Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
3, JULY 2014
967
I. INTRODUCTION
OOFTOP photovoltaic (PV) systems are being increasingly installed in low voltage (LV) distribution networks
by consumers to reduce the cost of electricity supply. However,
the expanding scale of residential PV connections leads to
detrimental impacts on the network operation. Two of the
foremost issues are voltage regulation [1] and voltage unbalance
[2]. During high PV generation periods, there is a possibility of
signicant reverse power ow and consequent voltage rises on
the LV feeder. On the other hand, serious voltage drops may
occur due to the intermittent loss of PV generation during cloudy
days. Furthermore, the increasing installation of single-phase
Manuscript received October 30, 2013; revised January 22, 2014; accepted
March 23, 2014. Date of publication April 23, 2014; date of current version June
17, 2014.
X. Su and M. A. S. Masoum are with the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia (e-mail:
xiangjing.su@postgrad.curtin.edu.au; m.masoum@curtin.edu.au).
P. J. Wolfs is with the Power and Energy Centre, Central Queensland
University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia (e-mail: p.wolfs@cqu.edu.au).
Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TSTE.2014.2313862
1949-3029 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
968
SU et al.: OPTIMAL PV INVERTER REACTIVE POWER CONTROL AND REAL POWER CURTAILMENT
969
3 X
X
2
p
kpi1 S pPVi kpi2 SPVi
kpi3
(4)
p1 i2
Fig. 3. 101 Bus, 415=240 V test network diagram based on the Perth Solar City
[13]. Single-phase buses are represented with both bus and phase numbers (e.g.,
bus 3B is a single-phase bus connected to phase B).
TABLE I
PV INVERTER CAPACITY EXPANSION
3 X
X
p1 i2
A. Optimization Objectives
4 X
n1 X
n
X
p1 i1 ji1
I pij Rpij
2
(1)
(5)
1) Network Losses:
J1
p
p
PPVi0
PPVi
:
3 X
n
X
p1 i1
V pidb
(2)
Optimization objectives mentioned above are mutually conicting. For example, more reactive power injected locally by
inverters can generate a better voltage magnitude prole but also
cause a higher network loss. For multiobjective optimization
(MOO) problems with multiple conicting objectives, a solution
that minimizes all objectives simultaneously does not exist.
Consequently, the notion of Pareto optimality is used to describe
the solutions of MOO problems. A solution is called Pareto
optimal if none of the objectives can be improved in value
without detriment to any other objective [20].
In practice, the objective of solving an MOO problem is to
support a decision maker in nding the most preferred Pareto
optimal solution(s) according to his/her preferences. The most
widely used method for solving the MOO problems is the
weighted sum method [21]
F
k
X
wi Ji X:
(6)
i1
upper 2
where V pidb Vip Vdb
2 , 0 and Vip Vdb
for
p
p
upper
p
upper
lower
lower
,
Vdb
Vi Vdb ,
and
Vi > Vdb
,
Vi < Vdb
respectively.
According to Australian standard AS61000 [17], which is
based on IEC61000, the preferred voltage dead band
upper
lower
[Vdb
; Vdb
] should be around half of the permissible tolerance of nominal voltage in LV distribution networks.
3) Voltage Balance Prole: Generally, network unbalance is
quantied by voltage unbalance factor (VUF). In this study, the
IEC developed and IEEE recommended denition of
%VUF jV =V j as the ratio of the negative-sequence
voltage magnitude to positive-sequence voltage magnitude is
2
lower
As shown above, the weighted sum method transforms multiple objectives into an aggregated single objective by multiplying
each objective with a weighting factor and summing up all
weighted objectives. To ensure the Pareto optimality of solution(s), it is suggested that the weights be set such that
Pk
i1 wi 1 and w 0, which also generates a convex combination of objectives.
The value of a weight is signicant not only relative to other
weights but also relative to its objective function magnitude,
which is a critical idea but often overlooked. Thus when using
weights to represent the relative importance of the objectives,
each objective function is divided by a scale factor sfi
970
k
X
wi Ji X=sfi :
2
p 2
PPVi
QpPVi
p
p
Vilb
Vip Viub
2
Sip
AND
TABLE II
PV SYSTEM CONNECTIONS
(7)
i1
p
p
PLi
Pip 0;
PPVi
LOAD
(8)
(9)
(10)
a
Each house has a meter installed at the connection point to its switchboard. There
are 24 three-phase and 51 single-phase smart meters, in addition to 2 mechanical
meters (marked as red in Fig. 3).
SU et al.: OPTIMAL PV INVERTER REACTIVE POWER CONTROL AND REAL POWER CURTAILMENT
971
Fig. 4. Phase C real power: transformer, load, and PV=kW (HLLG). The results
are presented based on the combination of line type and color.
Fig. 5. Phase C reactive power: transformer, load, and PV=kVar (HLLG). The
results are presented based on the combination of line type and color.
Fig. 6. Objective function (Table III, column 2) under the proposed PV control
(HLLG).
as the generation peak was not coincident with the load peak
(Fig. 4). After applying the proposed three-option inverter
control strategy, the network performance can be continuously
972
TABLE III
NETWORK OPTIMIZATION RESULTS
OVER
24 H (HLLG)
Background colors green and red represent decrease and increase comparing with
the corresponding value of last case.
SU et al.: OPTIMAL PV INVERTER REACTIVE POWER CONTROL AND REAL POWER CURTAILMENT
SIMULATED SCENARIOS
973
TABLE IV
OPTIMIZATION PARAMETERS SELECTION
AND
Fig. 9. Phase C real power: transformer, load, and PV=kW (HGLL). The results
are presented based on the combination of line type and color.
Fig. 10. Phase C reactive power: transformer, load, and PV=kVar (HGLL). The
results are presented based on the combination of line type and color.
974
SU et al.: OPTIMAL PV INVERTER REACTIVE POWER CONTROL AND REAL POWER CURTAILMENT
TABLE V
NETWORK OPTIMIZATION RESULTS
OVER
24
975
(HGLL)
Fig. 14. Phase voltage error analyses based on actual smart meter readings for a
typical summer day (25/01/2012) in WA, Australia [13].
Background colors green and red represent decrease and increase comparing with
the corresponding value of last case.
ON
boundary limits recorded by the 24 three-phase and 51 singlephase smart meters installed on the test network. Detailed
comparisons are performed between the recorded (measured)
and simulation for typical days through the year (spring,
summer, autumn, and winter). Due to page limitation,
only one set of results (peak demand case at 18:45 P.M. on
January 25, 2012) is presented. As shown in Fig. 14, the
maximum voltage error between the calculated values and the
actual smarter meter data is 4.7 V, i.e., around 2% of the rated
value. Considering the following factors, the error is acceptable
and both the optimization and network models are valid and
accurate.
1) Calculations are based on average values over the data
collection interval (15 min) while the smart meter data is
instantaneous.
2) Data collection by smart meters is not synchronous due to
different time delays in communication.
3) Estimated data is used for the two buses with mechanical
meters (marked red in Fig. 3).
976
SU et al.: OPTIMAL PV INVERTER REACTIVE POWER CONTROL AND REAL POWER CURTAILMENT
[23] (2014). Matlab Global Optimization Toolbox: Global Search and Multistart Solvers, Natick, MA, USA: MathWorks [Online]. Available: http://
www.mathworks.com.au/products/globaloptimization/description3.html
[24] Perth Solar City Annual Report. (Dec. 2012). Western Power, Perth, WA,
Australia [Online]. Available: http://www.westernpower.com.au/network
projects/smartGrid/Perth_Solar_City.html
[25] Rooftop PV information paper-national electricity forecasting. Australian
Energy Market Operator. (Jun. 2012). Australian Energy Market Operator
[Online]. Available: http://www.aemo.com.au/Reports-and-Documents
[26] Western Australian Distribution Connections Manual. (Jun. 2013). Western
Power, Perth, WA, Australia [Online]. Available: http://www.western
power.com.au/documents
[27] B. A. Robbins, C. N. Hadjicostis, and A. D. Domnguez-Garca, A twostage distributed architecture for voltage control in power distribution
systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 14701482, May
2013.
Xiangjing Su (S11) received the B.S. and M.S.
degrees in electrical engineering from Zhengzhou
University, Henan, China, in 2008 and 2011, respectively. He is currently working toward the Ph.D.
degree at the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.
977