Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Polytechnic
University
Collage of Engineering and Technology
Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering
Reinforced
Concrete
II
Dr. Nasr Younis Abboushi
2013-2014
Reinforced Concrete II
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
ONE-WAY SLABS
185
8.1
Types of slabs
185
8.2
187
8.3
191
8.4
195
8.5
196
8.6
Reinforcement details
197
8.7
212
8.8
216
TWO-WAY SLABS
234
9.1
Introduction
234
9.2
234
9.3
237
9.4
238
9.5
241
9.6
243
9.6.1
244
9.6.2
244
9.6.3
247
9.6.4
247
9.7
249
9.8
250
9.9
294
9.9.1
294
9.9.2
295
9.9.3
296
9.9.4
296
9.9.5
298
II - ii
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CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11
9.10
302
9.11
305
STAIRS
317
10.1
Introduction
317
10.2
Types of stairs
318
10.3
327
341
11.1
Introduction
341
11.2
Types of footings
342
11.3
343
11.4
Design considerations
346
11.4.1
Size of footings
346
11.4.2
346
11.4.3
347
11.4.4
348
11.4.5
350
11.4.6
Bearing Strength
351
11.5
353
11.6
360
11.7
363
11.8
Combined footings
372
11.9
Continuous footings
380
386
393
12.1
Introduction
393
12.2
Flexural bond
393
12.3
394
II - iii
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12.4
Development length
396
12.5
Hooked anchorages
405
12.6
412
12.7
417
12.8
421
12.9
425
II - iv
446
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CHAPTER 8
ONE-WAY SLABS
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form fillers (pans), which may be used many times. In some ribbed slabs, the spaces
between ribs may be filled with permanent fillers to provide a horizontal slab.
3. Two-way floor systems: When the slab is supported on four sides and the ratio of
the long side to the short side is less than (
), the slab will deflect in
double curvature in both directions. The floor load is carried in two directions to the four
beams surrounding the slab. Other types of two-way floor systems are flat plate floors, flat
slabs, and waffle slabs. This chapter deals only with one-way floor systems.
187
Reinforced Concrete II
In statically determinate structures, such as simple-span beams, the deflected shape and
the moments and shears depend only on the type and magnitude of the loads and the
dimensions of the member. In contrast, inspection of the statically indeterminate structures
shows that the deflection curve of any member depends not only on the loads but also on
the joint rotations, whose magnitudes in turn depend on the distortion of adjacent, rigidly
connected members.
Continuous beams and frames can be analyzed using approximate methods or computer
programs, which are available commercially. Other methods, such as the displacement and
force methods of analysis based on the calculation of the stiffness and flexibility matrices,
may also be adopted. Slope deflection and moment-distribution methods may also be used.
These methods are explained in books dealing with the structural analysis of beams and
frames. However, the ACI Code, Section 8.3, gives approximate coefficients for calculating
the bending moments and shear forces in continuous beams and slabs. These coefficients
were given in Section 8.3 of this Chapter. The moments obtained using the ACI coefficients
will be somewhat larger than those arrived at by exact analysis. The limitations stated in the
use of these coefficients must be met.
In the structural analysis of continuous beams, the span length is taken from center to
center of the supports, which are treated as knife-edge supports. In practice, the supports
are always made wide enough to take the loads transmitted by the beam, usually the
moments acting at the face of supports. To calculate the design moment at the face of the
support, it is quite reasonable to deduct a moment equal to
from the factored
moment at the centerline of the support, where is the factored shear and is the column
width.
According to ACI Code Section 8.9 Span Length:
8.9.1 Span length of members not built integrally with supports shall be considered as the
clear span plus the depth of the member, but need not exceed distance between
centers of supports.
8.9.2 In analysis of frames or continuous construction for determination of moments,
span length shall be taken as the distance center-to-center of supports.
8.9.3 For beams built integrally with supports, design on the basis of moments at faces of
support shall be permitted.
8.9.4 It shall be permitted to analyze solid or ribbed slabs built integrally with supports,
with clear spans not more than 3 m, as continuous slabs on knife edge supports
with spans equal to the clear spans of the slab and width of beams otherwise
neglected.
The individual members of a structural frame must be designed for the worst combination of
loads that can reasonably be expected to occur during its useful life. Internal moments,
shears, and thrusts are brought about by the combined effect of dead and live loads, plus
other loads, such as wind and earthquake. While dead loads are constant, live loads such as
floor loads from human occupancy can be placed in various ways, some of which will result
in larger effects than others.
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For structural analysis of continuous beam or rib to obtain the shear and moment diagrams,
it shall be permitted according to ACI code, 8.11.2, to assume that the arrangement of live
load is limited to combinations of:
a. Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on two adjacent
spans; and
b. Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on alternate spans.
Span 1
Span2
Span 3
LL
DL
LL
DL
LL
LL
DL
LL
DL
189
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Load Case 1
Load Case 2
Load Case 3
Load Case 4
190
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8.3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ONE-WAY SOLID SLABS. ACI CODE LIMITATIONS.
If the concrete slab is cast in one uniform thickness without any type of voids, it can be
referred to as a solid slab. In a one-way stab nearly all the loading is transferred in the short
direction, and the slab may be treated as a beam. A unit strip of slab, usually 1 m at right
angles to the supporting girders, is considered a rectangular beam. The beam has a unit
width with a depth equal to the thickness of the slab and a span length equal to the distance
between the supports. A one-way slab thus consists of a series of rectangular beams placed
side by side.
If the slab is one span only and rests freely on its supports, the maximum positive moment
for a uniformly distributed load of
is
, where is the span length
between the supports. If the same slab is built monolithically with the supporting beams or
is continuous over several supports, the positive and negative moments are calculated by
structural analysis or by moment coefficients as for continuous beams. The ACI Code,
Section 8.3, permits the use of moment and shear coefficients in the case of two or more
approximately equal spans.
The maximum positive and negative moments and shears are computed from the following
expressions:
191
Reinforced Concrete II
where
193).
and
are moment and shear coefficients given in table below and figure (page
For all positive midspan moments, all shears and the negative moment at exterior
supports, , is for the span under consideration. For the negative moment at interior
supports, , shall be taken as ( ) as defined in the figure above.
192
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193
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The conditions under which the moment coefficients for continuous beams and slabs should
be used can be summarized as follows:
1. Spans are approximately equal: Longer span
(shorter span).
2. Loads are uniformly distributed.
3. The ratio (live load/dead load) is less than or equal to .
4. For slabs with spans less than or equal to
, negative bending moment at
face of all supports is ( )
5. For an unrestrained discontinuous end, the coefficient is
(
) at midspan.
6. Shear force at C is
194
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195
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Maximum spacing of this reinforcement shall not exceed three times the thickness, nor
.
To limit the widths of flexural cracks in beams and slabs, ACI Code Section 10.6.4 defines
upper limit on the center-to-center spacing between bars in the layer of reinforcement
closest to the tension face of a member. The spacing limit is:
(
but
(
where
is the least distance from
surface of reinforcement to the tension
face. It shall be permitted to take as
.
yield strain of
percent is used,
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than five times
the slab thickness, nor farther apart than
.
196
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exposed to
197
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198
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199
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Example:
Design a simply supported one-way solid slab, span of
(
). Dead Load own weight only.
Solution:
Minimum thickness (deflection requirements). For simply supported one-way solid
slab:
Cover
Loads calculation:
Provide
Use
then
200
Reinforced Concrete II
Take
2.
(
Take
Step (
1.
2.
Example:
The cross-section of a continuous one-way solid slab in a building is shown below. The slabs
are supported by beams that span
between simple supports. The dead load on the
slabs is that due to self-weight plus
; the live load is
. Design the
continuous slab and draw a detailed section. Given:
and
.
201
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Solution:
Minimum thickness (deflection requirements).
(
Loads calculation:
202
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- for shear.
, shall be taken as
Location
A
B
C
).
)
203
Reinforced Concrete II
Use
then
Take
Midspan section E:
Use
then
Take
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Support section C:
Use
then
Take
Use
then
Take
205
Reinforced Concrete II
Support section A:
Provide
Use
then
Take
Take
Step (
1.
2.
Required
Location
3.3
3.3
C and first
interior D
3.3
Interior D
3.3
3.3
206
Provided
Reinforcement
Reinforced Concrete II
Example:
Design the one-way solid slab, which plan is shown below. The dead load on the slabs is that
due to self-weight plus weight of:
Tiles,
.
Mortar,
.
Sand,
.
Plaster,
.
Partitions,
.
The live load is
.
Given:
and
.
Solution:
Minimum
thickness
(deflection requirements).
From the maximum span
length
for
one-end
continuous, we get
Loads calculation:
207
Reinforced Concrete II
Material
Quality Density
Tiles
mortar
Sand
Reinforced Concrete solid slab
Plaster
Partitions
Total Dead Load
208
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- for shear.
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Use
then
Take
1.
2.
210
):
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Use
then
Take
Use
then
Take
211
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Take
Step (
1.
2.
8.7
A one-way joist floor system consists of hollow slabs with a total depth greater than that of
solid slabs. The system is most economical for buildings where superimposed loads are small
and spans are relatively large, such as schools, hospitals, and hotels. The concrete in the
tension zone is ineffective; therefore, this area is left open between ribs or filled with
lightweight material to reduce the self-weight of the slab.
212
Reinforced Concrete II
The design procedure and requirements of ribbed slabs follow the same steps as those for
rectangular and T-sections explained in Chapter 4. The following points apply to design of
one-way ribbed slabs:
1. Ribs are usually tapered and uniformly spaced at about
. Voids are
usually formed by using pans (molds)
wide and
deep,
depending on the design requirement. The standard increment in depth is 50 mm.
2. The ribs shall not be less than
wide and must have a depth of not more than
times the width. Clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed
(ACI Code,
Section 8.13).
213
Reinforced Concrete II
(ACI Code,
Section 8.13.5.2). When removable forms or fillers are used slab thickness shall be
not less than ( ) of the clear distance between ribs, nor less than
. (ACI
214
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215
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Reinforcement for the joists usually consists of two bar in the positive bending region, with
one bar discontinued where no longer needed or bent up to provide a part of the negative
steel requirement over supporting girder. According to ACI Code section 7.13.2 at least one
bottom bar must be continuous over the support, or at non continuous supports, terminated
in a standard hook, as a measure to improve structural integrity in the event of major
structural damage.
The minimum thickness of beams or ribbed one way slabs depending on the support
conditions can be determined according to ACI Code 9.5.2. (see table 9.5(a), page 194).
8.8 DESIGN OF ONE-WAY RIBBED SLAB.
For the ribbed slab plan with section as shown below:
Determine the total slab thickness.
Design the topping slab.
Design the rib for flexure and shear, the envelope moment and shear diagrams are
shown.
Design the beams B1, B2 for flexure and shear, the envelope moment and shear
diagrams are shown.
Take the material's density from the table below.
216
Reinforced Concrete II
Quality Density
Material
Tiles
mortar
Sand
Reinforced Concrete
Hollow Block
Plaster
Partitions
.
217
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Solution:
800 mm
Rib 2
Beam 1
Beam 2
Beam 3
Beam 4
Beam 5
Beam 6
800 mm
Rib 1
800 mm
800 mm
800 mm
218
800 mm
Reinforced Concrete II
then
then
then
Topping Design.
Tiles
Mortar
Coarse Sand
Topping
Interior Partitions
219
Reinforced Concrete II
where
for slabs
Try bars
8 with
Take
in both directions.
(
Take
in both directions.
220
h= 250 mm
t = 80 mm
From practical concederation, the secondary reinforcement parallel to the ribs shall be
placed in the slab and spaced at distances not more than half of the spacings between ribs
(usually two bars upon each
width block).
Reinforced Concrete II
Tiles
Mortar
Coarse Sand
Topping
RC Rib
Hollow Block
Plaster
Interior Partitions
( )
( )
( )
Take
Structural Analysis of Rib 1. The envelope shear and moment diagrams (for all load
combinations).
Using the structural analysis and design programs, we obtain the Envelope Moment diagram
for Rib1.
221
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222
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Check for
Use
with
, use
223
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According to ACI 8.9.3 for beams built integrally with supports, design on the basis of
moments at faces of support shall be permitted.
The maximum negative moment at the face of support
Check for
Use
with
)
can be used. So, for all supports with negative
, use
Reinforced Concrete II
Minimum shear reinforcement is required except for concrete joist construction. So, No
shear reinforcement is provided.
Beam 4
225
Reinforced Concrete II
Tiles
Mortar
Coarse Sand
RC Beam
Plaster
Interior Partitions
) can be calculated:
226
Reinforced Concrete II
Beam 4
Beam 4
227
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I
v
h h
f
h
h
f l l
.I
f
l
to calculate the loads more accurate specially when the beam section is wide and the spans
are large. We can use the first method for simplicity, especially in this stage of calculations,
when the dimensions of the beam are not known yet.
Structural Analysis of Beam 4. The envelope shear and moment diagrams (for all load
combinations).
The Beam 4 is loaded from the ribs 1 (first two spans) and ribs 2 (last span). The load
transferred from ribs 1 to Beam 4 is calculated before. The load transferred from rib 2 to
Beam 4 will be obtained by analyzing the rib 2 as continuous beam as follows:
Beam 4
228
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229
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The width of the Beam 4 can be defined from the maximum factored moment.
The maximum factored moment in Beam 4
Note that according to ACI 8.9.3 for beams built integrally with supports, design on the
basis of moments at faces of support shall be permitted. Here the design will be done for the
moments at the center of supports.
Take
Assume
fl
ll
.
230
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Take
. Here, take
condition
)
231
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Take
232
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Check for
)
(
Or
Compute the stirrups spacing required to resist the shear forces:
Use stirrups 2U-shape (4 legs stirrups)
with
25 cm
100 cm
233
Reinforced Concrete II
Design the other beam sections for flexure (for positive and negative moments and caculate
the area of steel for each section).
Note that for shear design, it is obvious that, the stirrups cannot be less than two U-shape
stirrups
So, for all sections the design for shear will be as the previous section ( 2 U-shape
).
An alternative design for the Beam 4 can be done on the basis of drop beam section, not as a
hidden beam as in the previous design.
234
Reinforced Concrete II
CHAPTER 9
TWO-WAY SLABS
9.1 INTRODUCTION
When the slab is supported on all four sides and the length, , is less than twice the width,
, the slab will deflect in two directions, and the loads on the slab are transferred to all four
supports. This slab is referred to as a two-way slab. The bending moments and deflections in
such slabs are less than those in one-way slabs; thus, the same slab can carry more load
when supported on four sides. The load in this case is carried in two directions, and the
bending moment in each direction is much less than the bending moment in the slab if the
load were carried in one direction only.
Reinforced Concrete II
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4. Two-Way Ribbed Slabs and the Waffle Slab System: This type of slab consists of a
floor slab with a length-to-width ratio less than 2. The thickness of the slab is usually
5 to 10 cm and is supported by ribs (or joists) in two directions. The ribs are arranged
in each direction at spacings of about
, producing square or
rectangular shapes. The ribs can also be arranged at
or
from the centerline
of slabs, producing architectural shapes at the soffit of the slab. In two-way ribbed
slabs, different systems can be adopted:
a.
b.
c.
A two-way rib system with voids between the ribs, obtained by using special
removable and usable forms (pans) that are normally square in shape. The ribs are
supported on four sides by girders that rest on columns. This type is called a twoway ribbed (joist) slab system.
A two-way rib system with permanent fillers between ribs that produce horizontal
slab soffits. The fillers may be of hollow, lightweight or normal-weight concrete or
any other lightweight material. The ribs are supported by girders on four sides,
which in turn are supported by columns. This type is also called a two-way ribbed
(joist) slab system or a hollow-block two-way ribbed system.
A two-way rib system with voids between the ribs with the ribs continuing in both
directions without supporting beams and resting directly on columns through solid
panels above the columns. This type is called a waffle slab system.
236
Reinforced Concrete II
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)
(
2. For
(
but not less than
3. For
238
Reinforced Concrete II
where
clear span in the long direction measured face to face of columns (or face to face of
beams for slabs with beams).
the ratio of the long to the short clear spans.
the average value of
for all beams on the sides of a panel.
the ratio of flexural stiffness of a beam section
to the flexural stiffness of the slab
, bounded laterally by the centerlines of the panels on each side of the beam.
where
, and
are the moduli of elasticity of concrete in the beam and the slab,
respectively, and
the gross moment of inertia of the beam section about the centroidal axis (the beam
section includes a slab length on each side of the beam equal to the projection of the
beam above or below the slab, whichever is greater, but not more than four times the
slab thickness)
the moment of inertia of the gross section of the slab.
However, the thickness of any slab shall not be less than the following:
1. For slabs with
then thickness
2. For slabs with
then thickness
239
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ACI Code Section 13.3.4 requires that all negative-moment steel perpendicular to an edge be
bent, hooked, or otherwise anchored in spandrel beams, columns, and walls along the edge
to develop in tension. If there is no edge beam, this steel still should be hooked to act as
torsional reinforcement and should extend to the minimum cover thickness from the edge of
the slab.
ACI 318 - Fig. 13.3.8 Minimum extensions for reinforcement in slabs without beams. (See 12.11.1 for
reinforcement extension into supports).
ACI Code Section 13.3.6 requires that at exterior corners of slabs supported by edge walls or
where one or more edge beams have a value of greater than
, top and bottom slab
reinforcement shall be provided at exterior corners in accordance with 13.3.6.1 through
13.3.6.4.
13.3.6.1 Corner reinforcement in both top and bottom of slab shall be sufficient to
resist a moment per unit of width equal to the maximum positive moment per unit width in
the slab panel.
13.3.6.2 The moment shall be assumed to be about an axis perpendicular to the
diagonal from the corner in the top of the slab and about an axis parallel to the diagonal
from the corner in the bottom of the slab.
13.3.6.3 Corner reinforcement shall be provided for a distance in each direction
from the corner equal to one-fifth the longer span.
242
Reinforced Concrete II
13.3.6.4 Corner reinforcement shall be placed parallel to the diagonal in the top of
the slab and perpendicular to the diagonal in the bottom of the slab. Alternatively,
reinforcement shall be placed in two layers parallel to the sides of the slab in both the top
and bottom of the slab.
Reinforced Concrete II
. When the supporting beams are stiff and are capable of transmitting
floor loads to the columns, they are assumed to carry loads acting on floor areas bounded by
lines drawn from the corners, as shown in the figure below. The loads on the trapezoidal
areas will be carried by the long beams
and
, whereas the loads on the triangular
areas will be carried by the short beams
and
. The shear per unit width of slab is
highest between and in both directions, and
, where
is the uniform
factored load per unit area.
where
(
Reinforced Concrete II
column, and the slab is considered as a wide beam spanning between supports, as in the
case of one-way beams. The shear capacity of the concrete section is
The second type of shear to be studied is twoway, or punching, shear, as in the design of
footings. Shear failure occurs along a truncated
cone or pyramid around the column. The critical
section is located at a distance
from the
face of the column, column capital, or drop
panel. The ACI Code, Section 11.11.2 allows a
shear strength, , in slabs and footings without
shear reinforcement for two-way shear action,
the smallest of
(
where
Ratio of long side to short side of the rectangular column.
For shapes other than rectangular, is taken to be the ratio of the longest dimension of the
effective loaded area in the long direction to the largest width in the short direction
(perpendicular to the long direction).
perimeter of the critical section taken at
from the loaded area.
effective depth of slab.
for normal-weight concrete.
is assumed to be:
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248
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simplified methods such as those presented by the ACI Code are more suitable for practical
design. The ACI Code, Chapter 13, assumes that the slabs behave as wide, shallow beams
that form, with the columns above and below them, a rigid frame. The validity of this
assumption of dividing the structure into equivalent frames has been verified by analytical
and experimental research. It is also established that factored load capacity of two-way slabs
with restrained boundaries is about twice that calculated by theoretical analysis, because a
great deal of moment redistribution occurs in the slab before failure. At high loads, large
deformations and deflections are expected; thus, a minimum slab thickness is required to
maintain adequate deflection and cracking conditions under service loads.
The ACI Code specifies two methods for the design of two-way slabs:
1. The direct design method. DDM (ACI Code, Section 13.6), is an approximate
procedure for the analysis and design of two-way slabs. It is limited to slab systems
subjected to uniformly distributed loads and supported on equally or nearly equally
spaced columns. The method uses a set of coefficients to determine the design
moments at critical sections. Two-way slab systems that do not meet the limitations
of the ACI Code, Section 13.6.1, must be analyzed by more accurate procedures.
2. The equivalent frame method, EFM (ACI Code, Section 13.7), is one in which a threedimensional building is divided into a series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by
cutting the building along lines midway between columns. The resulting frames are
considered separately in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the building
and treated floor by floor, as will be shown later.
The systems that do not meet the requirements permitting analysis by the "direct design
method" of the present code, has led many engineers to continue to use the design method
of the 1963 ACI Code (The coefficient method) for the special case of two-way slabs supported on four sides of each slab panel by relatively deep, stiff, edge beams. It has been
used extensively here since 1963 for slabs supported at the edges by walls, steel beams, or
monolithic concrete beams having a total depth not less than about 3 times the slab
thickness. While it was not a part of the 1977 or later ACI Codes, its continued use is
permissible under the current code provision (ACI Code 13.5.1) that a slab system may be
designed by any procedure satisfying conditions of equilibrium and geometric compatibility,
if it is shown that the design strength at every section is at least equal to the required
strength, and that serviceability requirements are met.
9.8 SLAB ANALYSIS BY THE COEFFICIENT METHOD.
The coefficient method makes use of tables of moment coefficients for a variety of
conditions. These coefficients are based on elastic analysis but also account for inelastic
redistribution. In consequence, the design moment in either direction is smaller by an
appropriate amount than the elastic maximum moment in that direction. The moments in
the middle strips in the two directions are computed from
250
Reinforced Concrete II
and
where
The method provides that each panel be divided in both directions into a middle strip whose
width is one-half that of the panel and two edge or column strips of one-quarter of the panel
width (see figure below). The moments in both directions are larger in the center portion of
the slab than in regions close to the edges. Correspondingly, it is provided that the entire
middle strip be designed for the full, tabulated design moment. In the edge strips this
moment is assumed to decrease from its full value at the edge of the middle strip to onethird of this value at the edge of the panel. This distribution is shown for the moments
in
the short span direction in figure below. The lateral variation of the long span moments
is similiar.
The discussion so far has been restricted to a single panel simply supported at all four edges.
An actual situation is shown in next figure, in which a system of beams supports a two-way
slab. It is seen that some panels, such as , have two discontinuous exterior edges, while the
other edges are continuous with their neighbors. Panel has one edge discontinuous and
three continuous edges, the interior panel has all edges continuous, and so on. At a
continuous edge in a slab, moments are negative, just as at interior supports of continuous
beams. Also, the magnitude of the positive moments depends on the conditions of
continuity at kall four edges.
251
Reinforced Concrete II
252
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253
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254
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255
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256
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Corner
Panel
Mortar,
.
Sand,
.
Plaster,
.
Partitions,
.
Given:
and
.
Solution:
Exterior beam:
257
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Interior beam:
Short direction
(
Long direction
Short direction
Long direction
258
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Corner
Panel
2. Loads calculation:
Quality Density
Material
Tiles
mortar
Sand
Reinforced Concrete solid slab
Plaster
Partitions
Total Dead Load
Dead Load of slab
Live Load of slab
,
,
259
Reinforced Concrete II
3. Moments calculations:
Discontinuous Edge
Case 4
Continuous Edge
Discontinuous Edge
Continuous Edge
and
The moment calculations will be done for the slab middle strip.
and
and
(
(
and
)
and
)
)
)
)
)
260
Reinforced Concrete II
and
)
)
)
)
)
short direction
long direction
Moments
and
)
261
):
Reinforced Concrete II
4. Slab reinforcement:
Short direction:
Assume bar diameter
Midspan:
Provide
Use
then
Take
Note that in the edge strips the positive moment, and the corresponding steel reinforcement
area, is assumed to decrease from its full value at the edge of the middle strip to one-third of
this value at the edge of the panel, which will not be provided.
Continuous edge:
Assume bar diameter
262
Reinforced Concrete II
Provide
Use
then
Take
Discontinuous edge.
The negative moment at the discontinuous edge is one-third the positive moment in the
span.
Provide
Take
Long direction.
Design for positive and negative moment as in the short direction.
Note that the effective depth for the long direction will be
and
(
)
and
)
(
)
(
The reactions of the slab are calculated from Table 4, which indicates that
of the load is
transmitted in the short direction and
in the long direction.
The total load on the panel being
The load per meter on the long beam is
, and
The load per meter on the short beam is
.
The shear to be transmitted by the slab to these beams is numerically equal to these beam
loads, reduced to a critical section a distance from the beam face. The shear strength of
the slab is
263
Reinforced Concrete II
- for shear.
Example:
A monolithic reinforced concrete solid slab is to be composed of rectangular bays as shown.
Beams of width
and depth
are provided on all column lines. The floor is to be
designed to carry a service live load
and a dead load on the slab due to selfweight plus weight of:
Tiles,
.
Mortar,
.
Sand,
.
Plaster,
.
Partitions,
.
Given:
and
.
Find the required slab thickness and reinforcement for the solid slab shown.
Solution:
1. Minimum thickness (deflection requirements):
For slabs of this type the first trial thickness is often taken equal to
Take
Exterior beam:
(
264
Reinforced Concrete II
6.0 m
B 11 (60 x 60 cm)
B 1 (60 x 60 cm)
6.6 m
B 5 (60 x 60 cm)
B 6 (60 x 60 cm)
B 2 (60 x 60 cm)
6.6 m
265
B 16 (60 x 60 cm)
B 19 (60 x 60 cm)
B 3 (60 x 60 cm)
6.6 m
7.5 m
7.5 m
8.0 m
B 9 (60 x 60 cm)
B 24 (60 x 60 cm)
B 21 (60 x 60 cm)
B 8 (60 x 60 cm)
B 20 (60 x 60 cm)
B 7 (60 x 60 cm)
B 17 (60 x 60 cm)
B 13 (60 x 60 cm)
B 4 (60 x 60 cm)
8.6 m
B 18 (60 x 60 cm)
B 15 (60 x 60 cm)
B 14 (60 x 60 cm)
8.1 m
8.1 m
B 12 (60 x 60 cm)
B 23 (60 x 60 cm)
B 10 (60 x 60 cm)
6.0 m
B 22 (60 x 60 cm)
6.0 m
Reinforced Concrete II
Interior beam:
Short direction
(
Long direction
Short direction
Long direction
(
)
266
Reinforced Concrete II
Corner
Panel
2. Loads calculation:
Quality Density
Material
Tiles
mortar
Sand
Reinforced Concrete solid slab
Plaster
Partitions
Total Dead Load
Dead Load of slab
Live Load of slab
,
,
267
Reinforced Concrete II
3. Moments calculations:
and
All negative and positive coefficients are shown on the slab plane (page 265).
Negative moments at Discontinuous edges (
6.0 m
25.2
+27.5
+21.5
B 1 (60 x 60 cm)
B 2 (60 x 60 cm)
B 3 (60 x 60 cm)
6.6 m
6.6 m
Moments,
268
6.6 m
9.2
7.5 m
7.5 m
8.0 m
45.4
+14.9
+9.6
46.6
B 19 (60 x 60 cm)
46.6
3.2
B 16 (60 x 60 cm)
+14.9
25.5
B 6 (60 x 60 cm)
+27.5
B 23 (60 x 60 cm)
+21.5
14.9
25.5
9.2
7.2
38.3
+18.6
32.9
+15.3
+12.2
38.8
B 5 (60 x 60 cm)
45.4
B 24 (60 x 60 cm)
27.1
38.3
38.8
B 20 (60 x 60 cm)
+21.5
B 4 (60 x 60 cm)
B 13 (60 x 60 cm)
B 9 (60 x 60 cm)
25.2
7.2
B 17 (60 x 60 cm)
+15.3
32.9
8.4
+25.1
15.9
B 8 (60 x 60 cm)
38.3
B 14 (60 x 60 cm)
8.1 m
42.4
+16.2
+11.5
+19.9
38.3
B 7 (60 x 60 cm)
8.6 m
44.5
B 21 (60 x 60 cm)
3.8
B 18 (60 x 60 cm)
+16.2
+25.1
44.5
27.1
B 15 (60 x 60 cm)
8.1 m
42.4
8.4
B 12 (60 x 60 cm)
5.4
B 11 (60 x 60 cm)
5.4
B 10 (60 x 60 cm)
6.0 m
B 22 (60 x 60 cm)
6.0 m
):
Reinforced Concrete II
4. Slab reinforcement:
Assume bar diameter
Find
corresponding to
(
Check for strain
:
(
Take
(
Check for strain
:
(
Take
(
Check for strain
:
269
Reinforced Concrete II
Take
10@15 cm c/c
L=300 cm
7.5 m
10@15 cm c/c
L=900 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=300 cm
12@15 cm c/c
L=600 cm
T
10@15 cm c/c
L=900 cm
7.5 m
10@15 cm c/c
L=750 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=900 cm
B
10@15 cm c/c
L=600 cm
14@15 cm c/c
L=500 cm
B
10@15 cm c/c
L=300 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=750 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=950 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=950 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=300 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=750 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=300 cm
8.0 m
T
14@15 cm c/c
L=500 cm
B
12@15 cm c/c
L=600 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=900 cm
B
10@15 cm c/c
L=950 cm
6.6 m
6.6 m
200
6.6 m
10@15 cm c/c
L=300 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=750 cm
8.6 m
10@15 cm c/c
L=300 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=750 cm
12@15 cm c/c
L=500 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=750 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=900 cm
B
12@15 cm c/c
L=600 cm
T
10@15 cm c/c
L=300 cm
B
10@15 cm c/c
L=300 cm
12@15 cm c/c
L=500 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=750 cm
8.1 m
12@15 cm c/c
L=500 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=300 cm
B
10@15 cm c/c
L=750 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=600 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=900 cm
T
T
6.0 m
12@15 cm c/c
L=500 cm
10@15 cm c/c
L=750 cm
12@15 cm c/c
L=600 cm
8.1 m
T 10@15 cm c/c
L=300 cm
6.0 m
10@15 cm c/c
L=300 cm
6.0 m
Reinforced Concrete II
, from case 9.
The reactions of the slab are calculated from Table 4, which indicates that
of the load is
transmitted in the short direction.
The total load on the panel being
The load per meter on the long beam is
,
The shear to be transmitted by the slab to these beams is numerically equal to these beam
loads, reduced to a critical section a distance from the beam face. The shear strength of
the slab is
- for shear.
B 16
8.6 m
B 17
8.1 m
271
B 18
8.1 m
45
6.6 m
3.0 m
45
6.6 m
272
45
45
6.6 m
Using software programs such as BEAMD to analyze the beam and to get shear and moment
envelopes, and then design it.
8.0 m
2.0 m
45
3.0 m
3.0 m
3.0 m
7.5 m
1.5 m
1.5 m
3.0 m
3.0 m
3.0 m
3.0 m
3.0 m
7.5 m
1.5 m
1.5 m
3.0 m
3.0 m
B 18 (60x60 cm)
3.0 m
6.0 m
3.0 m
2.0 m
3.0 m
3.0 m
1.5 m
1.5 m
B 17 (60x60 cm)
3.0 m
8.1 m
8.1 m
6.0 m
3.0 m
B 16 (60x60 cm)
3.0 m
2.0 m
8.6 m
Reinforced Concrete II
Dr. Nasr Abboushi
6.0 m
45
Reinforced Concrete II
273
Reinforced Concrete II
Solution:
1. Minimum thickness (deflection requirements): Assume the thickness for the shown
ribbed slab
Check for the minimum thickness of the slab (for the shaded corner slab):
All Exterior and Interior beams have rectangular section of 60 cm width and 52 cm
depth:
The moment of inertia for the ribbed slab is the sum of moment of inertia of T-section ribs
within a distance (
)
was defined as in one-way ribbed
slab design (
)
274
Reinforced Concrete II
6.0 m
B2 (60x52 cm)
6.6 m
7.5 m
B 24 (60x52 cm)
7.5 m
B 23 (60x52 cm)
B3 (60x52 cm)
6.6 m
7.5 m
B 16 (60x52 cm)
B 13 (60x52 cm)
B6 (60x52 cm)
B 19 (60x52 cm)
B 14 (60x52 cm)
8.1 m
B 17 (60x52 cm)
B5 (60x52 cm)
B4 (60x52 cm)
8.1 m
B9 (60x52 cm)
B 20 (60x52 cm)
B 15 (60x52 cm)
8.1 m
B 18 (60x52 cm)
B8 (60x52 cm)
B7 (60x52 cm)
6.6 m
B 21 (60x52 cm)
B1 (60x52 cm)
6.0 m
B 22 (60x52 cm)
6.0 m
Reinforced Concrete II
Short direction
Long direction
Short direction
(
Long direction
7.5 m
6m
Corner
Panel
)
(
)
276
Reinforced Concrete II
2. Loads calculation:
Material
Quality Density
Tiles
mortar
Sand
Reinforced Concrete Topping
Reinforced Concrete Rib
Concrete Block
Plaster
Partitions
Total Dead Load,
Dead Load of slab:
3. Moments calculations:
and
All negative and positive coefficients are shown on the slab plane (page 278).
Negative moments at Discontinuous edges (
):
277
Reinforced Concrete II
6.0 m
6.6 m
6.6 m
and
are for
7.5 m
7.5 m
8.1 m
8.1 m
8.1 m
6.0 m
7.5 m
6.0 m
6.6 m
Reinforced Concrete II
6.0 m
7.5 m
B 23 (60 x 60 cm)
+8.32
+11.72
13.8
B 6 (60 x 60 cm)
2.95
+13.71
2.09
+10.85
23.23
B 2 (60 x 60 cm)
B 3 (60 x 60 cm)
6.6 m
Moments,
279
6.6 m
4.57
7.5 m
+6.26
24.54
+8.84
24.54
B 19 (60 x 60 cm)
14.82
8.69
+8.84
3.91
20.96
+18.09
18
B 1 (60 x 60 cm)
6.6 m
7.5 m
14.82
20.96
+6.61
21.27
B 20 (60 x 60 cm)
21.27
2.95
+13.71
B 16 (60 x 60 cm)
14.82
4.57
B 24 (60 x 60 cm)
+8.84
+6.26
B 9 (60 x 60 cm)
B 5 (60 x 60 cm)
23.23
4.57
+13.71
8.69
+11.72
B 4 (60 x 60 cm)
B 13 (60 x 60 cm)
+10.85
23.23
13.8
3.91
B 17 (60 x 60 cm)
+8.32
18
20.96
B 14 (60 x 60 cm)
8.1 m
24.54
B 8 (60 x 60 cm)
20.96
B 7 (60 x 60 cm)
8.1 m
24.54
B 21 (60 x 60 cm)
2.09
B 18 (60 x 60 cm)
+8.84
+13.71
14.82
B 15 (60 x 60 cm)
8.1 m
23.23
4.57
B 12 (60 x 60 cm)
2.95
B 11 (60 x 60 cm)
2.95
B 10 (60 x 60 cm)
6.0 m
B 22 (60 x 60 cm)
6.0 m
Reinforced Concrete II
4. Slab reinforcement:
The design can be done directly for the negative moment or through section analysis with
assumed bar diameter and step.
Design for negative moment
Check for
Use
with
Assume
280
Reinforced Concrete II
(
Check for strain
:
(
Take
Assume
(
Check for strain
:
(
Take
Assume
(
Check for strain
:
(
Take
281
Reinforced Concrete II
T 2 12
L=500 cm
B 2 10
L=900 cm
T 2 12
L=600 cm
B 2 10
L=900 cm
T 2 14
L=500 cm
B 2 10
L=750 cm
T 2 10
L=300 cm
B 2 10
L=900 cm
T 2 10
L=300 cm
T 2 10
L=300 cm
B 2 10
L=900 cm
B 2 10
L=750 cm
6.6 m
T 2 10
L=300 cm
6.6 m
6.6 m
8 @20 cm
10 or 12 or 14
24 cm
32 cm
8 cm
10
40 cm
12 cm
7.5 m
T 2 12
L=600 cm
T 2 12
L=600 cm
B 2 10
L=900 cm
8.1 m
T 2 14
L=500 cm
B 2 10
L=750 cm
7.5 m
B 2 10
L=750 cm
B 2 12
L=750 cm
T 2 10
L=300 cm
8.1 m
T 2 10
L=300 cm
B 2 10
L=900 cm
B 2 10
L=750 cm
7.5 m
B 2 10
L=900 cm
B 2 10
L=900 cm
T 2 12
L=600 cm
T 2 12
L=600 cm
T 2 12
L=500 cm
T 2 10
L=300 cm
T 2 10
L=300 cm
B 2 10
L=750 cm
B 2 10
L=750 cm
B 2 10
L=900 cm
8.1 m
B 2 10
L=750 cm
T 2 14
L=500 cm
T 2 10
L=300 cm
T 2 14
L=500 cm
T 2 12
L=600 cm
T 2 10
L=300 cm
6.0 m
T 2 10
L=300 cm
6.0 m
T 2 10
L=300 cm
6.0 m
Reinforced Concrete II
Assume
(
Check for strain
:
(
Take
- for shear.
Design the rib for shear assuming that the critical shear
in the rib is
.
3m
1.5 m
3m
3m
283
3m
Reinforced Concrete II
for stirrups
)
Use
face of support is
from the
, so no
):
The tributary load area for beams 16, 17, 18 from ribbed slab is as shown (shaded area). In
addition to factored load acting on the beam from the ribbed slab, the own weight of the
beam must be added.
Load calculation for the beams 16-17-18:
45
6.6 m
1.5 m
3.0 m
B1 (60x52 cm)
B2 (60x52 cm)
6.6 m
285
B3 (60x52 cm)
6.6 m
7.5 m
3.0 m
7.5 m
B 23 (60x52 cm)
3.0 m
3.0 m
7.5 m
B 24 (60x52 cm)
3.0 m
1.5 m
B 21 (60x52 cm)
1.5 m
3.0 m
6.0 m
B 22 (60x52 cm)
3.0 m
B5 (60x52 cm)
3.0 m
B8 (60x52 cm)
1.5 m
B 20 (60x52 cm)
1.5 m
3.0 m
1.5 m
B 19 (60x52 cm)
1.5 m
B4 (60x52 cm)
3.0 m
B7 (60x52 cm)
3.0 m
3.0 m
B 18 (60x52 cm)
3.0 m
1.5 m
B 15 (60x52 cm)
8.1 m
3.0 m
3.0 m
B 17 (60x52 cm)
3.0 m
1.5 m
B 14 (60x52 cm)
8.1 m
6.0 m
3.0 m
45
B 16 (60x52 cm)
3.0 m
B 13 (60x52 cm)
8.1 m
Reinforced Concrete II
Dr. Nasr Abboushi
6.0 m
B9 (60x52 cm)
B6 (60x52 cm)
Reinforced Concrete II
Total service
Total service
on the beam
on the beam
and
and
Using software programs such as BEAMD to analyze and design the beams and to get
reinforcement details.
):
The tributary load area for beams 7, 8, 9 from ribbed slab is as shown (shaded area). In
addition to factored load acting on the beam from the ribbed slab, the own weight of the
beam must be added.
Load calculation for the beams 7-8-9:
on the beam
on the beam
and
and
6.6 m
6.6 m
6.6 m
Using software programs such as BEAMD to analyze and design the beams and to get
reinforcement details.
286
Reinforced Concrete II
):
The tributary load area beams 22, 23, 24 from ribbed slab is as shown (shaded area). In
addition to factored load acting on the beam from the ribbed slab, the own weight of the
beam must be added and the load of the RC wall (
thick,
height).
Load calculation for the beams 22-23-24:
Note here that the width of the beam for the floor materials and live load on the beam will
be smaller because of the thickness of the exterior wall (
)
Weight of the floor materials acting directly on the beam
Material
Tiles
mortar
Sand
Plaster
Partitions
Total Dead Load,
Total service
Total service
on the beam
on the beam
and
and
Using software programs such as BEAMD to analyze and design the beams and to get
reinforcement details.
287
Reinforced Concrete II
288
Reinforced Concrete II
289
Reinforced Concrete II
290
Reinforced Concrete II
291
Reinforced Concrete II
292
Reinforced Concrete II
293
Reinforced Concrete II
9.9
The direct-design method also could have been called the direct-analysis method, because
this method essentially prescribes values for moments in various parts of the slab panel
without the need for a structural analysis. The reader should be aware that this design
method was introduced in an era when most engineering calculations were made with a
slide rule and computer software was not available to do the repetitive calculations required
to analyze a continuous-floor slab system. Thus, for continuous slab panels with relatively
uniform lengths and subjected to distributed loading, a series of moment coefficients were
developed that would lead to safe flexural designs of two-way floor systems.
Reinforced Concrete II
295
Reinforced Concrete II
296
Reinforced Concrete II
297
Reinforced Concrete II
9.9.5 Lateral Distribution of Moments (between Column Strips and Middle Strips)
Having distributed the moment
to the positive and negative-moment sections as just
described, the designer still must distribute these design moments across the width of the
critical sections. For design purposes, it is convenient to consider the moments constant
within the bounds of a middle strip or column strip unless there is a beam present on the
column line. In the latter case, because of its greater stiffness, the beam will tend to take a
larger share of the column-strip moment than the adjacent slab. The distribution of total
negative or positive moment between slab middle strips, slab column strips, and beams
depends upon the ratio
, the relative stiffness of the beam and the slab, and the degree
of torsional restraint provided by the edge beam.
A convenient parameter defining the relative stiffness of the beam and slab spanning in
either direction is
in which
and
are the moduli of elasticity of the beam and slab concrete (usually the
same) and and are the moments of inertia of the effective beam and the slab.
Subscripted parameters
and
are used to identify computed for the directions of
, and , respectively.
The flexural stiffnesses of the beam and slab may be based on the gross concrete section,
neglecting reinforcement and possible cracking, and variations due to column capitals and
drop panels may be neglected. For the beam, if present, and for the slab,
are
defined as in Section 9.4.
The relative restraint provided by the torsional resistance of the effective transverse edge
beam is reflected by the parameter , defined as
where , as before, is calculated for the slab spanning in direction , and having width
bounded by panel centerlines in the direction. The constant
pertains to the torsional
rigidity of the effective transverse beam, which is defined according to ACI Code 13.7.5 as
the largest of the following:
1. A portion of the slab having a width equal to that of the column, bracket, or capital in
the direction in which moments are taken,
2. The portion of the slab specified in 1 plus that part of any transverse beam above and
below the slab,
3. The transverse beam defined as in Section 9.4.
The constant is calculated by dividing the section into its component rectangles, each
having smaller dimension
and larger dimension , and summing the contributions of all
the parts by means of the equation
(
Reinforced Concrete II
With these parameters defined, ACI Code 13.6.4 distributes the negative and positive
moments between column strips and middle strips, assigning to the column strips the
percentages of positive and negative moments shown in the next table. Linear interpolations
are to be made between the values shown.
Compute
and
Reinforced Concrete II
(b)
Compute
(c)
Divide
into negative and positive moments. From ACI Code Section 13.6.3.2,
Negative moment
Positive moment
This process is illustrated in the figure (a) below, and the resulting distribution of total
moments is shown in figure (b).
300
Reinforced Concrete II
(d)
Half of this
because there
adjacent bays have the same width, , a similar moment will be assigned to the other half of
each middle strip so that the total middle-strip negative moment is
.
Positive moments: From Table (page 299), where
These calculations are illustrated in figure (a) below. The resulting distributions of moments
in the column strip and middle strip are summarized in figure (c).
301
Reinforced Concrete II
In the next figure, the moments in each strip have been divided by the width of that strip.
3. Compute the moments in the long span of the slab. Although it was not asked for in
this example, in a slab design, it now would be necessary to repeat steps 2(a) to 2(d)
for the long span.
4. Design the middle and the column strips for these moments and find the
reinforcement area for each strip.
9.10
The ACI Code presents two general methods for calculating the longitudinal distribution of
moments in two-way slab systems. These are the direct-design method (presented in the
previous section) and equivalent-frame methods, which are presented in this section.
Equivalent-frame methods are intended for use in analyzing moments in any practical slab
column frame. Their scope is thus wider than the direct-design method, which is subject to
the limitations presented in Section 9.9.1 (ACI Code Section 13.6.1). In the direct-design
method, the statical moment, is calculated for each slab span. This moment is then divided
between positive- and negative-moment regions using arbitrary moment coefficients, which
are adjusted to reflect pattern loadings. For equivalent-frame methods, a stiffness analyses
of a slabcolumn frame is used to determine the longitudinal distribution of bending
moments, including possible pattern loadings. The transverse distribution of moments to
column and middle strips, as defined in the prior section, is the same for both methods.
The design requirements can be explained as follows.
1. Description of the equivalent frame: An equivalent frame is a two-dimensional
building frame obtained by cutting the three-dimensional building along lines
midway between columns (see the figure below). The resulting equivalent frames are
considered separately in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the building.
302
Reinforced Concrete II
For vertical loads, each floor is analyzed separately, with the far ends of the upper
and lower columns assumed to be fixed. The slab-beam may be assumed to be fixed
at any support two panels away from the support considered, because the vertical
loads contribute very little to the moment at that support. For lateral loads, the
equivalent frame consists of all the floors and extends for the full height of the
building, because the forces at each floor are a function of the lateral forces on all
floors above the considered level. Analysis of frames can also be made using
computer programs.
2. Load assumptions: When the ratio of the service live load to the service dead load is
less than or equal to
, the structural analysis of the frame can be made with the
factored dead and live loads acting on all spans instead of a pattern loading. When
the ratio of the service live load to the service dead load is greater than
, pattern
loading must be used, considering the following conditions:
303
Reinforced Concrete II
a. Only
of the full-factored live load may be used for the pattern loading
analysis.
b. The maximum negative bending moment in the slab at the support is
obtained by loading only the two adjacent spans.
c. The maximum positive moment near a midspan is obtained by loading only
alternate spans.
d. The design moments must not be less than those occurring with a fullfactored live load on all panels (ACI Code, Section 13.7.6).
e. The critical negative moments are considered to be acting at the face of a
rectangular column or at the face of the equivalent square column having
the same area for nonrectangular sections.
3. Slab-beam moment of inertia: The ACI Code specifies that the variation in moment
of inertia along the longitudinal axes of the columns and slab beams must be taken
into account in the analysis of frames. The critical region is located between the
centerline of the column and the face of the column, bracket, or capital. This region
may be considered as a thickened section of the floor slab. To account for the large
depth of the column and its reduced effective width in contact with the slab beam,
the ACI Code, Section 13.7.3.3, specifies that the moment of inertia of the slab beam
between the center of the column and the face of the support is to be assumed equal
to that of the slab beam at the face of the column divided by the quantity
304
Reinforced Concrete II
5. Column stiffness,
where
, is defined by
is the sum of the stiffness of the upper and lower columns at their ends,
)
)
9.11
Reinforced Concrete II
, and
),
), where
11.11.3.3 The distance between the column face and the first line of stirrup legs that
surround the column shall not exceed
. The spacing between adjacent stirrup legs in the
first line of shear reinforcement shall not exceed
measured in a direction parallel to the
column face. The spacing between successive lines of shear reinforcement that surround the
column shall not exceed
measured in a direction perpendicular to the column face
Headed Shear Studs:
The headed shear studs shown in the figure below are permitted by the ACI Code Section
11.11.5. They act in the same mechanical manner as a stirrup leg, but the head of the shear
stud is assumed to provide better anchorage than a bar hook.
Headed shear-stud reinforcement at a slab-column connection consists of rows of vertical
rods, each with a circular head or plate welded or forged on the top end, as shown. These
rows are placed to extend out from the corners of the column. To aid in the handling and
306
Reinforced Concrete II
placement of the shear studs and to anchor the lower ends of the studs, they generally are
shop-welded to flat steel bars at the desired spacing. The vertical rods are referred to as
headed shear reinforcement or headed shear studs. The assembly of studs plus the bar is
called a stud rail.
ACI Section 11.11.5 Headed shear stud reinforcement, placed perpendicular to the plane
of a slab or footing, shall be permitted in slabs and footings in accordance with 11.11.5.1
through 11.11.5.4. The overall height of the shear stud assembly shall not be less than the
thickness of the member less the sum of:
(1) the concrete cover on the top flexural reinforcement;
(2) the concrete cover on the base rail; and
(3) one-half the bar diameter of the tension flexural reinforcement.
Where flexural tension reinforcement is at the bottom of the section, as in a footing, the
overall height of the shear stud assembly shall not be less than the thickness of the member
less the sum of:
(1) the concrete cover on the bottom flexural reinforcement;
(2) the concrete cover on the head of the stud; and
(3) one-half the bar diameter of the bottom flexural reinforcement.
11.11.5.1 For the critical section defined in 11.11.1.2, shall be computed using
Eq. (11-2) (
respectively.
), with
and
not exceeding
) with
and
sectional area of all the shear reinforcement on one peripheral line that is approximately
parallel to the perimeter of the column section, where
is the spacing of the peripheral
shall not be less than .
11.11.5.2 The spacing between the column face and the first peripheral line of
shear reinforcement shall not exceed
. The spacing between peripheral lines of shear
reinforcement, measured in a direction perpendicular to any face of the column, shall be
constant. For prestressed slabs or footings satisfying 11.11.2.2, this spacing shall not exceed
; for all other slabs and footings, the spacing shall be based on the value of the shear
stress due to factored shear force and unbalanced moment at the critical section defined in
11.11.1.2, and shall not exceed:
(a)
where maximum shear stresses due to factored loads are less than or
equal to
;
(b)
where maximum shear stresses due to factored loads are greater than
.
11.11.5.3 The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement elements, measured
on the perimeter of the first peripheral line of shear reinforcement, shall not exceed .
11.11.5.4 Shear stress due to factored shear force and moment shall not exceed
reinforcement.
307
Reinforced Concrete II
Example (Checking One-Way and Two-Way Shear at an Interior Column in a Flat Plate):
The figure below shows an interior column in a large uniform flat-plate slab. The slab is
thick. An average effective depth, , as shown, normally is used in shear strength
calculations for two-way slabs. Both one-way and two-way punching shear usually is checked
near columns where top reinforcement is used in both principal directions to resist negativebending moments. ACI Code Section 7.7.2(c) states that the minimum clear cover for slab
reinforcement is
. Thus, assuming
bars are used as flexural reinforcement, the
average value for determining shear strength
of the slab is
The slab supports a uniform, superimposed dead load of
and a uniform,
superimposed live load of
. The normal-weight concrete has a compressive
strength of
. Check whether the shear capacity is adequate.
308
Reinforced Concrete II
Solution:
1. Determine the factored uniform load.
2. Check the one-way shear. One-way shear is critical at a distance from the face of
the column. Thus, the critical sections for one-way shear are AA and BB.
The loaded areas causing shear on these sections are cross hatched. Their outer boundaries
are lines of symmetry on which
Because the tributary area for section AA is larger,
this section will be more critical.
(c) Compute
at section AA.
(d)
Compute
we have
309
Reinforced Concrete II
where
Now,
(a)
Compute
(b)
Compute
)
(
(
)
310
(
)
)
(
Reinforced Concrete II
So
Because
exceeds
)
(
(
)
(
)
)
(
where
satisfactorily above the actual . When shear is resisted by combined action of concrete and
bar reinforcement, the concrete contribution is reduced to
311
Reinforced Concrete II
The
diameter (
must be
Thus, the
provided is
at the first critical section, a distance
from the column face, and the required spacing can be found from:
The spacing
, and
stirrups
at a constant spacing of
will be used. In other cases, stirrup spacing might be
increased with distance from the column, as excess shear is less, although this would
complicate placement of the reinforcement and generally save little steel.
The required perimeter of the second critical section, at which the concrete alone can carry
the shear, is found from the controlling equation (
(
)
in the other
)
)
) as follows:
requires a minimum
)
312
Reinforced Concrete II
Four longitudinal
bars will be provided inside the corners of each closed hoop stirrup,
as shown, to provide for proper anchorage of the shear reinforcement.
Note that the approach taken here is somewhat conservative because the portion of the slab
load applied inside the perimeter of the critical section does not act on that section and can
thus be subtracted from the factored load of
.
Reinforced Concrete II
2. Compute the shear acting on the critical shear section. The load combinations from
ACI Code Section 9.2 will be used to compute the total factored dead and live loads.
The basic combination for gravity load is
The factored shear force on the critical shear section is
Compute
Now,
)
(
(
)
(
)
)
(
So
Because
less than
, shear reinforcement is required at
the critical shear section. Using shear studs as shear reinforcement results in
This gives
3. Lay out the punching shear reinforcement. Rows of shear studs welded to bars will
be placed parallel and perpendicular to the main slab reinforcement to cause the
least disruption in the placement of the main slab steel. Using a trial and error
process:
Try eight stud rails, each with seven
-diameter studs (
) with
-diameter heads, and
(typical for shear studs).
The spacing to the first set of shear studs, , is to be taken less than or equal to
. Thus,
select
(see figure). Before proceeding to layout the subsequent rows of shear
studs, the shear strength should be checked at the inner critical section. In Equation
, the area provided by the inner row of shear studs is
314
Reinforced Concrete II
Reinforced Concrete II
The outer critical-shear section is a series of straight line segments passing through points
located
outside the outer shear studs, as shown in the figure. The perimeter of this
peripheral line is
(
4. Check the shear stresses on the outer critical section. The factored shear force on the
concrete at the outer critical section is
and
316
Reinforced Concrete II
CHAPTER 10
STAIRS
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Stairs must be provided in almost all buildings, either low-rise or high-rise, even if adequate
numbers of elevators are provided. Stairs consist of rises, runs (or treads), and landings. The
total steps and landings are called a staircase. The rise is defined as the vertical distance
between two steps, and the run is the depth of the step. The landing is the horizontal part of
the staircase without rises.
317
Reinforced Concrete II
318
Reinforced Concrete II
Reinforced Concrete II
4. Cantilever stairs: Cantilever stairs are used mostly in fire-escape stairs, and they are
supported by concrete walls or beams. The stairsteps may be of the full-flight type,
projecting from one side of the wall, the half-flight type, projecting from both sides of
the supporting wall, or of the semispiral type. In this type of stairs, each step acts as a
cantilever, and the main reinforcement is placed in the tension side of the run and
the bars are anchored within the concrete wall. Shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement is provided in the transverse direction.
320
Reinforced Concrete II
Another form of a cantilever stair is that using open-riser steps supported by a central beam,
as shown below. The beam has a slope similar to the flight of stairs and receives the steps on
its horizontally prepared portions. In most cases, precast concrete steps are used, with
special provisions for anchor bolts that fix the steps into the beam.
5. Precast flights of stairs: The speed of construction in some projects requires the use
of precast flights of stairs. The flights may be cast separately and then fixed to castin-place landings. In other cases, the flights, including the landings, are cast and then
placed in position on their supporting walls or beams. They are designed as simply
supported one-way slabs with the main reinforcement at the bottom of the stair
waist. Adequate reinforcement must be provided at the joints.
Provisions must be made for lifting and handling the precast stair units by providing lifting
holes or inserting special lifting hooks into the concrete. Special reinforcement must be
provided at critical locations to account for tensile stresses that will occur in the stairs from
the lifting and handling process.
321
Reinforced Concrete II
6. Free-standing staircase: In this type of stairs, the landing projects into the air without
any support at its end. The stairs behave in a springboard manner, causing torsional
stresses in the slab.
322
Reinforced Concrete II
Three systems of loading must be considered in the design of this type of stairs, taking into
consideration that torsional moments will develop in the slab in all cases:
a. When the live load acts on the upper flight and half the landing only (Case 1), the
upper flight slab will be subjected to tensile forces in addition to bending moments,
whereas the lower flight will be subjected to compression forces, which may cause
buckling of the slab.
b. When the live load acts on the lower flight and half the landing only (Case 2), the
upper flight slab will be subjected to tensile forces, whereas the lower flight will be
subjected to bending moment and compression forces.
c. When the live load acts on both upper and lower flights, the loading of one flight will
cause the twisting of the other. The torsional stresses developed in the stairs require
adequate reinforcement in both faces of the stair slabs and the landing. Transverse
reinforcement in the slab and the landing must be provided in both faces of the
concrete in the shape of closed U-bars lapping at midwidth of the stairs. Typical
reinforcement details are shown in the figure below.
323
Reinforced Concrete II
This type of stairs is favored by architects and sometimes called a pliers-shaped staircase or
jackknife staircase.
For practical design, the parameters may be chosen as follows: flight width between
and
, horizontal span between
and
, total (light height between
and
, and slab thickness between
and
.
The above information is a guide to help the designer to choose the right parameters for an
economical design.
7. Run-riser stairs: Run-riser stairs are stepped underside stairs that consist of a number
of runs and risers rigidly connected without the provision of the normal waist slab.
This type of stairs has an elegant appearance and is sometimes favored by architects.
The structural analysis of run-riser stairs can be simplified by assuming that the effect of
axial forces is negligible and that the load on each run is concentrated at the end of the run
324
Reinforced Concrete II
(see next figure). For the analysis of a simply supported flight of stairs, consider a simple
flight of two runs,
, subjected to a concentrated load at . Because joints and
are rigid, the moment at joint is equal to the moment at , or
For a flight of stairs that consists of a number of runs and risers, the same approach can be
used; the bending moment diagram is shown below. The moment in
is constant and is
equal to the moment at joint , or
. Similarly,
, and
325
Reinforced Concrete II
The stairs may be supported at some edges within adjacent walls or may be designed as a
free-standing helical staircase, which is most popular. The structural analysis of helical
staircases is complicated. Design charts for helical stairs are also prepared. Under load, the
flight slab will be subjected to torsional stresses throughout. The upper landing will be
subjected to tensile stresses, whereas compressive stresses occur at the bottom of the flight.
The forces acting at any section may consist of vertical moment, lateral moment, torsional
moment, axial force, shearing force across the waist of the stairs, and radial horizontal
shearing force. The main longitudinal reinforcement consists of helical bars placed in the
concrete waist of the stairs and runs from the top landing to the bottom support. The
transverse reinforcement must be in a closed stirrup form to resist torsional stresses or in a
U-shape lapped at about the midwidth of the stairs.
Based on many studies, the possible practical dimensions may be chosen as follows: Total
subtended arc between
and
, stair width between
and
, stairs slab
thickness between
and
and stair height between and
.
The above information can be used as a guide to achieve a proper and economical design of
helical staircase.
326
Reinforced Concrete II
An alternative method of providing a helical stair is to use a central helical girder located at
the midwidth of the stairs and have the steps project equally on both sides of the girder.
Each step is analyzed as a cantilever, and the reinforcement bars extend all along the top of
the run. Precast concrete steps may be used and can be fixed to specially prepared
horizontal faces at the top surfaces of the girder.
10.3
In the second and third types (slab type stairs), the main supporting element could be the
slab itself. The flight could be supported on the landing, which is in turn supported on the
supporting beams. From the structural point of view, it is better that the main supporting
element is spanning in the short direction. However, this depends on the surrounding
beams. If the beams exist around the perimeter of the stair well or at least along the long
sides, solution A in the figure below is more economical. If the supporting beams are only at
the short side, solution B is the only valid structural system.
Since the landing and the stairs are not straight, internal forces are generated in these
sloped elements. The two tensile forces and generated at the kink, producing a third
outward force as shown in the next figure. This force tends to cause splitting cracks if the
produced stresses exceed concrete tensile strength. Thus, tension reinforcement should be
extended from each side so that no outward force is generated.
327
Reinforced Concrete II
328
Reinforced Concrete II
Example
Design the staircase shown below, which carries a uniform live load of
rise of
and a run of
. Use
and
. Assume a
.
Solution
1. Structural system: If no stringer beam is used, one of the four possible solutions
shown in figure (page 318) may be adopted. When no intermediate supports are
used, the flight of stairs will be supported at the ends of the upper and lower
landings. This structural system will be adopted in this example.
2. Minimum slab thickness for deflection is (for a simply supported one-way solid slab)
In the case presented here, where the slab ends are cast with the supporting beams and
additional negative reinforcement is provided, minimum thickness can be assumed to be
Take
3. Loads: The applied live loads are based on the plan area (horizontal projection), while
the dead load is based on the sloped length. To transform the dead load into
horizontal projection the figure below explains how.
Flight Dead Load computation:
(
329
cos
Reinforced Concrete II
Quality Density
Material
Tiles
mortar
Stair steps
Reinforced Concrete
solid slab
Plaster
cos
cos
Quality Density
Tiles
mortar
Reinforced Concrete solid slab
Plaster
Total Dead Load
8.01
Live Load:
Total factored Load:
Because the load on the landing is carried into two directions, only half the load will be
considered in each direction
.
330
Reinforced Concrete II
- for shear.
Use
then
Take
331
Reinforced Concrete II
(
s
Take
Step (
1.
2.
s
If the slab will be cast monolithically with its supporting beams, additional reinforcement
must be provided at the top of the upper and lower landings. Details of stair reinforcement
are shown in the figure (page 333).
7. Design of landings: Considering a 1-m length of the landing, the load on the landing is
shown in the next figure. The middle
will carry a full load, whereas the two
1.5-m lengths on each side will carry half the ultimate load.
332
Reinforced Concrete II
333
Reinforced Concrete II
then provide
Use
then
Take
(
s
8. The transverse beams at the landing levels must be designed to carry loads from
stairs (
) in addition to their own weight and the weight of the wall
above.
334
Reinforced Concrete II
Example
Design the staircase shown below, which carries a uniform live load of
rise of
and a run of
. Use
and
. Assume a
.
Solution
1. Minimum slab thickness for deflection is (for a simply supported one-way solid slab)
Take
2. Loads:
Flight Dead Load computation:
(
Material
Quality Density
Tiles
mortar
Stair steps
Reinforced Concrete
solid slab
Plaster
cos
cos
Reinforced Concrete II
Quality Density
Material
Tiles
mortar
Reinforced Concrete solid slab
Plaster
Total Dead Load
8.01
Live Load:
Total factored Load:
- for shear.
336
Reinforced Concrete II
Use
then
Take
(
s
337
Reinforced Concrete II
Take
Step (
1.
2.
s
or
(
338
Reinforced Concrete II
- for shear.
Use
then
Take
Reinforced Concrete II
2.
(
(
s
Take
Step (
1.
2.
s
Design the slab S3 for flexure and shear as for slabs S1 and S2.
340
Reinforced Concrete II
CHAPTER 11
11.1
INTRODUCTION.
Reinforced concrete footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and
to transmit and distribute their loads to the soil. The design is based on the assumption that
the footing is rigid, so that the variation of the soil pressure under the footing is linear.
Uniform soil pressure is achieved when the column load coincides with the centroid of the
footing. Although this assumption is acceptable for rigid footings, such an assumption
becomes less accurate as the footing becomes relatively more flexible. The proper design of
footings requires that
1. The load capacity of the soil is not exceeded.
2. Excessive settlement, differential settlement, or rotations are avoided.
3. Adequate safety against sliding and/or overturning is maintained.
The most common types of footings used in buildings are the single footings and wall
footings. When a column load is transmitted to the soil by the footing, the soil becomes
compressed. The amount of settlement depends on many factors, such as the type of soil,
the load intensity, the depth below ground level, and the type of footing. If different footings
of the same structure have different settlements, new stresses develop in the structure.
Excessive differential settlement may lead to the damage of nonstructural members in the
buildings or even failure of the affected parts.
Vertical loads are usually applied at the centroid of the footing. If the resultant of the applied
loads does not coincide with the centroid of the bearing area, a bending moment develops.
In this case, the pressure on one side of the footing will be greater than the pressure on the
other side.
341
Reinforced Concrete II
If the bearing soil capacity is different under different footingsfor example, if the footings
of a building are partly on soil and partly on rocka differential settlement will occur. It is
usual in such cases to provide a joint between the two parts to separate them, allowing for
independent settlement.
The depth of the footing below the ground level is an important factor in the design of
footings. This depth should be determined from soil tests, which should provide reliable
information on safe bearing capacity at different layers below ground level. Soil test reports
specify the allowable bearing capacity to be used in the design. In cold areas where freezing
occurs, frost action may cause heaving or subsidence. It is necessary to place footings below
freezing depth to avoid movements.
11.2
TYPES OF FOOTINGS.
Different types of footings may be used to support building columns or walls. The most
common types are as follows:
1. Wall footings are used to support structural walls that carry loads from other floors
or to support nonstructural walls. They have a limited width and a continuous length
under the wall. Wall footings may have one thickness, be stepped, or have a sloped
top.
2. Isolated, or single, footings are used to support single columns. They may be square,
rectangular, or circular. Again, the footing may be of uniform thickness, stepped, or
have a sloped top. This is one of the most economical types of footings, and it is used
when columns are spaced at relatively long distances. The most commonly used are
square or rectangular footings with uniform thickness.
342
Reinforced Concrete II
3. Combined footings usually support two columns or three columns not in a row. The
shape of the footing in plan may be rectangular or trapezoidal, depending on column
loads. Combined footings are used when two columns are so close that single
footings cannot be used or when one column is located at or near a property line.
4. Cantilever, or strap, footings consist of two single footings connected with a beam or
a strap and support two single columns. They are used when one footing supports an
eccentric column and the nearest adjacent footing lies at quite a distance from it.
This type replaces a combined footing and is sometimes more economical.
5. Continuous footings support a row of three or more columns. They have limited
width and continue under all columns.
6. Raft, or mat, foundations consist of one footing, usually placed under the entire
building area, and support the columns of the building. They are used when:
a. The soil-bearing capacity is low.
b. Column loads are heavy.
c. Single footings cannot be used.
d. Piles are not used.
e. Differential settlement must be reduced through the entire footing system.
2. Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together and to support and
transmit column loads to the piles.
11.3
The figure below shows a footing supporting a single column. When the column load, P, is
applied on the centroid of the footing, a uniform pressure is assumed to develop on the soil
surface below the footing area. However, the actual distribution of soil pressure is not
uniform but depends on many factors, especially the composition of the soil and the degree
of flexibility of the footing. For example, the distribution of pressure on cohesionless soil
(sand) under a rigid footing is shown. The pressure is maximum under the center of the
footing and decreases toward the ends of the footing. The cohesionless soil tends to move
from the edges of the footing, causing a reduction in pressure, whereas the pressure
343
Reinforced Concrete II
increases around the center to satisfy equilibrium conditions. If the footing is resting on a
cohesive soil such as clay, the pressure under the edges is greater than at the center of the
footing. The clay near the edges has a strong cohesion with the adjacent clay surrounding
the footing, causing the nonuniform pressure distribution.
The allowable bearing soil pressure, , is usually determined from soil tests. The allowable
values vary with the type of soil, from extremely high in rocky beds to low in silty soils.
Maximum allowable
soil pressure [
]
Class of Material
of ultimate
crushing strength
Rock
Compact coarse sand, compact fine sand,
hard clay, or sand clay
Medium stiff clay or sandy clay
Compact inorganic sand and silt mixtures
Loose sand
Soft sand clay or clay
Loose inorganic sand-silt mixtures
Loose organic sand-silt mixtures, muck, or
bay mud
. The
Reinforced Concrete II
where and refer to the unfactored service dead and live loads.
Once the area of the footing is known, the rest of the design of the footing is based on soil
stresses due to the factored loads.
345
Reinforced Concrete II
Once the area is determined, a factored soil pressure is obtained by dividing the factored
load,
, by the area of the footing. This is required to design the footing
by the strength design method.
where
width of section m-m. The factored shear force at section m-m can be
calculated as follows:
346
Reinforced Concrete II
(
If no shear reinforcement is to be used, then
)
can be determined, assuming
where
Reinforced Concrete II
For shapes other than rectangular, is taken to be the ratio of the longest dimension of the
effective loaded area in the long direction to the largest width in the short direction
(perpendicular to the long direction).
perimeter of the critical section taken at
from the loaded area.
effective depth of footing.
for normal-weight concrete.
is assumed to be:
Reinforced Concrete II
maximum spacing of steel bars in the direction of bending shall be as required for shrinkage
and temperature reinforcement (see section 8.4, 8.5 page 195).
The reinforcement in one-way footings
and two-way footings must be
distributed across the entire width of
the footing. In the case of two-way
rectangular footings, the ACI Code,
Section 15.4.4, specifies that in the long
direction, a portion of the total
reinforcement
distributed
uniformly along the width of the
footing. In the short direction, a certain
ratio of the total reinforcement in this
direction must be placed uniformly
within a bandwidth equal to the length
of the short side of the footing
according to
The bandwidth must be centered on the centerline of the column. The remaining
reinforcement in the short direction must be uniformly distributed outside the bandwidth.
This remaining reinforcement percentage shall not be less than that required for shrinkage
and temperature.
When structural steel columns or masonry walls are used, then the critical sections for
moments in footings are taken at halfway between the middle and the edge of masonry
walls and halfway between the face of the column and the edge of the steel base place (ACI
Code, Section 15.4.2).
349
Reinforced Concrete II
Generally, the column bars stop at the bottom of the column, and dowels are used to
transfer forces across the columnfooting joint. Dowels are used because it is awkward to
embed the column steel in the footing, due to its unsupported height above the footing and
the difficulty in locating it accurately. The above figure a shows an
column
with
and
bars. The column is supported on a footing made of
concrete. There are
Grade-420 dowels in the connection. The dowels
extend into the footing a distance equal to the compression development length of a
bottom bar in
concrete (
) and into the column a distance equal to the
greater of
1. the compression lap-splice length for a
bar in
concrete (
), and
2. the compression development length of a
bar in
concrete (
).
350
Reinforced Concrete II
Where
is the
Reinforced Concrete II
Practical Aspects
Three other aspects warrant discussion prior to the examples. The minimum cover to the
reinforcement in footings cast against the soil is
(ACI Code Section 7.7.1). This
allows for small irregularities in the surface of the excavation and for potential
contamination of the bottom layer of concrete with soil. Sometimes, the bottom of the
excavation for the footing is covered with a lean concrete seal coat, to prevent the bottom
from becoming uneven after rainstorms and to give a level surface for placing
reinforcement.
The minimum depth of the footing above the bottom reinforcement is
for footings
on soil and
for footings on piles (ACI Code Section 15.7). ACI Code Section 10.6.4,
covering the distribution of flexural reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs, does not
apply to footings.
352
Reinforced Concrete II
11.5
Spread footings are square or rectangular pads that spread a column load over an area of
soil large enough to support the column load. The soil pressure causes the footing to deflect
upward, causing tension in two directions at the bottom. As a result, reinforcement is placed
in two directions at the bottom.
weight
of
footing
(assume
weight of soil:
353
Reinforced Concrete II
Take
Depth of footing and shear design:
Let
Reinforced Concrete II
)
(
(
)
Take
Try
.
355
)
(
Reinforced Concrete II
Take
with
Using bars of
instead of
So no need to check for
.
Step
1.
2.
356
larger.
Reinforced Concrete II
Take
with
Using bars of
instead of
So no need to check for
.
357
larger.
Reinforced Concrete II
0.55 m
Check for the development length as will be discussed later (see chapter 12.)
Design the columnfooting joint.
The column-footing joint is shown here. The factored load at the base of the column is
358
Reinforced Concrete II
where
Note:
Reinforced Concrete II
11.6
A wall footing cantilevers out on both sides of the wall as shown. The soil pressure causes
the cantilevers to bend upward, and as a result, reinforcement is required at the bottom of
the footing. The critical sections for design for flexure and anchorage are at the face of the
wall (section AA). One-way shear is critical at a section a distance from the face of the
wall (section BB).
The presence of the wall prevents two-way shear.
Take
360
Reinforced Concrete II
Let
(
Assume cover
Or Take
with
Using bars of
instead of
So no need to check for
.
Step
is the smallest of:
1.
361
larger.
Reinforced Concrete II
2.
Select the minimum (temperature) reinforcement. By ACI Code Section 7.12.2.1 we
require the following reinforcement along the length of the footing.
The maximum spacing is
or
reinforcement, placed as shown.
. Provide 9
362
) for shrinkage
Reinforced Concrete II
11.7
When a column transmits axial loads only, the footing can be designed such that the load
acts at the centroid of the footing, producing uniform pressure under the footing. However,
in some cases, the column transmits an axial load and a bending moment, as in the case of
the footings of fixed-end frames. The pressure q that develops on the soil will not be uniform
and can be evaluated from the following equation:
where
vertical load, positive in compression,
area of the contact surface between the soil and the footing,
moment of inertia of this area,
moment about the centroidal axis
of the footing area
distance from the centroidal axis to
the point where the stresses are being
calculated.
The moment, , can be expressed as
, where is the eccentricity of the
load relative to the centroidal axis of the
area . The maximum eccentricity for
which the previous equation applies is
that which first causes
at some
point. Larger eccentricities will cause a
portion of the footing to lift off the soil,
because the soil footing interface
cannot resist tension. For a rectangular
footing, this occurs when the
eccentricity exceeds
Reinforced Concrete II
364
Reinforced Concrete II
2. When
3. When
Example:
Determine the dimensions of an isolated footing subjected to the loads:
Permissible net (allowable) soil pressure
Column dimensions
Solution (1) rectangular footing with uniform pressure:
Use
Solution (2) rectangular footing with nonuniform pressure:
Use
No tension zone.
365
Reinforced Concrete II
. Take
Example:
Determine the dimension
Solution:
Take
(
366
Reinforced Concrete II
Example (Design a Rectangular Footing for a Column Subjected to Axial Load and Bending):
The rectangular footing has a width of
and it will be supporting a
column
that is carrying the following loads.
Service surcharge
Permissible (allowable) soil pressure
Soil density
( soil depth
2. Estimate footing length and depth. Estimate the overall thickness, , of the footing to
be between 1.5 and 2.0 times the size of the column, so select
.
The net permissible bearing pressure is:
Assume the soil pressure distribution at the base of the footing is trapezoidal (no tension
zone). Assuming a footing width, , and a footing length, , an expression for the maximum
bearing pressure under the footing is:
Setting
length, .
we can use the following expression to solve for the required footing
or
3. Calculate factored soil pressures. (Note: In the prior step the acting loads were used
with the allowable soil bearing pressure to select the size of the footing. Now, the
factored loads will be used to determine the soil pressures that will subsequently be
used to determine the factored moment and shear used for the design of the
footing.)
367
Reinforced Concrete II
4. Check for one-way shear. The critical section for checking one-way shear strength is
shown. To simplify this check, it is conservative to assume that the maximum
factored soil pressure of
acts on the entire shaded region. Thus, the
factored shear force to be resisted at the critical section is (Take steel bars of
):
at distance
Reinforced Concrete II
Let
5. Check footing thickness for two-way shear. The critical shear perimeter is located
away from each column face, as shown. Assume the average effective depth for
the footing is (Take steel bars of
):
Thus, each side of the critical shear perimeter has a length of
factored
shear
stress
inside
the
(
369
Reinforced Concrete II
)
(
(
)
(
)
)
(
Take
Thus, the footing depth satisfies the strength requirement for the net shear force.
6. Design for flexure in long direction. Take steel bars of
370
Reinforced Concrete II
Take
with
Using bars of
instead of
So no need to check for
.
Step
larger.
1.
2.
The design procedure for flexural reinforcement in the transverse direction would be Similar.
For the arrangement of the bars in the transverse direction (ACI Code Section 15.4.4.2).
371
Reinforced Concrete II
11.8
COMBINED FOOTINGS.
Combined footings are used when it is necessary to support two columns on one footing.
When an exterior column is so close to a property line that a spread footing cannot be used,
a combined footing is often used to support the edge column and an interior column.
The shape of the footing is chosen such that the centroid of the area in contact with soil
coincides with the resultant of the column loads supported by the footing.
Sometimes, a combined footing will be designed as two isolated pads joined by a strap or
stiff beam. Here, the exterior footing acts as a wall footing, cantilevering out on the two
sides of the strap. The interior footing can be designed as a two-way footing. The strap is
designed as a beam and may require shear reinforcement in it.
372
Reinforced Concrete II
The soil pressure is assumed to act on longitudinal beam strips, ABC. These transmit the
load to hypothetical cross beams, AD and BE, which transmit the upward soil reactions to
the columns. For the column placement shown, the longitudinal beam strips would deflect
as shown, requiring the reinforcement shown.
Reinforced Concrete II
Footing dimensions.
374
Reinforced Concrete II
375
Reinforced Concrete II
At column 1
At column 2
The thickness
is adequate enough.
At column 1,
(
(
)
)
)
(
(
)
The thickness
is adequate enough.
376
(
)
)
(
Reinforced Concrete II
At column 2,
)
)
)
(
(
)
(
)
)
(
The thickness
is adequate enough.
Now, we can design the footing for flexure. By calculating the negative and positive
moments or by analyzing the combined footing using BeamD software we plot the moment
diagram. The moment diagram is plotted for the full 3.3 m width of the footing.
Design the flexural reinforcement in the longitudinal direction.
377
Reinforced Concrete II
Provide
Take
with
Using bars of
instead of
So no need to check for
.
Step
larger.
1.
2.
The
Take
at the face of
with
378
Reinforced Concrete II
Take
with
Take
with
379
Reinforced Concrete II
11.9
or
) or
.
for shrinkage reinforcement, placed as
CONTINUOUS FOOTINGS.
Example
A continuous footing supports three
columns carrying a service dead load and a
service live load as shown. The length of the footing is
. The allowable net soil bearing
pressure is
.
Design the footing, assuming that
and
.
380
Reinforced Concrete II
Solution:
1. Footing width.
Note
381
Reinforced Concrete II
One-way shear (Beam shear)
At column 1,
at distance from the face of support:
At column 2,
at distance from the Left face of support:
(
at distance
At column 3,
:
382
Reinforced Concrete II
at distance
The thickness
is adequate enough.
At column 1,
)
(
(
)
The thickness
Take
(
383
(
)
)
(
Reinforced Concrete II
The thickness
is adequate enough.
At column 2,
)
(
(
)
The thickness
is adequate enough.
At column 3,
)
384
)
(
Reinforced Concrete II
)
(
(
)
The thickness
is adequate enough.
Now, we can design the footing for flexure. By calculating the negative and positive
moments or by analyzing the combined footing using BeamD software we plot the moment
diagram. The moment diagram is plotted for the full
width of the footing.
1
1
A
A
0.3 0.3
0.45
1.7
2.
0.3
1.7
2.
A
0.3 0.3
0.45
Units:kN,meter
-2127.7
-2070.5 -2070.5
-1816.3 -1816.3
0.45
2.
-1562.1 -1562.1
-1504.9
2.
-482.3
0.45
-387.7
0.14
0.51
0.46
95.2
4
A
0.13
-25.4
154.3 68.3
-15.9
213.5
506.4
527.2
816.2
385
Reinforced Concrete II
Reinforced Concrete II
Where
area of the raft
moment of inertia of the raft about
axis
axis
387
Reinforced Concrete II
Where
are the
coordinates of
Where
are the
coordinates of
To draw the shear and moment diagrams we can divide the raft into several strips in the
direction (B1, B2, B3) and in the
direction (B4, B5, B6, B7). The soil pressure at the
center-line of the strip is assumed constant along the width of the strip.
Design each strip for shear and flexure as in the continuous footing design.
Example
Design the mat foundation, assuming that
and
net soil bearing pressure is
. Columns dimensions are
388
. The allowable
.
Reinforced Concrete II
Solution:
Y
B
0.9 m
445 KN
267 KN
(712) KN
(961) KN
801 KN
534 KN
(1335) KN
(1816) KN
845 KN
534 KN
(1379) KN
(1868) KN
489 KN
311 KN
(800) KN
(1084) KN
9m
E
801 KN
534 KN
(1335) KN
(1816) KN
1601 KN
890 KN
(2491) KN
(3345) KN
1779 KN
1112 KN
(2891) KN
(3914) KN
890 KN
534 KN
(1424) KN
(1922) KN
9m
K
K
1957 KN
1334 KN
(3291) KN
(4483) KN
I
845 KN
578 KN
(1423) KN
(1939) KN
1779 KN
1068 KN
(2847) KN
(3844) KN
534 KN
311 KN
(845) KN
(1138) KN
801 KN
534 KN
(1335) KN
(1816) KN
L
890 KN
534 KN
(1424) KN
(1922) KN
9m
801 KN
534 KN
(1335) KN
(1816) KN
534 KN
311 KN
(845) KN
(1138) KN
X
0.9 m
N
M
7.3 m
O
7.3 m
0.6 m
P
7.3 m
0.6 m
389
Reinforced Concrete II
390
Reinforced Concrete II
961
1816
1868
1084
5729
1816
3345
3914
1922
10997
1939
3844
4483
1922
12188
1138
1816
1816
1138
5908
34822
Check
391
Reinforced Concrete II
The mat foundation will be divided into several strips in both directions. The stress
distribution will be defined for each strip as was done for the previous strip.
Each strip will be treated as continuous footing with flexure along the strip only. Analysis and
design of the strip will be analoge to the analysis an design of continuous footing.
392
Reinforced Concrete II
CHAPTER 12
12.1
And taking (
12.2
(
)
)
gives
FLEXURAL BOND
is the
393
Reinforced Concrete II
If we consider a length of beam between two cracks, as shown in the above figures, the
moments acting at the two cracks are
and
. If the beam is reinforced with one bar of
diameter , the forces on the bar are as shown. Summing horizontal forces gives
(
If there is more than one bar, the bar perimeter is replaced with the sum of the perimeters
, giving
The last two equations give the average bond stress between two cracks in a beam. The
actual bond stresses vary from point to point between the cracks.
12.3
A smooth bar embedded in concrete develops bond by adhesion between the concrete and
the bar and by a small amount of friction. Both of these effects are quickly lost when the bar
is loaded in tension, particularly because the diameter of the bar decreases slightly, due to
Poissons ratio. For this reason, smooth bars are generally not used as reinforcement. In
cases where smooth bars must be embedded in concrete (anchor bolts, stirrups made of
small diameter bars, etc.), mechanical anchorage in the form of hooks, nuts, and washers on
the embedded end (or similar devices) are used.
Although adhesion and friction are present when a deformed bar is loaded for the first time,
these bond-transfer mechanisms are quickly lost, leaving the bond to be transferred by
bearing on the deformations of the bar as shown in figure (a). Equal and opposite bearing
stresses act on the concrete, as shown in figure (b). The forces on the concrete have both a
longitudinal and a radial component (figures c and d). The latter causes circumferential
tensile stresses in the concrete around the bar. Eventually, the concrete will split parallel to
the bar, and the resulting crack will propagate out to the surface of the beam. The splitting
394
Reinforced Concrete II
cracks follow the reinforcing bars along the bottom or side surfaces of the beam,
as shown in figure below. Once these cracks develop, the bond transfer drops rapidly unless
reinforcement is provided to restrain the opening of the splitting crack.
395
Reinforced Concrete II
12.4
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
Because the actual bond stress varies along the length of a bar anchored in a zone of
tension, the ACI Code uses the concept of development length rather than bond stress. The
development length, , is the shortest length of bar in which the bar stress can increase
from zero to the yield strength, . If the distance from a point where the bar stress equals
to the end of the bar is less than the development length, the bar will pull out of the
concrete. The development lengths are different in tension and compression, because a bar
loaded in tension is subject to in-and-out bond stresses and hence requires a considerably
longer development length. Also, for a bar in compression, bearing stresses at the end of the
bar will transfer part of the compression force into the concrete.
The development length can be expressed in terms of the ultimate value of the average
bond stress by setting
in equation for
equal to :
Here,
is the value of
1. Tension-Development Lengths
Analysis of Bond Splitting Load
Although the code equations for bond strength were derived from statistical analyses of test
results, the following analysis illustrates the factors affecting the splitting load.
Consider a cylindrical concrete prism of diameter
, containing a bar of diameter as
shown in figure (a) below. The radial components of the forces on the concrete, shown
below in figures b and c, cause a pressure on a portion of the cross section of the prism, as
shown in (b). This is equilibrated by tensile stresses in the concrete on either side of the bar.
In figure (c), the distribution of these stresses has arbitrarily been assumed to be triangular.
The circular prism in the figure below represents the zones of highest radial tensile stresses,
396
Reinforced Concrete II
shown by the larger circles in the previous figure. Splitting is assumed to occur when the
maximum stress in the concrete is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete,
. For
equilibrium in the vertical direction in a prism of length equal to
(
where is the ratio of the average tensile stress to the maximum tensile stress and equals
for the triangular stress distribution shown in figure c below. Rearranging gives
(
If the forces shown in the figures b and c on page (395) are assumed to act at
average bond stress,
gives
The length of bar required to raise the stress in the bar from zero to
development length,
, the
is called the
gives
Arbitrarily taking
(for the reasons to be given in the derivation of Equations for
Development Lengths later in the chapter) and rearranging yields
(
397
( )
Reinforced Concrete II
or
( )
Other cases
(
- The length
(
.
Reinforced Concrete II
Bar-Spacing Factor,
The factor is the smaller of two quantities:
1. In the first definition, is the smallest distance from the surface of the concrete to the
center of the bar being developed. (See figure (a) on page 397).
ACI Code Section 7.7.1(c) gives the minimum cover to principal reinforcement as
.
For a beam stem not exposed to weather, with
bars enclosed in
stirrups or ties,
will be
(
and
gives Eqs. ( ) or (
) in
Reinforced Concrete II
where
total cross-sectional area of all transverse
reinforcement within the spacing , which
crosses the potential plane of splitting along
the reinforcement being developed within
the development length,
.(illustrated in
right figure).
maximum center-to-center spacing of transverse reinforcement within ,
number of bars or wires being developed or spliced along the plane of splitting.
ACI Code Section 12.2.3 allows
to be taken equal to zero to simplify the calculations,
even if there is transverse reinforcement.
400
Reinforced Concrete II
IMPORTANT. The basic rule governing the development and anchorage of bars is as follows:
The calculated tension or compression in reinforcement at each section of reinforced
concrete members shall be developed on each side of that section by embedment length,
hook, headed deformed bar, or mechanical anchorages, or a combination thereof. (ACI Code
Section 12.1)
Example:
A 400-mm-wide cantilever beam frames into the edge of a 400-mm-thick wall similar to
figure below. To reach
, the three
bars at the top of the beam are stressed to their
yield strength at point at the face of the wall. Compute the minimum embedment of the
bars into the wall and the development length in the beam. The concrete is sand/lowdensity concrete with a strength of
. The yield strength of the flexural reinforcement
is
. Construction joints are located at the bottom and top of the beam, as shown.
The beam has closed
stirrups with
at a spacing of
throughout
its length. (The stirrups are not shown.) The cover is 40 mm to the stirrups. The three
bars are inside
vertical steel in each face of the wall.
@
O.C.
450 mm
A
387.5mm
Construction joint
Construction joint
Wall
1.5 m
400 mm
Solution:
Anchorage of a traight bar (in a wall).
We shall do this problem twice, first using ACI Code Section 12.2.2 (Table page 398) and
then using ACI Code Section 12.2.3, Eq. ( ).
1. Find the spacing and confinement case for bars anchored in wall. The clear side
). The clear spacing of
cover to the
bars in the wall is (
the bars is
Because the clear spacing between the bars is not less than
bars exceeds , this is Case 2, and for
bars, Eq. (
2. Compute the development length. From Eq. ( ),
401
Reinforced Concrete II
where
because there will be more than 300 mm of fresh concrete under the bar when
the concrete in the beam covers the bars (
).
because the bars are not epoxy coated.
because the concrete has low-density aggregates
The bars must extend 2184 mm into the wall to develop the full yield strength.
Extend the bars 2.2 m into the wall.
3. Compute the development length for
Where
and are the same as in step 2. For a
bar,
. is the smaller of:
(a) the distance from the center of the bar to the nearest concrete surface; measuring
from the side face to the center of the bar is
(b) half the center-to-center spacing of the bars;
, and
(
Thus,
.
The transverse reinforcement index is:
where
is the spacing of transverse reinforcement along the development length,
which is equal to
in this example (vertical
steel bars in each
face of the wall).
The number of bars being anchored.
is the area of transverse reinforcement crossing the
potential splitting plane within the spacing (one vertical
bar @ 300
mm in each face of the wall). Thus,
Then,
402
Reinforced Concrete II
Thus,
and the bars must extend 1310 mm into the wall. Extend the bars 1.35
m into the wall.
In this case, there is a large difference between the
computed from equation ( ) and
the
computed from equation ( ). This is because equation ( ) was derived by using
(
Since the stirrups exceed the ACI Code minimum and the clear spacing between the bars is
not less than
and the clear cover to the
bars exceeds , this is Case 1, and for
bars, Eq. ( ) applies
403
Reinforced Concrete II
bars can
bars.
Compression-Development Lengths
Compression-development lengths are considerably shorter than tension-development
lengths, because some force is transferred to the concrete by the bearing at the end of the
bar and because there are no cracks in such an anchorage region (and hence no in-and-out
bond). The basic compression-development length is (ACI Code Section 12.3)
404
Reinforced Concrete II
12.5
HOOKED ANCHORAGES
OR
405
Reinforced Concrete II
Reinforced Concrete II
(
)
where
for epoxy-coated bars or wires and 1.0 for galvonized and uncoated
reinforcement, and is the lightweight-aggregate factor given in ACI Code Section 12.2.4(d).
Multipliers from ACI Section 12.5.3
The factors from ACI Code Section 12.5.3 account for the confinement of the hook by
concrete cover and stirrups. Confinement by stirrups reduces the chance that the concrete
between the hook and the concrete surface will spall off, leading to a premature hook
failure.
For clarity, ACI Code Section 12.5.3(a) has been divided here into two sentences. The factors
are as follows:
12.5.3(a1) for
hooks on
and smaller bars with side cover (normal to the plane of
the hook) not less than 65 mm ..........................................................................
12.5.3(a2) for
hooks on
and smaller bars with side cover (normal to the plane of
the hook) not less than 65 mm and cover on the bar extension (tail) beyond the
hook not less than 50 mm .................................................................................
The multipliers in ACI Code Section 12.5.3(b) and (c) reflect the confinement of the concrete
outside the bend.
12.5.3(b) for
hooks on
and smaller bars that are either
enclosed within ties or stirrups perpendicular to the bar being developed, spaced
not greater than
along the development length,
, of the hook, as shown in
Fig. (a) below, or
enclosed within ties or stirrups parallel to the bar being developed, spaced not
greater than
along the length of the tail extension of the hook plus bend, as
shown in Fig. (b)........................................................................................
, except
as given in ACI Code Section 12.5.4.
12.5.3(c) for
hooks on
or smaller bars enclosed within ties or stirrups
perpendicular to the bar being developed, spaced not greater than
along the
development length,
, of the hook.
except
as given in ACI Code Section 12.5.4.
12.5.3(d) where anchorage or development for is not specifically required, reinforcement
in excess of that required by analysis . (
) (
).
ACI Code Section 12.5.4 states that for bars being developed by a standard hook at
discontinuous ends of members with both side cover and top (or bottom) cover over a hook
of less than 65 mm the hooked bar shall be (must be) enclosed within ties or stirrups
perpendicular to the bar being developed, spaced not greater than
along the
development length of the hook,
. In this case, the factors of ACI Code Section 12.5.3(b)
and (c) shall not apply. ACI Code Section 12.5.4 applies at such points as the ends of simply
supported beams (particularly if these are deep beams), at the free ends of cantilevers, and
at the ends of members that terminate in a joint with less than 65 mm of both side cover
407
Reinforced Concrete II
and top (or bottom) cover over the hooked bar. Hooked bars at discontinuous ends of slabs
are assumed to have confinement from the slab on each side of the hook; hence, ACI Code
Section 12.5.4 is not applied.
Reinforced Concrete II
from equation
from ACI Code Sections 12.5.3 and 12.5.4, but Not Less than
Location
1. Anywhere,
12.5.3(a)
Type
Hooked
Bar
size
Side
Cover,
mm
2. Anywhere,
12.5.3(a)
3. Anywhere,
12.5.3(b)
Any
4. Anywhere,
12.5.3(b)
Any
5. Anywhere,
12.5.3(c)
6. At the ends
of members,
12.5.4
Any
Times Factors
or
Top or
Bottom
Cover,
mm
Tail
Cover
Stirrups or ties
Any
Any
Not required
Factor
Any
Not required
Any
Any
Enclosed in stirrups or
ties perpendicular to
hooked bar, spaced
along
Except
as in
line 6
Any
Enclosed in stirrups or
ties parallel to hooked
bar spaced
along
Except
as in
line 6
Any
Enclosed in stirrups or
ties perpendicular to
hooked bar, spaced
along
Except
as in
line 6
Any
Any
or
Any
Enclosed in stirrups or
ties perpendicular to
hooked bar, spaced
Line 6 (ACI Code Section 12.5.4) applies at the discontinuous ends of members
The previous Figures (page 408) shows the meaning of the words ties or stirrups parallel
to or perpendicular to the bar being developed in ACI Code Sections 12.5.3(b) and (c), and
12.5.4. In ACI Code Sections 12.5.3 and 12.5.4, is the diameter of the hooked bar, and the
first tie or stirrup shall enclose the bent portion of the hook, within
of the outside of the
bend.
If a hook satisfies more than one of the cases in ACI Code Section 12.5.3,
from Equation
is multiplied by each of the applicable factors. Thus, if a
hook satisfies both the covers
from ACI Code Section 12.5.3(a) and the stirrups from 12.5.3(b),
is the length from the
409
Reinforced Concrete II
410
Reinforced Concrete II
Solution:
Compute the development length for hooked beam bars. The basic development length for a
hooked bar is
Therefore,
This exceeds 65 mm and is therefore O.K. The top cover to the lead-in length in the joint
exceeds 65 mm because the joint is in the column.
The cover on the bar extension beyond the hook (the tail of the hook) is
12.5.3.2(a): The side cover exceeds 65 mm, and the cover on the bar extension is equal to
50 mm; therefore, the 0.7 reduction factor could be used. Note, if we used
ties in the
joint, the cover on the bar extension after the hook would be less than 50 mm, and thus, the
multiplier = 1.0.
ACI Code Section 12.5.4 does not apply because the side cover and top cover both exceed
65 mm. Therefore, only the minimum ties required by ACI Section 11.10.2 are required:
ties at 300 mm. These are spaced farther apart than
therefore,
ACI Code Section 12.5.3(b) does not apply, and so the multiplier is 1.0. Thus,
Take
The hook-development length available is
411
Reinforced Concrete II
Because 600 mm exceeds 350 mm, the hook development length is O.K.
Check the vertical height of a standard hook on a
bar. From Fig. a (page 410), the
vertical height of a
standard hook is
. This will
fit into the joint.
Therefore, anchor the four
bars into the joint, as shown in the previous figure.
12.6
Reinforced Concrete II
Generally speaking, bar cut offs should be kept to a minimum to simplify design and
construction, particularly in zones where the bars are stressed in tension.
In the following sections, the location of theoretical cut-off points for flexure, referred to as
flexural cut-off points, is discussed. This is followed by a discussion of how these flexural
cut-off locations must be modified to account for shear, development, and constructional
requirements to get the actual cut-off points used in construction.
Location of Flexural Cut-Off Points
The calculation of the flexural cut-off points will be illustrated with the simply supported
beam shown next. At midspan, this beam has
reinforcing bars, shown in section
(figure c). At points and
two of these bars are cut off, leaving
bars in the end
portions of the beam, as shown in figure b.
The beam is loaded with a uniform factored load of
including its selfweight, which
gives the diagram of ultimate moments,
, shown in figure d. This is referred to as the
required-moment diagram, because, at each section, the beam must have a reduced
nominal strength,
at least equal to
. The maximum required moment at midspan is
Assuming
concrete, Grade-420 reinforcement and a tension-controlled section
so
, the moment capacity,
, of the section with
bars is
,
which is adequate at midspan. At points away from midspan, the required
is less than
, as shown by the moment diagram in figure d. Thus, less reinforcement
(less
) is required at points away from midspan. This is accomplished by cutting off some
of the bars where they are no longer needed. In the example illustrated in the figure below,
it has been arbitrarily decided that
bars will be cut off where they are no longer
needed. The remaining
bars give a reduced nominal strength
. Thus, the two bars theoretically can be cut off when
because the remaining three bars will be strong enough to resist
. From an equation for
the required-moment diagram (figure d), we find at
from each support.
Consequently, the two bars that are to be cut off are no longer needed for flexure in the
outer
of each end of the beam and theoretically can be cut off at those points, as
shown in figure e.
Figure f is a plot of the reduced nominal moment strength,
, at each point in the beam
and is referred to as a moment-strength diagram. At midspan (point E in figure e), the beam
has five bars and hence has a capacity of
. To the left of point , the beam
contains three bars, giving it a capacity of
. The distance
represents the
development length, , for the two bars cut off at . At the ends of the bars at point ,
these two bars are undeveloped and thus cannot resist stresses. As a result, they do not add
to the moment capacity at . On the other hand, the bars are fully developed at , and in
the region from to they could be stressed to if required. In this region, the moment
capacity is
.
413
Reinforced Concrete II
414
Reinforced Concrete II
The three bars that extend into the supports are cut off at points and . At and ,
these bars are undeveloped, and as a result, the moment capacity is
at and .
At points
and
the bars are fully developed, and the moment capacity
In figure g, the moment-capacity diagram from figure f and the required moment diagram
from figure d are superimposed. Because the moment capacity is greater than or equal to
the required moment at all points, the beam has adequate capacity for flexure, neglecting
the effects of shear.
The ACI Code does not explicitly treat the effect of shear on the tensile force. Instead, ACI
Code Section 12.10.3 arbitrarily requires that longitudinal tension bars be extended a
minimum distance equal to the greater of
or
past the
theoretical cut-off point for flexure.
Development of Bars at Points of Maximum Bar Force. For reinforcement and concrete to
act together, each bar must have adequate embedment on both sides of each section to
develop the force in the bar at that section. In beams, this is critical at
1. Points of maximum positive and negative moment, which are points of maximum bar
stress.
2. Points where reinforcing bars adjacent to the bar under consideration are cut off or
bent (ACI Code Section 12.10.2).
Thus, bars must extend at least a development length, , each way from such points or be
anchored with hooks or mechanical anchorages.
ACI Code 12.10 requires special precautions, specifying that no flexural bar shall be
terminated in a tension zone unless one of the following conditions is satisfied:
1. The shear is not over two-thirds of the design strength
.
(
2. Stirrups in excess of those normally required are provided over a distance along each
terminated bar from the point of cutoff equal to
provide an area
, where
at the section.
415
Reinforced Concrete II
416
Reinforced Concrete II
417
Reinforced Concrete II
12.7
The concept of requiring the development of reinforcement on both sides of a section where
the bars are to be fully stressed may also be applied to the continuation of positive moment
tension reinforcement beyond either the centerline of a simple support or a point of
inflection.
Simple Supports
Referring to the next figure, consider the point A on the factored moment
curve near a
simple support, where the factored moment
equals the moment capacity
of the
bars continuing into the support. The distance from point A to the end of the bars must be at
least equal to the required development length
as computed from ACI-12.2. This
requirement given in ACI-12.11.3 is that the available embedment length must equal or
exceed , or
( )
Where
stressed at
The factor
accounts for the fact that bars extending into a simple support have less
tendency to cause splitting when confined by a compressive reaction. When the beam is
supported in such a way that there are no bearing stresses above the support, the factor
becomes
(as eq. (
or
in
Reinforced Concrete II
Inflection Points
Since an inflection point is a point of zero moment located away from a support (refer to the
next figures), bars in that region are not confined by a compressive reaction; therefore the
factor is interpreted as not to apply. In this case, the embedment length that must
exceed the required development length ; (ACI-12.11.3) may be stated as
[
where
and
of inflection.
refer to the nominal flexural strength and the factored shear at the point
419
Reinforced Concrete II
Reinforced Concrete II
Example
Check the Code requirement of development length at support of the beam shown.
Take
.
Solution:
421
Reinforced Concrete II
Using equation (
12.8
According to ACI Code 12.12, at least one-third of the total reinforcement provided for
negative moment at the support must be extended beyond the extreme position of the
point of inflection a distance not less than one-sixteenth the clear span (
), or , or
, whichever is greatest.
Requirements for bar cutoff or bend point locations are summarized in the next figure. If
negative bars are to be cut off, they must extend a full development length beyond the
face of the support. In addition, they must extend a distance
or
beyond the
theoretical point of cutoff defined by the moment diagram. The remaining negative bars
(at least one-third of the total negative area) must extend at least beyond the theoretical
point of cutoff of bars and in addition must extend ,
, or
(whichever is
greatest) past the point of inflection of the negative-moment diagram.
If the positive bars are to be cut off, they must project
past the point of theoretical
maximum moment, as well as or
beyond the cutoff point from the positive-moment
diagram. The remaining positive bars must extend past the theoretical point of cutoff of
bars and must extend at least
into the face of the support.
422
Reinforced Concrete II
When bars are cut off in a tension zone, there is a tendency toward the formation of
premature flexural and diagonal tension cracks in the vicinity of the cut end. This may result
in a reduction of shear capacity and a loss in overall ductility of the beam.
As an alternative to cutting off the steel, tension bars may be anchored by bending them
across the web and making them continuous with the reinforcement on the opposite face.
Although this leads to some complication in detailing and placing the steel, thus adding to
construction cost, some engineers prefer the arrangement because added insurance is
423
Reinforced Concrete II
provided against the spread of diagonal tension cracks. In some cases, particularly for
relatively deep beams in which a large percentage of the total bottom steel is to be bent, it
may be impossible to locate the bend-up point for bottom bars far enough from the support
for the same bars to meet the requirements for top steel. The theoretical points of bend
should be checked carefully for both bottom and top steel.
It may be evident from review of the previous sections that the determination of cutoff or
bend points in flexural members is complicated and can be extremely time-consuming in
design. It is important to keep the matter in perspective and to recognize that the overall
cost of construction will be increased very little if some bars are slightly longer than
absolutely necessary, according to calculation, or as dictated by ACI Code provisions. In
addition, simplicity in construction is a desired goal, and can, in itself, produce compensating
cost savings. Accordingly, many engineers in practice continue all positive reinforcement into
the face of the supports the required 150 mm and extend all negative reinforcement the
required distance past the points of inflection, rather than using staggered cutoff points.
Example
Locate the flexural cut-off for the beam shown below.
Take
.
Solution:
(
(
)
424
Reinforced Concrete II
For
:
(
The length of
Take
The total length of
is
.
425
Reinforced Concrete II
For
is
12.9 REINFORCEMENT
REQUIREMENTS.
CONTINUITY
AND
STRUCTURAL
INTEGRITY
The primary purpose for both the continuity and structural-integrity reinforcement
requirements is to tie the structural elements together and prevent localized damage from
spreading progressively to other parts of the structure. However, because of the limited
amount of calculations required to select and detail this reinforcement, structures satisfying
these requirements cannot be said to have been designed to resist progressive collapse.
Continuity Reinforcement
Requirements for continuity reinforcement in continuous beams are given in ACI Code
Sections 12.11.1 and 12.11.2 for positive-moment (bottom) reinforcement and in ACI Code
Sections 12.12.1 through 12.12.3 for negative-moment (top) reinforcement.
These requirements are summarized in next figures for positive-moment reinforcement and
for negative-moment reinforcement respectively.
426
Reinforced Concrete II
ACI Code Section 12.11.1 requires that at least one-third of the positive-moment
reinforcement used at midspan for simply supported members and at least one-fourth of the
positive-moment reinforcement used at midspan for continuous members shall be
continued at least 150 mm into the supporting member (Fig. a). Further, if the beam under
consideration is part of the primary lateral load-resisting system, ACI Code Section 12.11.2
requires that the bottom reinforcement must be continuous through interior supports and
fully anchored at exterior supports (Fig. b).
ACI Code Section 12.12.1 requires that negative-moment reinforcement must be continuous
through interior supports and fully anchored at exterior supports (next figure).
ACI Code Section 12.12.2 requires that all of the negative-moment reinforcement must
extend the development length, , into the span before being cut off. Finally, ACI Code
Section 12.12.3 requires that at least one-third of the negative-moment reinforcement
provided at the face of the support shall be extended beyond the point of inflection a
distance greater than or equal to the largest of ,
, and
. Theoretically, no top
steel should be required beyond the point of inflection, where the beam moment changes
from negative to positive. The minimum extension given by the ACI Code accounts for
427
Reinforced Concrete II
possible shifts in the theoretical point of inflection due to changes in the loading and for the
effect of shear on longitudinal steel requirements.
Structural-Integrity Reinforcement
Requirements for structural-integrity reinforcement in continuous floor members first
appeared in the 1989 edition of the ACI Code. These requirements, which are given in ACI
Code Section 7.13, were clarified and strengthened in the 2002 and 2008 editions of the ACI
Code. The structural-integrity requirements are supplemental to the continuity
requirements discussed previously and were added to better tie the structural members
together in a floor system and to provide some resistance to progressive collapse. Because
the ACI Code Committee was concerned that a significant number of structural engineers
using Chapter 12 were not aware of the structural-integrity requirements, ACI Code Section
12.1.3 was added in 2008 to specifically direct the designers attention to the need to satisfy
ACI Code Section 7.13 when detailing reinforcement in continuous beams. Structuralintegrity requirements for reinforced concrete (nonprestressed) continuous slabs are given
in ACI Code Chapter 13, for precast construction in Code Chapter 16, and for prestressed
two-way slab systems in Code Chapter 18. Those requirements will not be discussed here.
The structural-integrity requirements in ACI Code Section 7.13 can be divided into
requirements for joists, perimeter beams, and interior beams framing into columns. For joist
construction, as defined in ACI Code Sections 8.13.1 through 8.13.3, ACI Code Section
7.13.2.1 requires that at least one bottom bar shall be continuous over all spans and through
428
Reinforced Concrete II
The continuous top reinforcement shall consist of at least one-sixth of the negative-moment
(top) reinforcement required at the face of the support, but shall not be less than two bars.
The continuous bottom
reinforcement
shall
consist of at least onefourth of the positivemoment
(bottom)
reinforcement required at
midspan, but not less than
two
bars.
At
noncontinuous supports
(corners), all of these bars
must be anchored to
develop
at the face of
the support. Also, all of
the
continuous
longitudinal bars must be
enclosed
by
closed
transverse reinforcement
429
Reinforced Concrete II
(ACI Code Section 7.13.2.3), as specified for torsional transverse reinforcement in ACI Code
Sections 11.5.4.1 and 11.5.4.2, and placed over the full clear span at a spacing not exceeding
. As before, reinforcement continuity can be achieved through either the use of Class B
tension lap splices or a mechanical or welded splice.
For interior beams framing between columns, ACI Code Section 7.13.2.5 defines two ways to
satisfy the structural-integrity requirements for continuous longitudinal reinforcement. If
closed transverse reinforcement is not present, then structural integrity must be achieved by
continuous bottom reinforcement similar to that required for perimeter beams (see next
Figure a). As before, this reinforcement must pass through or be fully anchored in the
column core, and reinforcement continuity can be achieved through either a Class B tension
lap splice or a mechanical or welded splice. For interior beams that are not part of the
primary system for resisting lateral loads, the bottom reinforcement does not need to be
continuous through interior supports or fully anchored at exterior supports, and structural
integrity can be achieved by a combination of bottom and top steel that is enclosed by
closed transverse reinforcement (Fig. b). The top steel must satisfy the requirements of ACI
Code Section 12.12 and must be continuous through the column core of interior supports or
fully anchored in the column core of exterior supports. The bottom steel must satisfy the
requirements given in ACI Code Section 12.11.1. The closed transverse reinforcement (not
shown in Fig. b) must satisfy ACI Code Sections 11.5.4.1 and 11.5.4.2 and must be provided
over the full clear span at a spacing not exceeding
. How continuity and structuralintegrity requirements affect the selection of cut-off points and longitudinal reinforcement
detailing are given in the examples.
430
Reinforced Concrete II
Example
The beam shown below is constructed of normal-weight concrete,
, and Grade420 reinforcement,
. It supports a factored dead load of
and a
factored live load of
. The cross sections at the points of maximum positive and
negative moment, as given in figures below, are shown next.
431
Reinforced Concrete II
Solution:
1. Locate flexural cut offs for positive-moment reinforcement. The positive moment in
span AB is governed by the loading case in
Fig. a below .From a free-body analysis of a
part of span AB (Fig. d), the equation for
at a distance from A is
432
Reinforced Concrete II
Thus
or
from A. These flexural cut-off points are shown in figure c for
bending moment diagram and figure a for location of positive moment cut-off points. They
will be referred to as theoretical flexural cut-off points E and F. In a similar fashion, by
setting
the flexural cut-off point G is found to be
from A or
from B.
2. Compute the development lengths for the bottom bars.
bars,
bars
.
3. Locate actual cut-off points for positive-moment reinforcement. The actual cut-off
points are determined from the theoretical flexural cut-off points using rules stated
earlier. Because the location of cut offs G and D are affected by the locations of cut
offs E and F, the latter are established first, starting with F. Because the beam is
simply supported it is not included in the ACI Code listing of members that are
susceptible to actions requiring structural integrity.
a) Cutoff F. Two
bars are cut off. They must satisfy rules for anchorage, extension
of bars into the supports and effect of shear on moment diagrams.
Extension of bars into the supports. At least one-third of the positive-moment
reinforcement, but not less than two bars, must extend at least
into the
supports. We shall extend two
bars into each of the supports A and B.
Effect of shear. Extend the bars by the larger of
or
. Therefore, the first trial position of the actual cutoff is
at
from the center of the support at A, say,
. (see point
F in next Fig. b).
Anchorage. Bars must extend at least past the points of maximum bar stress. For
the bars cut off at F, the maximum bar stress occurs near midspan, at
from
A. The distance from the point of maximum bar stress to the actual bar cutoff is
.
for the
bars is
. The distance available is
more than therefore OK. Cut off two
bars at
from A (shown as point
F in Fig. b).
433
Reinforced Concrete II
b) Cutoff G. Two
bars are cut off; we must consider the same three items as
covered in step (a), plus we must check the anchorage at a point of inflection using
Eq. ( ) on page 419.
Extension of bars into simple supports. In step (a), we stated the need to extend two
bars
into support B. Thus, G is at
.
Effects of shear. Because the cut off is at the support, we do not need to extend the
bars further.
Anchorage. Bars must extend at least past actual cut offs of adjacent bars. for
bottom bar
. Distance from F to G
. Bar does not extend , therefore extend the bars to
say,
.
Anchorage at point of inflection. Must satisfy Eq. ( ) on page 419 at point of
inflection (point where the moment is zero). Therefore, at G,
. The
point of inflection is
from the support (see figure c). At this point
is
(Fig. b) and the moment strength
for the bars in the beam at the point
of inflection (two
bars) is
) or
larger of (
extension of the bar past the point of inflection (
and
bars (
c) Cutoff E. Two
bars are cut off; we must check for the effect of shear and
development length (anchorage).
Effects of shear, positive moment. Extend the bars
past the flexural
cutoff point. Therefore, the actual cutoff E is at
from A.
Anchorage, positive moment. The distance from the point of maximum moment to
the actual cutoff exceeds
therefore OK. Cut off two
bars at
from A (point E in Fig. b; note that this is changed later).
d) Cutoff D. Two
bars are cut off; we must consider extension into a support,
extension beyond the cut-off point and development of bars at a simple support
using Eq. ( ) on page 418.
Extension into simple support. This was done in step (a).
Bars must extend from the actual cutoff E, where
(
bars).
The maximum possible length available is
. Because
this is less than , we must either extend the end of the beam, hook the ends of the
434
Reinforced Concrete II
bars, use smaller bars, or eliminate the cutoff E. We shall do the latter. Therefore,
extend all four bars 150 mm past support A.
Development of bars at simple support. We must satisfy Eq. ( ) on page 418 at the
support.
(
Because this exceeds , development at the simple support is satisfied. The actual cut-off
points are illustrated in figure below.
Reinforced Concrete II
measured from C,
436
Reinforced Concrete II
. Length available
bars to
c) Cutoff K. Two
bars are cut off. The theoretical flexural cut off is at
from C
(
from B).
Effect of shear. Extend bars
. The end of the bars is at
from B, say,
.
Anchorage. Extend past B. for a
top bar
. The extension of
is thus not enough. Try extending the
top bars
past B to point K.
Therefore, cut off two
bars at
from B (point K in Fig. b). Note that this is
changed in the next step.
437
Reinforced Concrete II
d) Cutoff L. Two
bars are cut off.
Anchorage. The bars must extend
past K. For a
top bar
. The available extension is
which is less than
therefore, not OK. Two solutions are available: either extend all the bars to the end
of the beam, or change the bars to six
bars in two layers. We shall do the
former.
The final actual cut-off points are shown in the next figure.
7. Check whether extra stirrups are required at cutoffs. ACI Code Section 12.10.5
prohibits bar cutoffs in a tension zone, unless
12.10.5.1:
at actual cutoff
) at that point, or
(
From this,
. So, if
, and thus,
, we will
stirrups at a
and then,
438
spacing:
exceeds
stirrups or change
Reinforced Concrete II
This value exceeds so the modified stirrup design is OK. This tighter spacing should start at
the cut-off point and extend at least a distance toward the maximum positive-moment
region. For simplicity, use a
stirrup spacing from the center of support B for 1.65
in. toward midspan of span AB (see next Figure).
b) Cutoff J. The cutoff is located at
from B. The flexural tension that occurs in
these bars is due to load Case 2 (Figure on page 437). By inspection,
at J is
considerably less than
Example
Design the simply supported beam shown below. The dead load is
including the weight of the beam. The live load consist of a concentrated load of
midspan.
Take
.
Use
@
for vertical stirrups. Assume
for self-weight.
439
not
at
Reinforced Concrete II
Solution:
(
)
(
)
Take
At midspan
.
.
(
(
(
For
)
440
Reinforced Concrete II
For
(a)
, and
(b) half the center-to-center spacing of the bars; one bar only (no spacing)
Thus,
For
:
(a)
, and
as a design simplification
Reinforced Concrete II
For
The length of
Take
The total length of
For
is
is
442
Reinforced Concrete II
Example
Design the beam shown below. The total factored load is
Take
.
Stirrups
@
Solution:
443
Reinforced Concrete II
For (
(
(
For
(
(
)
)
Development length:
For
:
(c)
, and
Splitting plane
(
444
Reinforced Concrete II
For
For
:
(c)
, and
Splitting plane
For
, and
Splitting plane
Thus,
445
Reinforced Concrete II
The final length of bars will be calculated and checked as discussed in the example
(page 431). These bars are illustrated in the above figure.
446
Reinforced Concrete II
As shown in Fig. b, large transverse cracks occur at the discontinuities at the ends of the
spliced bars. Transverse reinforcement in the splice region delays the opening of the splitting
cracks and hence improves the splice capacity.
ACI Code Section 12.15 distinguishes between two types of tension lap splices, depending on
the fraction of the bars spliced in a given length and on the reinforcement stress at the
splice. Table R12.15.2 of the ACI Commentary is reproduced below. The splice lengths for
each class of splice are as follows:
Class A splice:
Class B splice:
447
Reinforced Concrete II
Because the stress level in the bar is accounted for in Table above, the reduction in the
development length for excess reinforcement allowed in ACI Code Section 12.2.5 is not
applied in computing for this purpose.
The center-to-center distance between two bars in a lap splice cannot be greater than onefifth of the splice length, with a maximum of
. (ACI Code Section 12.14.2.3). Bars
larger than
cannot be lap spliced, except for compression lap splices at footing-to448
Reinforced Concrete II
column joints (ACI Code Section 15.8.2.3). Lap splices should always be enclosed within
stirrups, ties, or spirals, to delay or prevent the complete loss of capacity indicated in the
previous photo. As indicated in ACI Code Sections 12.2.2 and 12.2.3, the presence of
transverse steel may lead to shorter and hence shorter splices. ACI Code Section 21.5.2.3
requires that tension lap splices of flexural reinforcement in beams resisting seismic loads be
enclosed by hoops or spirals.
For lap splices of slab and wall reinforcement, effective clear spacing of bars being spliced at
the same location is taken as the clear spacing between the spliced bars (R12.15.1). This
clear spacing criterion is illustrated in (a). Spacing for noncontact lap splices (spacing
between lapped bars not greater than (
) lap length nor
) should be considered
the same as for contact lap splices. For lap splices of column and beam bars, effective clear
spacing between bars being spliced will depend on the orientation of the lapped bars; see
Fig. (b) and (c), respectively.
The designer must specify the class of tension lap splice to be used. The class of splice
depends on the magnitude of tensile stress in the reinforcement and the percentage of total
reinforcement to be lap spliced within any given splice length as shown in Table above. If the
area of tensile reinforcement provided at the splice location is more than twice that required
for strength (low tensile stress) and
or less of the total steel area is lap spliced within the
required splice length, a Class A splice may be used. Both splice conditions must be satisfied,
otherwise, a Class B splice must be used. In other words, if the area of reinforcement
449
Reinforced Concrete II
provided at the splice location is less than twice that required for strength (high tensile
stress) and/or more than 1/2 of the total area is to be spliced within the lap length, a Class B
splice must be used.
Reinforced Concrete II
requires that a minimum tension capacity be provided in each face of all columns, even
where analysis indicates compression only. Ordinary compressive lap splices provide
sufficient tensile resistance, but end-bearing splices may require additional bars for tension,
unless the splices are staggered.
Type of lap splice to be used will depend on the bar stress at the splice location, compression
or tension, and magnitude if tension, due to all factored load combinations considered in the
design of the column. Type of lap splice to be used will be governed by the load combination
producing the greatest amount of tension in the bars being spliced. The design requirements
for lap splices in column bars can be illustrated by a typical column load-moment strength
interaction as shown.
Bar stress at various locations along the strength interaction curve define segments of the
strength curve where the different types of lap splices may be used. For factored load
combinations along the strength curve, bar stress can be readily calculated to determine
type of lap splice required. However, a design dilemma exists for load combinations that do
not fall exactly on the strength curve (below the strength curve) as there is no simple exact
method to calculate bar stress for this condition.
A seemingly rational approach is to consider factored load combinations below the strength
curve as producing bar stress of the same type, compression or tension, and of the same
approximate magnitude as that produced along the segment of the strength curve
intersected by radial lines (lines of equal eccentricity) through the load combination point.
451
Reinforced Concrete II
This assumption becomes more exact as the factored load combinations being investigated
fall nearer to the actual strength interaction curve of the column. Using this approach, zones
of bar stress can be established as shown in the previous figure.
For factored load combinations in Zone 1, all column bars are considered to be in
compression. For load combinations in Zone 2 of the figure, bar stress on the tension face of
the column is considered to vary from zero to
in tension. For load combinations in
Zone 3, bar stress on the tension face is considered to be greater than
in tension. Type
of lap splice to be used will then depend on which zone, or zones, all factored load
combinations considered in the design of the column are located. The designer need only
locate the factored load combinations on the load-moment strength diagram for the column
and bars selected in the design to determine type of lap splice required. Use of load-moment
design charts in this manner will greatly facilitate the design of column bar splices. For
example, if factored gravity load combination governed design of the column, say Point A in
the figure above, where all bars are in compression, but a load combination including wind,
say Point B, produces some tension in the bars, the lap splice must be designed for a Zone 2
condition (bar stress is tensile but does not exceed
in tension).
The design requirements for lap splices in columns are summarized in the Table below. Note
that the compression lap splice permitted when all bars are in compression (see 12.17.2.1)
considers a compression lap length adequate as a minimum tensile strength requirement.
For lap splices, where the bar stress due to factored loads is compression, column lap splices
must conform to the requirements presented in the previous section for compression
splices. Where the stress is tension and does not exceed
, lap splices must be Class B if
more than one-half the bars are spliced at any section, or Class A if one-half or fewer are
spliced and alternate lap splices are staggered by . If the stress is tension and exceeds
then lap splices must be Class B, according to ACI Code.
If lateral ties are used throughout the splice length having an area of at least
in
both directions, where
is the spacing of ties and
is the overall thickness of the
member, the required splice length may be multiplied by
but must not be less than
452
Reinforced Concrete II
by
. If spiral reinforcement confines the splice, the length required may be multiplied
but again must not be less than
.
End-bearing splices, as described above, may be used for column bars stressed in
compression, if the splices are staggered or additional bars are provided at splice locations.
The continuing bars in each face must have a tensile strength of not less than
times
the area of reinforcement in that face.
As mentioned in before, column splices are commonly made just above a floor. However, for
frames subjected to lateral loads, a better location is within the center half of the column
height, where the moments due to lateral loads are much lower than at floor level. Such
placement is mandatory for columns in "special moment frames" designed for seismic loads.
Reinforced Concrete II
Example
Compute the minimum lap length of the reinforcement at the retaining wall joints shown
below.
Take
.
Solution:
Clear cover
(a)
, and
Take
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Reinforced Concrete II
Example
An axially loaded reinforced concrete column of
dimension with six bars of
is intended to lapped at a floor level. Determine the lap length of the reinforcement.
Take
Ties
.
@
Solution:
RC Slab
Take
455
Reinforced Concrete II
Example
Design the tension lap splices for the grade beam shown below.
Take
.
Dimensions of the Beam section
bars top and bottom (continuous).
Stirrups
@
(entire span)
Bending moments
IMPORTANT: Preferably, splices should be located away from zones of high tension. For a typical
grade beam, top bars should be spliced under the columns, and bottom bars about midway between
columns. Even though in this example the splice at A is not a preferred location, the moment at A is
relatively small. Assume for illustration that the splices must be located as shown.
Solution:
Assuming all bars are spliced at the same location.
(c)
, and
456
Reinforced Concrete II
Class B Splice
It is better practice to stagger alternate lap splices. As a result, the clear spacing between
spliced bars will be increased with a potential reduction of development length.
Clear spacing
Center-to-center spacing of bars being developed
Distance from center of bar to concrete surface
Thus,
457
Reinforced Concrete II
Class B Splice
Use 1.1 m lap splice @ B and stagger alternate lap splices.
Lap Splice of Top Reinforcement at Section A
As size of top and bottom reinforcement is the same, computed development and splice
lengths for top bars will be equal to that of the bottom bars increased by the 1.3 multiplier
for top bars.
In addition, because positive and negative factored moments are different, the ratio of
provided to required reinforcement may affect the type of splice as demonstrated below.
@
If alternate lap splices are staggered at least a lap length (As spliced = 50%):
Class A splice may be used
If all bars are lap spliced at the same location (within required n lap length):
Class B splice must be used
Assuming splices are staggered, the top bar multiplier will be 1.3.
Class A splice
Use 1.1 m lap splice @ A also, and stagger alternate lap splices.
458
Reinforced Concrete II
Example
Design the lap splice for the tied column detail shown.
Continuing bars from column above (
Offset bars from column below (
)
Take
.
Dimensions of the column section
.
bars (above and below floor level)
Ties
@
Solution:
1. Determine type of lap splice required.
Type of lap splice to be used depends on the bar stress at
the splice location due to all factored load combinations
considered in the design of the column. For design
purposes, type of lap splice will be based on which zone, or
459
Reinforced Concrete II
zones, of bar stress all factored load combinations are located on the column load-moment
strength diagram. The load-moment strength diagram (column design chart) for the
column with
bars is shown above, with the three factored load
combinations considered in the design of the column located on the interaction strength
diagram.
Note that load combination (2) governed the design of the column (selection of
bars).
For load combination (1), all bars are in compression (Zone 1), and a compression lap splice
could be used. For load combination (2), bar stress is not greater than
(Zone 2), so a
Class B tension lap splice is required; or, a Class A splice may be used if alternate lap splices
are staggered. For load combination (3), bar stress is greater than
(Zone 3), and a Class
B splice must be used.
Reinforced Concrete II
Class B splice
Use
lap splice for the
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