Head injuries may typically result in concussion, a fractured skull or

more severe injury to the brain. They can occur in road trauma, from
diving in shallow or unknown water or even simply running on wet
concrete and slipping. Signs and symptoms may include:

a period of unresponsiveness

headache

nausea and vomiting

vision problems

numbness and/or tingling

paralysis

convulsions

a discharge of fluid from ears, nose or mouth

bruising around the eyes

bleeding into the white of the eyes

In managing these symptoms you will need to consider the
possibility of a spinal injury. If the casualty is responsive, keep them
still and reassure them, continually monitor their vital signs, call
triple zero and seek urgent medical assistance.
In the event of discharge from ear, do not plug the ear but cover
lightly with a sterile cloth allowing the ear to drain.
If the patient is unresponsive, conduct your primary survey
(DRABCD) and call triple zero.
Signs and symptoms of spinal injuries may include pain or
discomfort in the neck or back region, altered sensation, movement
or strength in the limbs or trunk, irregular bumps on the neck or
back and slow pulse. If the patient is not fully conscious for any
reason, it is safer to assume they may have a spinal injury and be
cautious.
To manage spinal injuries if the patient is responsive, conduct a
primary survey (DRABCD) and call triple zero; keep the patient still
and reassure them; minimise any movement of the head and spinal

column; monitor the patient's vital signs; maintain body

temperature and manage any other injuries.
If the patient is unresponsive, call triple zero, conduct a primary
survey (DRABCD), support the patient's head and neck avoiding any
twisting or forward movement of the neck and monitor their vital
signs.
Cedera kepala dapat biasanya menyebabkan gegar otak, tengkorak retak atau
cedera yang lebih parah pada otak. Mereka dapat terjadi pada trauma jalan,
dari menyelam di perairan dangkal atau tidak dikenal atau bahkan hanya
berjalan pada beton basah dan tergelincir. Tanda dan gejala termasuk:
periode unresponsiveness
sakit kepala
mual dan muntah
masalah penglihatan
mati rasa dan / atau kesemutan
kelumpuhan
kejang
keluarnya cairan dari telinga, hidung atau mulut
memar di sekitar mata
perdarahan ke dalam putih mata
Dalam mengelola gejala-gejala ini Anda akan perlu mempertimbangkan
kemungkinan cedera tulang belakang. Jika korban adalah responsif, menjaga
mereka diam dan meyakinkan mereka, terus memantau tanda-tanda vital
mereka, sebut nol triple dan mencari bantuan medis yang mendesak.
Dalam hal debit dari telinga, jangan pasang telinga tapi menutupi ringan dengan
kain steril yang memungkinkan telinga untuk menguras.
Jika pasien tidak responsif, melakukan survei utama (DRABCD) dan memanggil
nol tiga.
Tanda dan gejala cedera tulang belakang dapat termasuk rasa sakit atau
ketidaknyamanan di leher atau daerah punggung, sensasi diubah, gerakan
atau kekuatan pada tungkai atau batang, benjolan tidak teratur pada leher
atau punggung dan pulsa lambat. Jika pasien tidak sadar sepenuhnya untuk
alasan apapun, lebih aman untuk menganggap mereka mungkin memiliki
cedera tulang belakang dan berhati-hati.
Untuk mengelola cedera tulang belakang jika pasien responsif, melakukan survei
primer (DRABCD) dan memanggil triple zero; menjaga pasien tetap dan
meyakinkan mereka; meminimalkan gerakan kepala dan tulang belakang;
memonitor tanda-tanda vital pasien; mempertahankan suhu tubuh dan
mengatur cedera lainnya.

Jika pasien tidak responsif, sebut nol tiga, melakukan survei primer (DRABCD),
mendukung kepala pasien dan leher menghindari memutar atau gerakan
maju leher dan memonitor tanda-tanda vital mereka.

k medical help or call for an ambulance as soon as

possible. Meanwhiles Move the person, if surrounding is not safe
s Immobilize the head, neck and body on both sides
s Movements may dislocate vertebra and cause
further injury
s If there is no sign of breathing, perform CPR
s Do not tilt head backward during CPR
Prevention
s Always wear a seat belt while driving
s Use special seat belts for children and babies
s Do not drink and drive
s Do not dive into a shallow pool area
If you suspect a back or neck (spinal) injury, do not move
the affected person. Permanent paralysis and other serious
complications can result. Assume a person has a spinal
injury if:

There's evidence of a head injury with an ongoing

change in the person's level of consciousness

The person complains of severe pain in his or her neck

or back

The person won't move his or her neck

An injury has exerted substantial force on the back or

head

The person complains of weakness, numbness or

paralysis or lacks control of his or her limbs, bladder or
bowels

The neck or back is twisted or positioned oddly

If you suspect someone has a spinal injury:

Call 911 or emergency medical help.

Keep the person still. Place heavy towels on both sides

of the neck or hold the head and neck to prevent
movement.

Provide as much first aid as possible without moving

the person's head or neck. If the person shows no signs
of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement), begin
CPR, but do not tilt the head back to open the airway.
Use your fingers to gently grasp the jaw and lift it
forward. If the person has no pulse, begin chest
compressions.

If the person is wearing a helmet, don't remove it.

If you absolutely must roll the person because he or

she is vomiting, choking on blood or in danger of further
injury, you need at least one other person. With one of
you at the head and another along the side of the injured
person, work together to keep the person's head, neck
and back aligned while rolling the person onto one side.