
b
x2 + y2 2x 4y + 1 = 0
Completing the square in x and y gives:
(x2 2x + 1) + (y2 4y + 4) + 1 = 5
(x 1)2 + (y 2)2 = 4
described.
c
x2 + y2 3x = 0
(x2 3x + 94 ) + y2 =
3 2
)
2
+ y2 =
+ (y2 +
+
1 2
)
4
centre ( 14 , 14 ), radius
d
(x 3)2 + y2 = 2
(x
1
x + 161 )
2
1 2
) + (y
4
(x2 +
y +
y =
A circle with centre ( 32 , 0) and radius
is
described.
d
x2 + y2 + 4x 10y + 25 = 0
(x2 + 4x + 4) + (y2 10y + 25) + 25 =
29
(x + 2)2 + (y 5)2 = 4
described.
1
2
1 2
)
4
2
4
1
8
b
x2 + y2 + 3x 4y = 6
(x2 + 3x + 94 ) + (y2 4y + 4) =
3 2
) +
2
3
, 2),
2
When x = 0,
3
2
1
8
)=
1
8
Similarly when y = 0, x = 0, 12
centre (
9
4
1
16
y +
+ (y +
1 2
) = 161
4
1
= 14
4
0, 12
(x +
9
4
1
16
1
2
9
4
(y 2)2 =
radius
(x +
x +
3 2
)
2
3
2
=
1
2
49
4
7
2
+ (y 2)2 =
(y 2)2 = 10
y 2 = 10
y = 2 10
When y = 0, (x +
49
4
3 2
)
2
+ 4 =
49
4
49
4
33
4
33
2
x = (3 33 )
23
c
x2 + y2 + 8x 10y + 16 = 0
(x2 + 8x + 16) + (y2 10y + 25) + 16 =
41
(x + 4)2 + (y 5)2 = 25
centre (4, 5), radius 5
5)2
When x = 0, 16 + (y
= 25
(y 5)2 = 9
y 5 = 3
y = 2, 8
When y = 0, (x + 4)2 + 25 = 25
(x + 4)2 = 0
x + 4 = 0
x = 4
e
2x2 + 2y2 8x + 5y + 10 = 0
2(x2 + y2 4x + 52 y + 5) = 0
(x2 4x + 4) + (y2 +
5 2
)
4
radius 34
centre (2,
5
4
),
centre (1,
25
)
16
9
16
+5=
f
3x2 + 3y2 + 6x 9y = 100
3(x2 + 2x + 1) + 3(y2 3y +
(x + 1)2 + (y
When x = 0, 16 + (y 5)2 = 25
(y 5)2 = 9
y 5 = 3
y = 2, 8
When y = 0, (x 4)2 + 25 = 25
(x 4)2 = 0
x 4 = 0
x = 4
y+
(x 2)2 + (y +
3(x + 1)2 + 3(y
d
x2 + y2 8x 10y + 16 = 0
(x2 8x + 16) + (y2 10y + 25) + 16 = 41
(x 4)2 + (y 5)2 = 25
5
2
3
2
9
)
4
32 )2 = 439
4
3 2
439
) = 12
2
), radius
1
2
When x = 0, 1 + (y
(y
3 2
)
2
y =
3
2
439
3
3 2
)
2
=
=
439
12
439
12
439
4
1317
6
427
12
1281
6
When y = 0, (x + 1)2 +
(x + 1)2 =
x = 1
89
16
412
12
309
3
9
4
24
When y = 0, (x 3)2 + 4 = 16
(x 3)2 = 12
x 3 = 2 3
x = 3 2 3
4
a
x2 + y2 16
e
x2 + y2 16 and x 2
b
x2 + y2 9
f
x2 + y2 9 and y 1
c
(x 2)2 + (y 2)2
< 4
5
Length of diameter = (8 2) + (4 2)
= 36 + 4
= 40
= 2 10
r = 10
The centre of the circle lies at the midpoint of
the diameter and has coordinates
( 8 2 2 , 4 2 2 ) i.e. (5, 3)
2
d
(x 3)2 + (y + 2)2 > 16
For (x 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16
When x = 0, 9 + (y + 2)2 = 16
(y + 2)2 = 7
y + 2 = 7
y = 2 7
25
6
(x 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9
8
2
7
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2
At (3, 1), (3 h)2 + (1 k)2 = r2
9 6h + h2 + 1 2k + k2 = r2
10 6h + h2 2k + k2 = r2
1
At (8, 2), (8 h)2 + (2 k)2 = r2
64 16h + h2 + 4 4k + k2 = r2
68 16h + h2 4k + k2 = r2 2
At (2, 6), (2 h)2 + (6 k)2 = r2
4 4h + h2 + 36 12k + k2 = r2
40 4h + h2 12k + k2 = r2 3
1 2
58 + 10h + 2k = 0
k = 29 5h
3 1
30 + 2h 10k = 0
15 + h 5k = 0
4 x 4 y 60 x 76 y 536 0
x2 + y2 15x 19y + 134 = 0
(x 15 )2 + (y 19 )2 = 25
Substituting 4 in 5 yields
15 + h 5(29 5h) = 0
15 + h 145 + 25h = 0
26h = 130
h = 5
Substituting h = 5 in 4 yields
k = 29 5 5
= 29 25
= 4
Substituting h = 5, k = 4 in 1 yields
10 6 5 + 52 2 4 + 42 = r2
r2 = 10 30 + 25 8 + 16
= 13
(x 5)2 + (y 4)2 = 13 is the circle

passing through (3, 1), (8, 2) and (2, 6)
centre ( 152 ,
19
2
), radius
2
2
x2 + y2 10x 14y + 49 = 0
(x2 10x + 25) + (y2 14y + 49) + 49 = 74
(x 5)2 + (y 7)2 = 25
To find points of intersection, let

x2 + y2 15x 19y + 134 = x2 + y2 10x 14y + 49
5x + 5y = 85
x + y = 17
y = 17 x
Substituting 2 in 1 yields
x2 + (17 x)2 10x 14(17 x) + 49 = 0
x2 + 289 34x + x2 10x 238 + 14x + 49 = 0
2x2 30x + 100 = 0

x2 15x + 50 = 0
(x 5)(x 10) = 0
x = 5 or x = 10
When x = 5, y = 17 5 = 12
When x = 10, y = 17 10 = 7
The points of intersection of the two circles

are (5, 12) and (10, 7)
TI: Type
solve(4x2+4y260x76y+536=0 and x2+y2
10x 14y+49=0,x)
CP: Type
solve({4x2+4y260x76y+536=0, x2+y210x
14y+49=0},{x,y})
9
a
Substituting y = x into x2 + y2 = 25
yields
2
2
x + x = 25
2x2 = 25
x2 = 252
26
x =
5
2
= 5 22
Hence y x
5 2
2
The points of intersection are ( 5 2 2 ,

and (
5 2 5 2
, 2
2
2
2
b
Substituting y = 2x into x2 + y2 = 25
yields
2
2
x + 4x = 25
5x2 = 25
x2 = 5
Hence
y 2x
2 5
The points of intersection are ( 5 , 2 5 )

and ( 5 , 2 5 )
TI: Type
solve(x2+y2=25 and y=x,x)
CP: Type
solve({x2+y2=25, y=x},{x,y})
27
Solutions to Exercise 1G
1
a
y2
x2
+
= 1
9
16
(4, 1)
ellipse, centre (0, 0)
4 + 3 15
4 3 15
3
x
d
x2 +

When x = 0,
b
25x2 + 16y2 = 400
x2
(y - 2) 2
= 1
9
(y
y =
=
When y
(y - 2) 2
= 1
9
2)2 = 9
2 3
1, 5
= 0, x2 + 4 = 1
9
5
2
x =
9
y2
16 +
= 1
25
y
5
4
x =
5
3
(0, 2)
c
(x - 4) 2
9
(y - 1) 2
16
0
5
3 1
= 1

(y - 1) 2
When x = 0, 16 +
= 1
9
16
(y - 1) 2
= 7
9
16
no y axis intercepts
When y = 0,
(x - 4) 2
9
(x - 4) 2
= 15
16
9
9
15
2
(x 4) =
16
3 15
x = 4
4
1 = 1
+ 16
5
3
e
9x2 + 25y2 54x 100y = 44
9(x2 6x + 9) + 25(y2 4y + 4) = 225
9(x 3)2 + 25(y 2)2 = 225
(x - 3) 2
(y - 2) 2
+
= 1
25
9
(y - 2) 2
When x = 0, 9 +
= 1
25
9
(y - 2) 2
= 16
25
9
(y 2)2 = 9 16
25
y = 2 12
5
= -2
, 22
5
5
(x + 2)2 = 36
5
28
(x - 3) 2
+ 4 = 1
9
25
(x - 3) 2
= 5
9
25
25
5
2
(x 3) =
9
x = 3 5 5
3
y
When y = 0,
x = 2
6 5
5
8
3
(2, 1)
0
22
5
0
3 5 5
2
5
3+ 5 5
3
f
9x2 + 25y2 = 225
(y + 2)2
When x = 0, 1 +
= 1
g
5x2 + 9y2 + 20x 18y 16 = 0
5(x2 + 4x +4) + 9(y2 2y +1) 16 29 = 0
5(x + 2)2 + 9(y 1)2 = 45
(y - 1) 2
(x + 2)2
+
= 1
9
5
(y - 1) 2
When x = 0, 4 +
= 1
9
(y - 1) 2
= 5
9
25
2
(y 1) =
9
5
y = 1
3
8
-2
= 3, 3
(x - 1) 2
(y + 2)2
+
= 1
16
25
y2
y
3
h
16x2 + 25y2 32x + 100y 284 = 0
16(x22x+1) + 25(y2+4y+4) 284 116 = 0
16(x 1)2 + 25(y + 2)2 = 400
25 +
= 1
9
2 2 + 6 5
5
3
2 6 5
(3, 2)
x2
16
25
(y + 2)2
= 24
16
25
(y + 2)2 = 16 24
25
= 384
25
8 6
y = 2
5
(x - 1) 2
When y = 0,
+ 1 = 1
4
25
(x - 1) 2
3
=
4
25
(x 1)2 = 75
4
5 3
x = 1
2
y
2 + 8 6
5
1+ 5 3
2
0
x
1 5 3
2
(1, 2)
2 8 6
5
(x + 2)2
+ 1 = 1
9
5
(x + 2)2
= 4
9
5
When y = 0,
29
i
2
a
(x - 2) 2
(y - 3) 2
+
= 1
4
9
y2
x2
= 1
16
9
2
2
y
= x 1
9
16
2
y2 = 9 x 9
16
16
9 x2
= 16 (1 2 )
x
16
As x ,
0
x2
2
y2 9 x
16
y 3x
4
y
6
3
(2, 3)
0
j
2(x 2)2 + 4(y 1)2 = 16
(x - 2) 2
(y - 1) 2
+
= 1
8
4
Equations of asymptotes: y = 3 x
4
When y = 0, x2 = 16
x = 4
centre (0, 0)

1
When x = 0,
y 1 2
y 1 2
y 1
2
y 1
x 2 2
When y = 0,
x 2 2
x 2
3
4
24
x 2
y2
x2
9 = 1
16
x2
1+ 2
2 6
1 2
(2, 1)
0
x
2+ 6
y2
This is the reflection of 16

= 1 in the
9
line
y = x
Asymptotes are x = 3 y
4
4
y = x
3
The y axis intercepts are (0, 4) and (0, 4)
30
c
x2 y2 = 4
2
y2
x
= 1
4
4
2
y2
= x 1
4
4
2
y2 = 4 x 4
4
= x2 (1 42 )
x
As x , 42 0
x
y2 x2
y x
Equations of asymptotes: y = x
When y = 0, x2 = 4
x = 2
centre (0, 0)
e
x2 4y2 4x 8y 16 = 0
(x2 4x + 4) 4(y2 + 2y + 1) 16 = 0
(x 2)2 4(y + 1)2 = 16
(y + 1) 2
(x - 2) 2
= 1
4
16
(y + 1) 2
(x - 2) 2
=
1
4
16
(x - 2) 2
4
4
(y + 1)2 =
16
(x - 2) 2
1
x 2 2
16
As x ,
0
2
(x - 2)
(x - 2) 2
(y + 1)2
4
y + 1 x - 2
2
y 1 x - 2
2
Equations of asymptotes: y = 1 x - 2
2
x
4
x
i.e. y =
and y =
2
2
1
= x 2
= 1 x
2
2
(x - 2) 2
When y = 1,
= 1
16
d
2x2 y2 = 4
2
y2
x
= 1
2
4
y2
x2
= 2 1
4
y2 = 2x2 4
= 2x2 (1 2 )
x2
As x , 2 0
y2
x2
y 2x
2x2
When y = 0, 2x2 = 4
x2 = 2
x = 2
centre (0, 0)
(x 2)2 = 16
x 2 = 4
x = 2, 6
centre (2, 1)
When y = 0,
(x - 2) 2
1 = 1
4
16
(x - 2) 2
= 5
4
16
(x 2)2 = 20
x = 2 2 5
31
x = 5 5 2
f
9x2 25y2 90x + 150y = 225
9(x2 10x + 25) 25(y2 6y + 9) = 225
9(x 5)2 25(y 3)2 = 225
(y - 3) 2
(x - 5) 2
= 1
9
25
(y - 3) 2
(x - 5) 2
=
1
9
25
9(x - 5) 2
(y 3)2 =
9
25
9(x - 5) 2
=
1
25
x 5 2
25
0
(x - 5) 2
9(x - 5) 2
(y 3)2
25
3(x - 5)
y 3
5
3(x - 5)
y 3
5
3(x - 5)
and
5
= 15 + 3x - 15
5
3
= x
5
y= 3 +
When y = 3,
3(x - 5)
5
15
3x
+ 15
=
5
= 30 - 3x
5
= 6 3x
5
y = 3
(x - 5) 2
= 1
25
(x 5)2 = 25
x 5 = 5
x = 0, 10
centre (5, 3)
When y = 0,
(x - 5) 2
1 = 1
25
(x - 5) 2
= 2
25
(x 5)2 = 50
(y - 3) 2
(x - 2) 2
= 1
9
4
(y - 3) 2
(x - 2) 2
=
1
9
4
9(x - 2) 2
(y 3)2 =
9
4
9(x - 2) 2
1
4
25
As x ,
Equations of asymptotes:
As
4
x ,
0
(x - 2) 2
9(x - 2) 2
(y 3)2
4
3(x - 2)
y 3
2
3(x - 2)
y 3
2
y
x 2 2
4
3(x - 2)
and
2
= 6 + 3x - 6
2
3
= x
2
= 3 +
When y = 3,
3(x - 2)
2
6
3x
+ 6
=
2
= 12 - 3x
2
= 6 3x
2
y = 3
(x - 2) 2
= 1
4
(x 2)2 = 4
x = 2 2 = 0, 4
centre (2, 3)
When y = 0,
(x - 2) 2
1 = 1
4
(x - 2) 2
= 2
4
(x 2)2 = 8
x = 2 2 2
32
(y - 1) 2
When x = 0, 4
= 1
3
(y - 1) 2
= 1
3
3
(y 1)2 = 1
y = 1 1 = 0, 2
h
4x2 8x y2 + 2y = 0
4(x2 2x + 1) (y2 2y + 1) = 3
4(x 1)2 (y 1)2 = 3
4(x - 1) 2
(y - 1) 2
= 1
3
3
(y - 1) 2
4(x - 1) 2
=
1
3
3
(y 1)2 = 4(x 1)2 3
= 4(x 1)2 1
As x ,
2
4 x 1
3
3
2 0
(
4 x - 1)
(y 1)2 4(x 1)2

y 1 2(x 1)
y 1 2(x 1)
y = 1 + 2(x 1) and y = 1 2(x 1)
= 1 + 2x 2
= 1 2x + 2
= 2x 1
= 3 2x
When y = 1,
4(x - 1) 2
= 1
3
4(x 1)2 = 3
(x 1)2 = 3
4
x = 1
3
2
centre (1, 1)
When y = 0,
4(x - 1) 2
1 = 1
3
3
4(x - 1) 2
= 4
3
3
(x 1)2 = 1
x = 1 1 = 0, 2
i
9x2 16y2 18x + 32y 151 = 0
9(x22x+1) 16(y22y+1) 151 + 7 = 0
9(x 1)2 16(y 1)2 = 144
(x - 1) 2
(y - 1) 2
= 1
16
9
(y - 1) 2
(x - 1) 2
=
1
9
16
9(x - 1) 2
(y 1)2 =
9
16
16
9(x - 1) 2
1
16
x 1 2
16
As x ,
0
(x - 1) 2
9(x - 1) 2
(y 1)2
16
y 1
y 1
3 ( x 1)
4
3 ( x 1)
4
y
= 1 +
3 ( x 1)
4
= 4 + 3x - 3
4
1
+
3x
=
4
= 3x + 1
4
4
and y = 1
3 ( x 1)
4
= 4 - 3x + 3
4
7
3x
=
4
= 7 3x
4
4
33
When y = 1,
(x - 1) 2
= 1
16
(x 1)2 = 16
x = 1 4 = 3, 5
centre (1, 1)
(x - 1) 2
1 = 1
9
16
= 10
9
160
=
9
4 10
3
When y = 0,
(x - 1) 2
16
(x 1)2
x = 1
3
a
Substituting y = 1 x into x2 y2 = 1 gives
2
x2 ( 1 x)2 = 1
2
x2 1 x2 = 1
4
3 x2 = 1
4
x2 = 4
3
x = 2 3
3
1
Now y = x
2
3
y =
when x = 2 3
3
3
and y = - 3 when x = -2 3
3
3
j
25x2 16y2 = 400
x2
y2
16
= 1
25
y2
x2
= 16 1
25
2
y2 = 25 x 25
16
16
25x 2
= 16 1
2
As x ,
2 3
The points of intersection are ( 3 , 3 ) and

( -2 3 , - 3 )
3
3
16 0
x2
2
y2 25 x
16
y 5x
4
4
When y = 0, 25x2 = 400
x2 = 16
x = 4
centre (0, 0)
34
b
2
Substituting y = 1 x into x + y2 = 1 gives
2
4
x 2 + ( 1 x)2 = 1
4
2
x2
x2
4 + 4 = 1
x2
2 = 1
x = 6
13
= 6 13
13
Hence the points of intersection are (
-6 13
,
13
6 13 6 13
-6 13
), ( 13 , 13 ),
13
6 13 -6 13
-6 13 6 13
(
, 13 ) and ( 13 ,
).
13
13
x2 = 2
x = 2
These four points are all equidistant from the

origin and hence form the vertices of a square.
2
2
- 2
When x = 2 , y =
2
6
5x = 4y
When x =
2, y =
The points of intersection are ( 2 , 2 ) and

( 2 ,
- 2
)
2
4
y2
Substituting y = x + 5 into x2 +
= 1
4
gives
2
x2 + (x + 5) = 1
4
4x2 + x2 + 10x + 25 = 4
5x2 + 10x + 21 = 0
5(x2 + 2x + 1) + 16 = 0
5(x + 1)2 = 16
(x + 1)2 = -16
5
But (x + 1)2 0 there is no intersection
point.
5
x2
y2
Since 9 +
= 1 is a reflection of the
4
x2
y2
ellipse 4 +
= 1 in either of the lines
9
y = x, the points of intersection of the two
ellipses occur when y = x.
x2
y2
Substituting y = x into 9 +
= 1
4
gives
x2
x2
+
9
4 = 1
y = 5x
4
y2
x2
Substituting y = 5 x into 16 +
= 1
4
25
gives
x2
16 +
x2
16
x2
16
x2
8
( 4 x )2
25 = 1
25x 2
+ 16 25 = 1
x2
+ 16 = 1
= 1
= 8
x = 2 2
When x = 2 2 ,
5 2
y = 5 2 2 = 2
4
x2
The points of intersection are ( 2 2 ,

and (2 2 ,
-5 2
)
2
5 2
2 )
7
x 2 + y2 = 9
A circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 3
2
y
x
x 2 y2 = 9 9
= 1
9
A hyperbola with centre (0, 0) and asymptotes at
y = x
When y = 0, x2 = 9
x = 3
2
4x2 + 9x2 = 36
13x2 = 36
x2 = 36
13
35
d
y2
x2
9 + 4 < 1
e
x2 y2 1 and x2 + y2 4
8
a
x2 y2 1
f
b
x2 y2 4
y2
x4 4
(x - 3) 2
y2
+
1
9
16
(x - 3) 2
y2
For
+
= 1
9
16
y2
When x = 0, 9 +
= 1
16
9
2
y
= 7
16
9
63
2
y =
16
3 7
y = 4
c
x2
y2 4 1
(3, 3)
3 7
4
x2
2
4 y 1
1
3 7
4
(3, 3)
36
4 2
3
g
x2 y2 4 and
x2
2
9 + y 1
and
x2
2
9 + y 1
4 2
3
j
x2
2
4 + y 1 and y x
y
y=x
1
2
h
x2 y2 > 1 and x2 + y2 4
2
i
(x - 2) 2
+ y2 4
9
(x - 2) 2
y2
+
1
4
36
(x - 2) 2
y2
For
+
= 1
4
36
y2
When x = 0, 4 +
= 1
4
36
2
y
= 8
9
4
32
2
y =
9
4 2
y = 3
37
Solutions to Exercise 1H
1
x = 2cos 3t and y = 2sin 3t

ran (x) = [2 , 2]
= dom(cartesian equation)
ran (y) = [2 , 2]
= ran(cartesian equation)
x
y
= cos 3t and
= sin 3t
2
2
5
4
2
1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
Squaring both sides of each equation gives

2
2
x
= cos 3t and
4
+ y
= 4 , dom = [2 , 2]
ran = [2 , 2]

2
= sec t
and
= tan t
1 2
x
x = 3cos 2t and y = 4 sin 2t

ran (x) = [3 , 3]
ran (y) = [4 , 4]
x
y
= cos 2t and
= sin 2t
3
4

2
= sec t tan t
2
x
= cos 2t and
9
2
y
= sin 2t
16
Adding these two equations together gives
= 1
For the function
y = x
-4
3
y = tan t, t ,
2
2
x = sec t and
2
-5
2
a
-3
-2
2
y
= sin 3t
4
x
y
+
= 1
4
4
-1

2
y = x
3
x = sec t , t ,
2
2
x
y
+
= 1
9
16
2
x
y
the range is
( , 1] . Hence the
+
= 1,
9
16
domain of the cartesian equation is
( , 1]
dom
= [ 3 , 3]
ran = [4 , 4]
which corresponds to the left branch of the

hyperbola.
y
5
4
Equations of asymptotes: y x
3
2
1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
38
Now type the following information:
x = 3 3cos t and y = 2 + 2sin t

ran (x) = [3 + 3, 3 + 3]
= [0, 6]
ran (y) = [2 + 2, 2 + 2]
= [0, 4]
x1( t ) 3 3 cos t
x 3 = 3cos t and
y1( t ) 2 2 sin t
0 t 2
and press ENTER

Set the window to:
Xmin = -0.5
Xmax = 8
Ymin = -0.5
Ymax = 6
y 2 = 2sin t

(x 3)
= 9cos t and
( x 3)
9
= cos t and
(y 2)
( y 2)
4
tstep 0 . 13
= 4sin t
2
= sin

( x 3)
9
( x 3)
9
( y 2)
4
= 1
( y 2)
4
= 1,
dom = [0
6]
ran = [0, 4]
y
6
CP: In the Graph & Table application tap n

and select xt =. Input the equations into the
corresponding positions followed by EXE.
Tap $ to see the graph.
d
1
x = 3sin t and
1
A CAS calculator has the capability to sketch

parametric equations.
In order to sketch a graph for part c:
Note: ensure your handheld unit is set to
radian/Rad mode.
TI: Open a Graphs page. Press
Menu3:Graph
Entry/Edit3:Parametric

y = 4cos t , t ,
2 2

ran ( x) = [ 3 , 3] for t ,
2 2

ran ( y) = [ 0, 4] for t ,
2 2
x
y
= sin t and
= cos t
3
4

2
2
x
= sin t and
9
2
y
= cos t
16

2
x
y
+
= 1
9
16
2
x
y
+
= 1,
9
16
dom
= [ 3 , 3]
ran = [0, 4]
39
f
x = 1 sec (2t) and
3
t ,
4
4
x 1 = sec (2t) and
where
(x 1)
= sec (2t)
and (y 1)
1
-2
= tan (2t)
3
t ,
the range is [ 2, ) .
4
4
Hence the domain of the cartesian

y = tan t, t ,
2 2
= sec t
and
= tan t
right branch of the hyperbola.
Equations of asymptotes: y 1 ( x 1)
1 2
x
[2, ) which corresponds to the
equation is

2
(x 1) (y 1) = 1
For the function
x = 1 sec (2t) where
1 2
-1
x = sec t and
1
2
-3
y 1 = tan (2t)
-4
y = 1 + tan (2t),
y = x and y = 2 x
2
= sec t tan t
y = x
= 1

x = sec t , t ,
2 2
)
.
Hence
the
domain
[1,
For the function
the range is
of the cartesian equation is
3
(1,1)
2
[1, )
which corresponds to the right branch of the

hyperbola.
-3
-2
-1
-1
-2
Equations of asymptotes: y x
-3
y = 2x
-4
y = x
-5
3
a
3
2
1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
x
1
+ y
= 16
+ y
-1
In general for
= 4
x + y = a the most basic
-2
-3
y = x
-4
-5
parametric equations have the form

x = a cos t and y = a sin t
Hence the parametric equations are

x = 4cos t and y = 4sin t
40
4
2
centre (1, 3) and radius 2
x
y
= 1
9
4
x
3
2
2
y
2
(x 1)
= 1
= 1 the most basic

2
2
a
b
x = a sec t and y = a tan t
In general for
+ (y 3)
x = a + b cos (2t) and y = c + d sin (2t)

x = 1 + 2cos (2t) and
y = 3 + 2sin (2t)
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 and d = 2
x intercepts at
Ellipse:
x = 3sec t and y = 2tan t
y intercepts at
c
2
= 2
(x 1)
As the parametric equations are in the form
2
2
+ (y + 2)
(0, 3) and (0, 3)
Hence a possible cartesian equation for this
= 9
(4 , 0) and (4, 0)
(x 1) + (y + 2) = 3
centre (1, 2) radius is 3
x
y
+
= 1
16
9
ellipse is
In general for (x h) + (y k) = a the

Thus a possible pair of parametric equations

for the above ellipse is
x = h + a cos t and y = k + a sin t
x = 4cos t and
x = 1 + 3cos t and y = 3sin t 2
d
( x 1)
9
( x 1)
9
( y + 3)
4
In general for
= 9
( x h)
a
(x, 3y)
i.e. (x, y) (x, 3y)
Thus to find the equation of the image curve
= 1
x = 2cos (2t) and y = 2sin (2t)
a
For a dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis the
point (x, y) is mapped onto
( y + 3)
y = 3sin t
(x, y) (x, 3y),
under the dilation
( y k)
b
= 1
the parametric equations have the form

x = h + a cos t and y = k + b sin t

x = 1 + 9cos t and y = 6sin t 3
y
replace y with
.
3
y
= 2sin (2t)
3
y = 6sin (2t)
Hence one possible pair of parametric

equations for the image curve is
x = 2cos (2t) and
y = 6sin (2t)
b
x = 2cos (2t) and y = 6sin (2t)
x
y
= cos (2t) and

= sin (2t)
2
6

2
2
x
= cos ( 2t)
4
and
2
y
= sin ( 2t)
36

2
x
y
+
= 1
4
36
as cos ( kt) + sin ( kt) = 1
41
Hence the cartesian equation is

2
8
x = 2 + 3sin (2t) and y = 4 + 2cos (2t)
x
y
+
= 1
4
36
7
t
x = 3 2cos
2

t
y = 4 + 3sin
2

and
a
For a translation of 3 units in the negative
1
ran (x) = [2, 5] for t 0 ,
4
ran (y) = [4, 6] for t 0 ,
x axis and a translation of
direction of the
2 units in the negative direction of the y

axis:
(x, y) (x 3, y 2)
Let (x', y') be the coordinates of the image of
(x, y) so x' = x 3, y' = y 2
Rearranging gives
x = x' + 3 and y = y' + 2
and the cartesian equation is

( x 2)
9
( x 2)
9
( y 4)
4
= 1
( y 4)
4
= 1, dom
= [ 2, 5]
ran = [4, 6]
t
So x = 3 2cos becomes
2

t
x' + 3 = 3 2cos
2
t
x' = 2 cos
2
t
and y = 4 + 3sin becomes
2
t
y' + 2 = 4 + 3sin
2

t
y' = 2 + 3sin
2
Thus the parametric equations of the image

curve are
t
x = 2 cos
2

and
t
y = 2 + 3sin
2

and
t
y = 2 + 3sin
2

b
t
x = 2 cos
2

x
=
2
t
cos
2
and
y2
t
= sin
3
2

2
2 t
x
= cos
4
2
and
( y 2)
9
b
1
ran (x) = [2, 5] for t 0 ,
2
ran (y) = [2, 6] for t 0 ,
( x 2)
9
( y 4)
4
= 1, dom
= [ 2, 5]
ran = [2, 6]
2 t
= sin
2

2
x
( y 2)
+
4
9
= 1
Hence the cartesian equation is

2
x
( y 2)
+
4
9
= 1
42
c
3
ran ( x) = [ 1 , 5] for t 0 ,
2
ran (y) = [2, 6] for t 0 ,
When
x = 0,
( y 4)
4
(y 4)
4
( y 4)
+
9
4
= 1
5
9
20
=
9
=
y 4 =
y = 4
2 5
3
2 5
3
43
Chapter review: multiple-choice solutions

1
t 3 = 4 and t 8 = 128
As the range of the given graph is

t n = ar
For a geometric sequence

2
Using
t3 :
4 = ar
Using
t8 :
128 = ar
1
7
2 1 gives
r
[1 , 1] ,
n1
response D is incorrect.
Clearly, the given graph has period . Thus
response B and E are also incorrect.
The graph also has a y-intercept of 1.
Response C clearly does not pass through
= 32
r = 2
Hence t n = a(2)
n1
the point
2
As t 3 = 4 then 4 = a(2 )
a = 1
Thus the first term of the sequence is 1
(0, 1) while response A does
Hence the given graph is
y = sin 2 x
4
A quick sketch of response A on your CAS

calculator will alleviate all doubt.
Answer is B
2
The first term of the arithmetic sequence is
not known thus the following sequence
should be used.
tn = tn 1 + d
If 5, x and y are in arithmetic sequence then

x = 5 + d
y = x + d
Rearranging
1 for d gives:
d = x 5
Substituting
3
3 into
5
2 gives
y = x + (x 5)
y = 2x 5
Answer is D
cos x =
2 = 0
2
2
x 45 for x [0 , 90 ]
Answer is C
sin
cos tan
3
4
2
3
sin
3
2
3
6
sin
6
3
3
2cos x
Answer is A
3
6
2
6
18
12
3 2
12
2
4
Answer is C
44
8
Using the cosine rule,
BAX 180 (100 35 ) 45
BAX )
( angles of a triangle,
= 30
+ 21
= 1341
6813
53
c =
t 2 = 24
and
t 4 = 54
t n = ar
A geometric sequence is given by
Using
t2 :
24 = ar
Using
t4 :
54 = ar
n1
1
3
2 1 gives
r
6813
53
Answer is C
Hence
3
t n = a
2
8x + y
2
2y = 8
8x + 16 ) + (y
(x 4) + (y 1)
centre (4, 1)
n1
Thus the geometric sequence is given by

n1
2y + 1) = 25
= 25
Answer is D
10
From the graph:
The centre occurs at
(2, 0)
Responses A, C and E are incorrect

The vertices occur at
(7 , 0) and (11 , 0)
The sum of the first 5 terms of this sequence

is
S 5 where
n
a( r 1)
r 1
Generally the vertices of a hyperbola occur

at
( a + h, k)
S5
Answer is C
a = 16
Sn =
number.
(x
as r > 0
3
As t 2 = 24 then 24 = a
2
tn
c > 0
c = 11.33786 . . .
Thus c = 11 rounded to the nearest whole
3
= 16
2
as
9
=
4
3
r =
2
2(30 )(21 )cos C
51
1260
53
64260
53
= 1341
X D C = 45
( angle subtended by arc BC)
16 1
2
=
3
1
2
211
2
=
2
= 211
For response B: a = 3, h = 2 and k = 0

So the vertices are
i.e. (1 , 0) and
( 3 + 2, 0)
(5, 0)
Response B is incorrect
For response D: a = 9, h = 2 and k = 0

So the vertices are
i.e. (7 , 0) and
( 9 + 2, 0)
(11 , 0)
Hence the sum of the first 5 terms is 211
Thus response D is correct.
Answer is B
Answer is D
45
Chapter review: short answer questions

1
fn = 5fn 1 ,
f0 = 1
This defines a geometric sequence with first term 5 and common ratio 5.
Therefore
fn = 1 5n 1
= 5n 1
2 AP = 10 cm. Form triangle PAO which is right-angled at A.

A
Triangle AOP is congruent to triangle BOP as AO = BO (radii of a circle) and

AP = BP (tangents from a common point). Also PO is a common side.
AP
10
Therefore PO bisects angle APB. Then OP = cos and OP = cos

y
(2, 7)
(0, 3)
The centre of the ellipse is (2, 3). The minor axis has length 4 and the major axis
(x h)2 (y k)2
+
=1
a2
b2
(x + 2)2 (y 3)2
+
=1
a2
b2
length 8. Hence using the general equation

gives
(0, 3) is on the ellipse. Hence
4
a2
= 1 and a2 = 4.
16
=1
b2
2
(x 2
(y 3)
+ 16 = 1
4
Also (2, 7) is on the ellipse. Hence

Hence the equation is
and b2 = 16
46
4
7
The triangle is right-angled and so the hypotenuse has length 49 + 64 = 113 .

Therefore
7
113
sin ( =
x
9
= sin (30)
9
x = 9 sin (30) = 2
Therefore
6 a
O
A
X is the midpoint of AB and OX is perpendicular to AB.

OA 2 = AX 2 + OX 2
Hence
OA = 25 + 9 = 34 cm
b Let angle AOX have magnitude
Then
tan = 3
and
= tan1 3
Angle AOB = 2
5
= 2 tan1 3
cos (315) = cos (360 45)
7 a
= cos (45) = 2
b If
use
tan (x) = 4 and 180 < x < 270,

1 + tan2 = sec2
9
sec2 (x) = 1 + 16
25
sec (x) = 16
and
sec (x) = 4
Hence
cos (x) = 5 as 180 < x < 270.
sin A = sin 330.
47
One possible answer is A = 210. The entire set of solutions is 330 + 360n
where n is an integer, and 210 + 360n where n is an integer.
B
x
Triangle ABD is isosceles with BD = AB (given).

Therefore angle BDA = x
By the alternate segment theorem angle BCD = x
b Triangle ABD is similar to triangle CDA.

AD
CA
y
a+b
and
That is,
Hence
and
BD
= AD
a
=y
y2 = a (a + b)
y = a (a + b)
P
The triangle ABC is right-angled at B, and AB = BC = 1 cm.

Pythagoras' theorem gives that AC = 2 .
Triangle ABC is isosceles, and X is the midpoint of AC.
Using Pythagoras' theorem again gives BX =
12 = 2
Let angle BXP have magnitude .

Then
tan = 3 2
=
6
2
=3 2
Therefore
= tan1 3 2 )
48
10 a
2 cos (2x + ) 1 = 0
implies 2 cos (2x) = 1
1
= 2
and thereforecos (2x)
4 2 2 4
2x = , 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , ...
2
x = 3 , 3 , 3 or 3
b
y
(, 3)
( 2 , 1)
2
3
( 2 , 1)
2
3
(0, 3)
(,3)
2
2

From the graph, 2 cos (2x + ) < 1 for 3 3 3 3
11
a Triangle ABC is a right-angled triangle at C as AC 2 + CB 2 = AB 2.

b In triangle DAC,
AC = DC = 9 cm.
The triangle is isosceles with a right angle at C.
Therefore
DAC = 45
9
For angle DBC, tan (DBC) = 12

3
=4
and hence
DBC = tan1 4
49
12 a
33
60
P
24
The cosine rule gives AB 2 = 242 + 332 2 24 33 cos (60) = 873

AB = 3 97 km
The distance apart after three hours is 3 97 nautical miles.
b The speeds are 8 nautical miles per hour and 11 nautical miles per hour.
Therefore the distances travelled are 40 nautical miles and 55 nautical
miles respectively.
The new triangle formed is similar to the triangle of part a, with a scale
5
factor of 3 . The distance apart is 5 97 nautical miles after 5 hours.

13
18 cm
x cm
30
45
18
sin (45)
18
=
sin (30)
sin (45)
1
= 18 2 2 = 9 2
Using the sine rule givessin (30) =

Therefore
14 a
480 km
45
45
C
b The triangle ABC is right-angled at C.

AC
480
Therefore
c
= cos (45)
AC = 240 2
The triangle is isosceles and so the total distance flown = 480 2 km.
50
x2
15 For
Rearrange to give
and hence
(y 2)2
9
(y 2)2
9
= 15
= x2 15
y 2 = 3 x2 15
1
15 2
and hence
y 2 = 3x 1 x2
It now can be observed that the asymptotes will have equations
y = 3x + 2
or
y = 3x + 2 and y = 3x + 2
y = sin (2t) 6,
16 For
x = 3 cos (2t) + 4 and
first rearrange each of the equations.
x4
cos (2t) = 3
and sin (2t) = y + 6
Square each of these equations and add
cos2 (2t) + sin2 (2t) =
Therefore the cartesian equation is
(x 4)2
+ (y +
9
(x 4)2
+ (y
9
+ 6)2
6)2 = 1
17 a
2x
x
The quadrilateral is cyclic and therefore 3x = 180 which implies x = 60.

b
60
X
a
c
O
d
D
Firstly d = 60 by the alternate segment theorem. The angle at X subtended by

the diameter is 90. Angle OXD is 60 as triangle DOX is isosceles (radii of a
circle). Therefore a = 90 60 = 30.
Triangle BOX is also isosceles. Therefore b = a = 30.
Angle c = 120 (angle sum of a triangle).
51
18 For
x = 2 cos (t)
y = 2 sin (t) + 2,
y2
first rearrange;
and
cos (t) = 2
Squaring and adding gives
and sin (t) = 2

x2
cos2 (t) + sin2 (t) = 4 +

Hence the cartesian equation is x2 + (y 4)2 = 4
19 a
(y 2)2
4
y
4
3
4
5
4
7
4
2 cos x 4 = 0
b
implies
cos x 4 = 0
x 4 = 2 or 2 or
3
x = 4 or 4
c
2 cos x 0 is equivalent to cos x 0

3
From the graph for x [0, 2], cos x 0 for 0 2 2 2

1
sin = 2
20 a
= 6 or 6
3
cos = 2
11
= 6 or 6
tan = 1
= 4 or 4
52
21 For
rearranging gives
x = a + b cos (2t) and

xa
b
= cos (2t)
y = c + d sin (2t)
yc
d
and
= sin (2t)
Squaring and adding gives

(x a)2
b2
(y c)2
d2
=1
The centre of the circle is (1, 2) and the radius is 3.

Hence a = 1, c = 2 and b = d = 3
22
A
40
ADB = 180 (90 + 40)

= 50 (angle sum of triangle)
as BA is a tangent to the circle at A, and perpendicular to AD.
b AEC = 50, as ADB and AEC are subtended by the same arc at the
circle.
a
23
In DAC, right-angled at C,DAC = (90 50)

= 40
x2 + 8x + y2 12y + 3 = 0
Completing the square gives
x2 + 8x + 16 + y2 12y + 36 + 3 = 52
(x 4)2 + (y 6)2 = 49
The centre of the circle is the point with coordinates (4, 6) and the radius is
7.
x2 y2
81 + 9
24
When x = 0,
and
When y = 0,
and
25 a i
Use
Therefore
y2
y
x2
x
tn
17p + 17
14p + 12
n
=1
=9
= 3 or 3
= 81
= 9 or 9
= a + (n 1)d
= 3p + 5 + 2(n 1)
= 2(n 1)
= 7p + 7
53
ii The sum of the sequence, Sn
7p + 7
(3p
2
+ 5 + 17p + 17)
= 7(p + 1)(10p + 11)

= 7(10p2 + 21p + 11)
=70p2 + 147p + 77
b sum = 7(p + 1)(10p + 11)
If p is even, p + 1 is odd and 10p + 1 is odd. Therefore the sum is not divisible
by 14.
If p is odd, p + 1 is even and hence the sum is divisible by 14.
26 a
b
The nth term is 3n 1

30 31 32 3n 1 = 30 + 1 + 2 ++ (n 1)
= 31 + 2 + 3 + + (n 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + + 19 =
19(19 1)
2
= 190
Therefore the product of the first 20 terms is 3190.
54
Chapter review: extended-response questions

1
B
75
115
10
a
Therefore
AB 2 = 25 + 49 70 cos (115)
AB = 10.2 km, correct to two decimal places.
b Then using the sine rule,
7
sin
sin =
Therefore
AB
= sin (115)
7 sin (115)
AB
which gives
= 38.56...
and the bearing of B from A is given by 10 + 38.56...
The bearing is 049.
B
75
115
10
P
A
i The magnitude of angle BAP = (80 ( + 10)) = (31.43...)

Using the cosine in triangle APB gives
BP 2 = AB 2 + 42 8 AB cos (31.43...)
Therefore
BP = 7.079...
The total distance travelled by the second hiker
= 4 + 7.079...
= 11.08 km, correct to two decimal places.
ii Use the cosine rule to find the size of angle APB.
cos P =
AB 2 AP 2 PB 2
2 AP PB
and so the magnitude of angle APB is 131.42

The bearing is therefore given by 131.42 100
The bearing is 031.
55
75
115
X
10
In this diagram, AC = CB and the bearing of C from A is 80.

Triangle ACB is isosceles,
therefore
AX
cos ( = AC
AX
and
AC = cos (
1
AX = 2 AB
From the above, = 31.43 and AX = 5.088
Therefore AC = 5.963...
The total distance travelled = 11.93 km, correct to two decimal places.
2
The centre of the ellipse is (0, 3) and so the minor axis has endpoints
( 2 , 3) and ( 2 , 3). The domain is [ 2 , 2 ]
ii The major axis has endpoints (0, 3 + 5 and (0, 3 5 .

The range is [3 5 , 3 + 5 ]
iii The centre is (0, 3)
56
b The centre of the ellipse has coordinates

3 + 1 1 + 5 = (1, 2)
2
2
The major axis (parallel to y axis) has length 6 and the minor axis (parallel to
x axis) length 4.
Hence the equation of the ellipse is
(x 1)2 (y 2)2
+ 9 = 1.
4
So a = 2, b = 3, h = 1, k = 2.
c
The line y = x 2 intersects the ellipse
(x 1)2 (y 2)2
+ 9 =1
4
(1, 1) and another point.

Substituting,
9(x 1)2 + 4( x 4)2
Expanding and simplifying gives
9(x2 2x + 1) + 4(x2 8x + 16)
and
13x2 50x + 37
(x 1) is a factor.
Therefore
(x 1)(13x 37)
at the point
= 36
= 36
=0
=0
37 11
The line intersects the ellipse at (1, 1) and 13 13.
37 11
P has coordinates 13 13.
d The line perpendicular to the line with equation y = x 2, and which passes
37 11
through 13 13, has equation
11
37
y 13 = x 13
Rearranging gives
48
y = x + 13
48
The coordinates of Q are 013
There is a right angle at P and hence AQ is a diameter.

37 11
48
The coordinates of A, P and Q are (1, 1), 13 13 and 013 respectively.
1 35
The centre of AQ is 2 26
61 2
The diameter = 13 + 1
3890
= 13
1 2
35 2 3890
The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 26 = 676
57
3 a
x2 + y2 2ax 2ay + a2 = 0
Completing the square gives
x2 2ax + a2 + y2 2ay + a2 + a2 = 2a2
(x a)2 + (y a)2 = a2
The centre is at (a, a) and the radius is a.
Therefore the circle touches both axes at (0, a) and (a, 0).
b Suppose (x h)2 + (y k)2 = a2 touches both axes.

Then, when y = 0, there is only one solution to (x h)2 + k2 = a2
This only happens if k2 = a2, i.e., k = a
In the same way, h = a. Any combination of these is possible as the circle
can be in any one of the four quadrants. Therefore the forms could be
(x a)2 + (y a)2 = a2 or (x a)2 + (y a)2 = a2
or (x a)2 + (y a)2 = a2 or (x a)2 + (y a)2 = a2
c
If the circles pass through the point (2, 4) then

(4 a(2 a a
Expanding gives a2 12a + 20 = 0
Therefore
a = 10 or a = 2
So the equations are x2 + y2 20x 20y + 100 = 0 and x2 + y2 4x 4y + 4 =
0
d (10, 10) and radius 10, and (2, 2) and radius 2

e
For a = 2, the gradient is undefined. The point (2, 4) is the top of the circle.
For a = 10, the centre is (10, 10). The line joining (10, 10) to (2, 4) has
3
gradient 4 .
f
For a = 2, the tangent is y = 4

4
For a = 10, the gradient of the tangent is therefore 3 .

y = 3 x + c
When x = 2, y = 4 and therefore
4 = 3 + c
20
Hence c = 3 , and
4 a
The equation of the tangent is
8
4
20
y = 3 x + 3
Gradient of a line which passes through (a cos , a sin ) and the origin is
sin
= tan The
cos
equation of the straight line is y =tan x.
b The other point is the reflection through the origin and has coordinates
(a cos , a sin ).
c
cos
The tangent at P is perpendicular to the radius and hence has gradient sin
Therefore the equation is
cos
y a sin = sin (x a cos )
58
a sin2 = x cos a cos2

x cos = a(sin2 cos2
d When y = 0,
Therefore
Therefore
x = cos
a
The coordinates are cos 0
cos
y a sin = sin (cos )
When x = 0,
y sin = a(sin2 cos2

a
a
Therefore y = sin and the coordinates are 0 sin
Therefore
a2
The area of the triangle is 2 cos sin = sin 2
The triangle has minimum area when sin 2 = 1 or when = 4

(This can also be completed by using your CAS calculator to sketch the graph
1
of y = 2 cos sin )
5 a
y
B
X
O
A
x = a
Note that AX = AY = XB = YC = CZ = ZB (equal tangents from point) and the

triangle is equilateral. Let these equal lengths be b.
Then
AZ 2 = 4b2 b2
(Pythagoras theorem in triangle AZB)
Therefore
AZ = 3 b
The gradient of line BA =
1
1
and the gradient of CA =
3
3
Note also that triangle BZA is similar to triangle AXO.

a
Therefore b =
and b = 3 a
3
For line BA: Using the form y = mx + c,
when x = a, y = 3 a,
Therefore
1
a + c
3
a
2 3a
3a = 3
3
3a =
c=
2 3a
Therefore the equation of line BA isy = 3 x + 3
59
2 3a
y= 3 x 3
For line CA:
b The circumcircle has centre O and radius OA. But from the equation of BA,
A has coordinates (2a, 0). Hence the equation is x2 + y2 = 4a2.
6
70
30
70
45
From the diagram, APB = 100

PAB = 15
PBA = 65
b In triangle PBA, using the sine rule gives

PB
sin (15)
10
= sin (100)
10 sin (15)
PB = sin (100)
= 2.63 km, correct to two decimal places.
Use triangle PSB,

PS 2 = 25 + PB 2 10 PB cos (65)
PS = 4.56 km, correct to two decimal places.

c
From triangle PSB, using the sine rule gives

PS
sin (65)
= sin P
5 sin (65)
sin P = 4.56
Therefore
P = 83.5, correct to one decimal place.
Therefore, the bearing is given by 360 (83.5 70
The bearing is 346.
60
d
A
O
S
70
30
B
70
45
Reflex angle AOB = 200 (subtended angle at the centre is twice the angle at
the circumference). Therefore, angle AOB = 160.
Triangle AOB is isosceles and so OS is perpendicular to AB.
SB
In triangle OSB, sin (80) = OB

Therefore
OB = sin (80)
5
160
The length of the arc APB = sin (80) 180

40
= 9 sin (80)
The length of the track is 14.18 km, correct to two decimal places.
61

Essential Specialist34 Solutions Ch1

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Chapter 1 A toolbox

ii. 540 = (540

vi. 410 = (410

iii. 450 = (450

1.7c = (1.7 180 ) 97.40

ii. 0.87c = (0.87 180 ) 49.85

ii. -2p c = ( -2p 180 ) = 120

vi. 8.9c = (8.9 180 ) 509.93

iii. 7 p c = ( 7 p 180 ) = 105

iv. -11p c = ( -11p 180 ) = 330

vi. -11p c = ( -11p 180 ) = 165

ii. 100 = (100

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

cos ( 31p ) = cos (5 + p )

cos ( 29p ) = cos (5 p )

sin ( -23p ) = sin( 23p )

cos (240) = cos (180 + 60)

sin (225) = sin (225)

sin (420) = sin (360 + 60)

sin (135) = sin (180 45)

sin (480) = sin (540 60)

sin ( 11p ) = sin (4 p )

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

For part e we have,

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

The transformation from the graph of

Use the right arrow key to view all solutions.

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

= 2 sin (3x) + 1, x [0, ]

The transformations from the graph of

and a translation of 1 in the positive direction

To find x axis intercepts for f (x), solve

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

The transformations from the graph of

To find x axis intercepts for f (x), solve

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

f(0) = tan = tan = 3

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Therefore BCA = 50.43, correct to two

BC is 11.67 cm, correct to two decimal places.

AC is 9.62 cm, correct to two decimal places.

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

ABC is either 58.08 or 121.92, correct to

If ABC = 121.92, then

QR2 = PQ2 + PR2 2(PQ)(PR) cos P

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

Applying the sine rule:

Hence, A 180 40 35 . 35 104 . 65

sin 104 . 65 sin 40

Applying the cosine rule:

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

(angle subtended by the arc RS)

d = 180 (80 + 60) = 40

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

(180 c (180 b))

a + (180 b + c) + (180 x) = 180

Essential Specialist Mathematics Complete Worked Solutions

(opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral)