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Nouns
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
1. A noun is used to refer to a person, place, animal or thing.
a) teacher
(person)
b) market
(place)
c) rabbit
(animal)
d) car
(thing)
2. Nouns can be countable or uncountable.
1
Countable Nouns
(can be counted)
pen
car
boy
bag
house
key
cat
plate
Uncountable Nouns
(cannot be counted)
oil
water
sand
curry
dust
rice
ink
paper
Uncountable Nouns
a little
oil
a lot of
water
plenty of
sand
some
rice
much
ink
less
butter
more
money
a large amount of
curry
a small amount of
petrol
Collective Nouns
Used to refer to people, animals or things as a unit.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
a band of musicians
a choir of singers
a class of pupils
a caravan of gypsies
a batch of students
a gang of prisoners
a crew of sailors
a crowd of people
an army of ants
a brood of chickens
a cloud of flies
a nest of mice
a gaggle of geese
a flight of swallows
People
9. a patrol of policemen
Animal
11. a plague of locusts
12. parliament of owls
13. a shoal of fish
14. a smack of jellyfish
7. a flock of birds
8. a troop of monkeys
9. a litter of kittens
a litter of puppies
a flock of sheep
20. a herd of buffaloes
a herd of elephants
Things / Plants
1. a string of pearls
11. a garland of flowers
2. a bale of cotton
12. a layer of dirt
3. a bowl of rice
13. a queue of vehicles
4. a bunch of keys
14. a pack of cards
5. a cluster of coconuts
15. a bouquet of flowers
6. a column of smoke
16. a tuft of grass
7. a bundle of sticks
17. a wad of currency
8. a suit of clothes
18. a cloud of dust
9. a clutch of eggs
19. a comb of bananas
10. a crate of fruits
20. a set of tools
Singular and Plural Nouns
A singular noun 1 person, animal, place or thing.
A plural noun more than 1 person, animal, place or thing.
2) The letter s is usually added to form a plural noun.
a) fruit fruits
b) girl girls
c) lamp lamps
d) song songs
3) For nouns which end with s, x, sh and ch, the plural is formed by adding es.
a) class classes
b) box boxes
c) dish dishes
d) match matches
4) For a noun which ends with y preceded by a consonant, the letter y is changed
into ies to form the plural.
a) activity activities
b) berry berries
c) lorry lorries
d) puppy - puppies
5) For a noun which ends with y preceded by a vowel (ay, ey, oy, uy), the letter s is
added to form the plural.
a) boy boys
b) day days
c) key keys
d) guy - guys
6) For a noun which ends with the letter o preceded by a vowel, the letter s is
added to form the plural.
a) radio radios
b) studio studios
c) bamboo bamboos
d) piano pianos
e) zoo zoos
Pronouns
4
Singular
I
You
He / She / It
First
Second
Third
Singula
r
Plural
Plural
We
You
They
Personal
Possessive
Possessive
Reflexive Pronouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Pronouns
my
mine
myself
You
your
yours
yourself
He
his
his
himself
She
her
hers
herself
It
its
its
itself
We
our
ours
ourselves
They
their
theirs
themselves
This is my bag.
We saw it ourselves.
Adjectives
Comparison of Adjectives (Regular)
1
2
3
Positive
big
brave
bright
Comparative
bigger than
braver than
brighter than
Superlative
the biggest
the bravest
the brightest
5
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
11
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
3
2
busy
cheap
clean
clear
clever
cold
cool
busier than
cheaper than
cleaner than
clearer than
cleverer than
colder than
cooler than
the busiest
the cheapest
the cleanest
the clearest
the cleverest
the coldest
the coolest
cruel
dark
crueler than
darker than
the cruelest
the darkest
deep
deeper than
the deepest
dirty
dirtier than
the dirtiest
fat
fatter than
the fattest
friend
friendlier than
the friendliest
great
greater than
the greatest
happy
happier than
the happiest
hard
harder than
the hardest
healthy
healthier than
the healthiest
heavy
heavier than
the heaviest
high
higher than
the highest
hot
hotter than
the hottest
large
larger than
the largest
lazy
lazier than
the laziest
light
lighter than
the lightest
long
longer than
the longest
low
lower than
the lowest
near
nearer than
the nearest
neat
neater than
the neatest
nice
nicer than
the nicest
noisy
noisier than
the noisiest
6
3
3
3
4
3
5
3
6
3
7
3
8
3
9
4
0
4
1
4
2
4
3
4
4
pretty
prettier than
the prettiest
poor
poorer than
the poorest
quiet
quieter than
the quietest
rich
richer than
the richest
strong
stronger than
the strongest
tall
taller than
the tallest
thick
thicker than
the thickest
thin
thinner than
the thinnest
weak
weaker than
the weakest
warm
warmer than
the warmest
wise
wiser than
the wisest
young
younger than
the youngest
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
11
1
2
1
3
Positive
beautiful
careful
comfortable
dangerous
difficult
exciting
expensive
famous
helpful
intelligent
Comparative
more beautiful
more careful
more comfortable
more dangerous
more difficult
more exciting
more expensive
more famous
more helpful
more intelligent
Superlative
most beautiful
most careful
most comfortable
most dangerous
most difficult
most exciting
most expensive
most famous
most helpful
most intelligent
joyful
obedient
more joyful
more obedient
most joyful
most obedient
peaceful
more peaceful
most peaceful
bad
good
Comparative
worse
better
Superlative
worst
best
7
little
many
much
far
less
more
more
further/farther
least
most
most
furthest/farthest
Conjunctions
Conjunctio
n
and
but
Usage
Example
different ideas
because
To give reason
so
do his homework.
- The children are tired.
- They go to bed early.
The children are tired so they go to bed
or
if
To show a choice or
early.
- Would you prefer tea?
To show a condition
although
To show contrast
examination.
- It is raining heavily.
(beginning / middle)
Wh-question Words
Wh-question Word
Who
Usage
Example
What is this?
What is in your bag?
What are they doing?
What does he want?
What did you do yesterday?
Choices between a
few possibilities
(people, things /
places)
What
Which
Why
Whose
Where
To ask about places
When
How
Verb
to be
to have
to do
Present Tense
Past Tense
is
am
was
are
were
has
have
had
does
do
did
Example
He is the head prefect.
I am a boy.
She was in Langkawi yesterday.
These boys are my nephews.
We were there last month.
She has a yellow raincoat.
You have a dictionary.
He had a football practice yesterday.
She does the housework every day.
We do our work quietly.
They did their homework just now.
Subject-Verb Agreement
The verb must agree with its subject. If the subject is singular, the verb must be
singular. If the subject is plural, the verb must be plural as well.
Singular
The pupil sings during the music class.
He / She prepares some food for
Plural
The pupils sing during the music class.
They prepare some food for supper.
supper.
The child runs around in the field.
The dog does not like its new owner.
The backpacker has no place to sleep
tonight.
He is a friend of mine
sleep tonight.
They are friends of mine.
10
Singular
is
has
does
Plural
are
have
do
I live in Malaysia.
She likes drawing.
They love coffee.
My father works in a bank.
She has three children.
The boy studies in SJK(C) Kundang.
I go to school by car.
He always wakes up at 6 a.m.
Mei Ling often listens to music.
Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
I drink a cup of coffee every morning.
4) Short actions.
Do not litter!
Keep off the grass!
Do not feed the animals.
Go to your bedroom now.
6) We also use it to talk about the future after words like when, until, after,
before, as soon as in a future sentence.
go goes
catch catches
wash washes
kiss kisses
fix fixes
buzz buzzes
b) For verbs that end in a consonant + y, we remove the y and add -ies.
o
o
o
o
marry marries
study studies
carry carries
worry worries
put he is putting
travel they are travelling
If the consonant is not stressed, we do not double it:
benefit - benefiting (we stress the first 'e', not the 'i'.)
b) One -e at the end of the word
Leave out the e:
write he is writing
take he is taking
BUT double e add ing:
see he is seeing
c) Verbs ending in ie
Change 'ie' to 'y':
lie - he is lying
d) Verbs ending in c
Change 'c' to 'ck':
picnic - he is picnicking
Simple Past Tense
1) Something has happened in the past (specific time) and has finished.
I took her home just now.
They were at his birthday party last night.
The cleaned the house last weekend.
He knew the answer yesterday.
2) Telling stories or past events.
Once upon a time, a lord lived in the castle.
There was an ugly witch living in the middle of the forest.
In the past, the knights travelled on strong horses.
3) Indicate a time in the past.
13
Irregular Verb
sell sold
drink drank
buy bought
Verb
remaining same
cut cut
put put
let let
go
to the towns library on
weekends.
goes
Negative statement in the Present Tense
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
do not go
to the towns library on
weekends.
does not go
You
We
They
He
She
It
Negative statement in the Past Tense
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
did not go
Prepositions of Time
Prepositions
in
at
on
after
by
during
Use
month
year
season
part of the day (morning, afternoon, evening)
duration
15
Prepositions
Examples
-
My birthday is in December.
Jenny was born in 1990.
Tom wakes up early in the morning.
Mr Siew will be here in three minutes.
The van will be here in ten minutes.
Lunch is at noon.
Dinner is at 6 oclock.
Tuition is at 2.30 p.m.
after
by
in
at
on
during
16