1) Find the heat transfer per unit area through the composite wall shown in figure

below. The thermal conductivities are given as: k1 = 50 W/m K, k2 = 30 W/m K,

k3 = 6 W/m K, k4 = 50 W/m K, L1=3cm, L2=8cm, L3=5cm, Area of 2 = Area of 3
= 0.5 m2. Also design a composite wall as shown in the figure so as to limit the
heat transfer through the wall 80% of its original value by altering thickness of L3.

Given data:
K1=50 W/MK
TO FIND:

K3=6 W/MK

K2=30 W/MK
q=?,L3=?

K4=50 W/MK

L1=3 cm, L2=8 cm, L3=5cm

Area of 1=Area of 2=0.5m2

Resistance diagram

R1=L1/(K1A1) = 3X10-2/(30X1)=1X10-3 K/W

R2=L2/(K2A2)=8X10-2/(30X0.5)=5.33X10-3K/W
R3=L2/(k3A3)=8X10-2/(6X0.5)=0.0266 K/W
R4=L3/(K4A4)=5X10-2/(50X1)=1X10-3K/W

Q=T/RTOTAL
RTOTAL=R1+REQ+R4
1/REQ=1/R2+1/R3
1/REQ=R2+R3/(R2R3)
REQ=R2R3/(R2+R3)
RTOTAL=R1+(R2R3/R2+R3)+R4
RTOTAL=10-3X(1+4.44+1)=6.44X10-3 K/W
Q=T/RTOTAL=340/(6.44X10-3)=52.79X103 W
q=Q/A=52.79X103/1=52.79X103 W/M2
Q=T3T4/R4
T3=52.79X10 X10 +60
3

-3

Q =T/RTH

T3=112.790C
0.8XQ=T3T4/R4
0.8X52.79X103=(112.7960)/(L3/50X1)
L3=0.0625m
L3=6.2cm

2. A cast iron pipe (k = 80 W/m K) having inside diameter 5cm and outside
diameter 5.5cm carries steam at 3200c with a convective heat transfer coefficient of
60 W/m2K to reduce the heat loss the pipe is covered with 3cm thick glass wool (k
= 0.05 W/m K). If the surroundings are 200 C and the combined convection and
radiation heat transfer coefficient outside is 18 W/m2 K. calculate the rate heat loss
per meter length, intermediate temperatures and overall heat transfer coefficient
based on outside surface area.

a) given
Ta1=320oC;
Ta2=20oC;
K1=80 W/mK;
K2=0.05 W/mK;
r 1=2.5*10^-2;
r 2=2.75*10^-2;
r 3=5.75*10^-2;
hi=60 W/m^2K;
ho=18 W/m*2K;
L1=1m
To find:
Q=?
T1=?
T2=?
T3=?
Relevant equation
Q= T/(Rtotal)
Procedure
Inside convective resistance=Rin=1*0.106/( hiAi)=1/(60 2
( 2.5102 )1 degree/centi

Conductive resistance of pipe=Rpipe=1/(2k1L)ln(r2/r1) =1/(2

80 1) ln(2.75/2.5)=0.0002

/W

Conductive resistance of insulation =Rinsul=1/(2k2L)

ln(r3/r2)=1/(2

0.051 ln (

5.75
)=2.53 /W
2.75

Outside convective resistance =Rout=1/( hoAo)=1/(1

2 5.75102 1=0.154 C /W
18

All these resistance are acting in series,thus total resistance=sum

of all these
Rtotal=2.16 /W
Rate of heat loss Q= T / Rtotal=(320-20)/2.61=114.94W/m
length
To determine the interface temp let us consider heat transfer
through each layer
Q=(320-T1)/Rin
T1=320-Q Rconv ,
=320-114.9 0.106
=307.8 C
Similarly

Q=(T2-T1)/R cond .CI

T2=T1-Q Rcond , CI
=307.8-0.023
=307.77

Q=

T 2T 3
Rcond , insul

=307.77-270.109
=37.66
Q=

Check

T 3Ta 2
Rconv

=37.66-20/0.154
=114.7W
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient let us consider
Q= UoAo(Ta1-Ta2)
Uo=Q/Ao(Ta1-ta2)=114.94/

2 ( 5.7510 ) ( 32020 )=1.0604

W
m2 K

We can also use

1/( UoAo)= Rtotal=2.61
Uo = 1/(Ao

Rtotal=

1
W
=1.0604 2K
2
m
2 ( 5.7510 ) ( 12.61 )

4.A refrigerator door has dimensions 120cm x 45cm and is made up of 3 mm thick
mild steel of k = 40 W/m K with 5cm of polyurethane foam insulation having k =
0.04 W/m K sandwiched between them. The average values of convective heat
transfer coefficient at the interior and exterior of the door are 10 W/m2 K and 13
W/m2K respectively. The temperature inside the refrigerator is 3oC and outside is
20oC. Determine (a) the rate of heat leak through door (b) interface temperatures
and (c) overall heat transfer coefficient.
Design the refrigerator door by replacing the mild steel by FRP of same thickness
having k=8 w/mK. Compare the overall heat transfer coefficient of your design and

the original design.

Solution:
Given:
T`o=20c,
Ti=3c,
L1=3*10^-3m,

steel

L2=5*10^-3m,
L3=3*10^-3m,
Hi=10w/m^2k,
Ho=13 w/m^2k,
Ti=3c,
K1=40w/mk,
Hi=10w/m^2k

Puf, k=0.04

To=20

Ho=13 w/m^2k,

K2=0.04w/mk,
K3=40w/mk,
3mm
l =120mm,
b =45mm,
area A =0.54m^2.
Now we need to find out: t1, t2, t3, U, Q.
We have;
Rconv,out= 1/ho*A
= 1/13*0.54

3mm

5mm

=0.1424.
Rsteel=L1/k1*A
=1.338*10^-4.
Rpuf=L2/K2*A
=2.314.
Rsteel=L3/K3*A
=1.338*10^-4.
Rconv,in=1/Hi*A
=0.185.
Now;

Rtotal=Rconv,out+R1+R2+R3+Rconv,in.
=(20-3)/2.64.
=2.64c/w.

Now; heat transfer rate(Q) = (t)total/Rtotal

Q=6.439w.
To get the temperatures at 3 layes,
We have Q=To-T1/Rconv
6.439=(20-Ti)/(0.14)
T1=19c.
Again; Q=t1-t2/Rsteel
6.439=(19-t2)/1.38*10^-4
T2=19.8C.
Again; Q=T2-T3/Rpuf
We get T3=4.18c.

Again; Q=T3-To/Rsteel
We get To=4.17c.
Now overall HT coefficient; Q=U*A(T)
U=Q/A*(T)
U=0.7 w/m^2k.

Now we replace steel with FRP whose k=8/mk.

We get. Rconv,out=0.1424
FRP,K=8W/MK
Rsteel=3*10^-3/(8*0.54)
=0.69.

PUF, K=0.04

Rpuf=2.134.
Ti=3c,

K1=40w/mk,
Hi=10w/m^2k

To=20
Ho=13 w/m^2k,

Rsteel=0.69.
Rconv,in=0.185.
Rtotal=4.012c/w.
Q=(T)/Rtotal = 20-3/4.012
=4.22w.
Overall heat transfer coefficient U= Q/A*(T)
=4.22/(0.54*17)
=0.459.
Comment:

FRP is better than steel because it is more efficient.

5 th problem Solution.
Given:
Electric current = 34000amps
Thickness = 1.25cm = 0.0125m
Wide = 10cm = 0.1m
Tw1 = 80oC
Tw2 = 95oC
(resistivity)= 12cm = 0.12m
k= 54W/mK
Find:
1. Position of Maximum Temperature =

x max

.
2. Heat Generated per meter length of plate = q /m=
3. Temperature Distribution across the plate
4. Heat flow from each surface of the plate

We know that
2
Q= I R

Q=

L
A

0.12 0.0125
2
Q = 34000 1 0.1

Q = 17.34 X 106W
q.

= V
=

17.34 106
0.0125 0.1 1

= 1.3872 X 1010 W/m3

Position of Maximum Temperature

x max=

k
( T w 2T w 1 ) (From data book page no 48:- slab
.
2q L

asymmetric boundary condition)

x max=

54
0.0125
2 1.3872 10
2
10

( 9580 )

x max=4.67 106 m from center of the plate

--------------

(Ans 1)
Heat Generated per meter length of plate:
q

.
Per meter length = q A

10
Per meter length = 1.3872 10 0.0125 0.1

q.

6
Per meter length = 16.965 10 w /m

---------------

(Ans 2)
Temperature Distribution across the plate:
As it is an internal heat generation case we know that
2 T .
+ q =0
x2

Apply integral on both sides

2

xT2 = q.

T
=q. x +c
x
x2
+c x+ c 2
2 1

kT =q .

T=

q x
+c 1 x +c 2 ------------------------1
2k

Apply boundary conditions

At

L
o
x= ,T =T w 2=95 C
2

.
and q = 1.3872 X 1010 W/m3, L = 0.0125, k

= 54W/mk
L 2
2
L
+ c1
+c 2
2k
2

q .

T w2 =

()

()

We get c 1+ 160 c2 =861657.6 --------------2

L
o
.
At x= 2 ,T =T w 1=80 C and q = 1.3872 X 1010 W/m3, L = 0.0125,

k = 54W/mk
q .

T w1 =

L 2
2
L
+c 1
+ c2
2k
2

( )

( )

We get c1 +160 c 2=859257.6 ------------------3

On solving equation 2 &3 we get
c 2=5377.86
c 1=1200

Their fore from equation 1

T=

q x
+1200 x+5377.86 -----------------------4
2k
q.

Sub equation 4

= 1.3872 X 1010 W/m3, L = 0.0125, k =

54W/mk we get,
T =1.2844 108 x2 +1200 x+ 5377.86 -----------------------5

------------------ (Ans 3)

T
6000
5000
4000

3000
2000
1000
0
-0.01 -0.01

0.01

0.01

This is the temperature distribution equation across the plane

6
Sub x max=4.67 10

in equation 5 and
2

1.3872 X 1010 ( 4.67 106 )

T=
+1200 4.67 106 +5377.86
2 54

T =5377.84588

Heat flow from each surface of the plate:

q x =q x

(From data book page no 48 )

At 80oC surface
q x =1.3872 1010 0.00625
q x =86.7 106 W

----------------------------- (Ans 4)

At 95oC surface
q x =1.3872 1010 0.00625
q x =86.7 106 W

----------------------------- (Ans 4)

6) In an electronic circuit a resistor of variable crosssection is connected between two points maintained
at 80*c and 20*c. Estimate the max permissible
Joulean heating if the resistor configuration is a
frustum of cone having 20 and 15 mm dia at its
extremes and length of the resistor is 2 cm. Assume
k for resistor 25 W/m k. If the current passing through
it is 1.5 amps, calculate
the resistance of the resistor.

Solution :

Data:
D1= [(20)]x(10)^(-3)m
D2= [(15)]x(10)^(-3)m
L = [(2)]x(10)^(-2)m
K =25W/m K
T1 =80*c
T2 =20*c

80*c
Q

2 cm

Formula:
(4Q/(xC)).[1/(D1-CL)-(1/D1)]=-k(T2-T1)
4QxL/((D1-D2))[1/D2-(1/D1)]=-k(T2T1)
(4Q.L)/(D1D2)=-k(T2-T1)

Q =-k..D1.D2.(T2-T1)/4L
= -k.[(A1)(A2)^(1/2)).(T2-T1)]/L

A1= /4xD1^2
= [(3.14/4)(20)](10^(-3))^2
= (3.14)(10)^(-4)

A2= (/4).(D2)^(2)
= [(3.14/4)(15x10)]^(-3))^2

= (1.7671)(10)^(-4)
[(A1).(A2)](1/2)= 0.00024m^2

Q= [(25)(0.00024)(80-20)]/
(2(10)^(-2))
= 18 W.

= (I)^(2)x(R)

= 18 W.
Resistance of the resistor = [(18)]/(1.5)^(2)
=8 ohms
Problem7: The insulation boards for air-conditioning purpose are made of three
layers, middle one being packed grass of 10 cm thick (k = 0.02 W/m K) and the
sides are made of plywood's of 2 cm thick each (k = 0.12 W /m K). They are glued
with each other. (a) Determine the heat flow per m area if one surface is at 35 C
and other surface is at 20 C. Neglect resistance of the glue. (b) Instead of glue, if
these three pieces are bolted by four steel bolts of 1 cm diameter at the corners (k
= 40) per m area of the board find the heat flow per m area of the board.
Solution: The configurations for (a) and (b) are shown in Figure along with
equivalent electrical circuit.
R 1= L1
=
0.02 = 0.1666
k 1A1
0.121
R 2= L2
= 0.1 = 5
k 2A2
0.021
R 3 = R1 = 0.1666
(a) When the three layers are glued, the heat transfer is given by

Qa =

(T1-T4)

R 1 + R2 + R3

35-20
0.166 +5+0.166

= 2.812 W/m2

(b) When the three layers are bolted together, the four bolts conduct heat parallelly
along with the composite board. The equivalent resistance for the second electrical
circuit is given by
1

Re

+4

R1 +R2 +R3

Rb

Where, Rb = L1 + L2 + L3 , where suffix b indicates bolt,

KbAb
Ab = d2b = [0.01]2 = 0.785 10-4 m2
4

Rb = 0.02 + 0.1 + 0.02

Re

0.14

= 44.59

40 0.785 10-4

40 Ab
1 =

0.166 + 5 + 0.1666

= 0.187 + 0.0897 = 0.2767

44.59

Re = 3.614
Qb = (T1 T4) = 35 20 = 4.15 W/m2
Re

3.614

[Strictly speaking the area available now for conduction through board is [1 m 24Ab].
However, it is neglected being very small. Students are advised to try considering
this aspect and verify the difference in answer.]

8. The pressure vessel of a nuclear reactor is approximated as a large plane wall of

thickness L. The inside surface of the wall at is insulated. The outside surface at is
maintained at a temperature . The gamma ray heating of the plate can be
represented as a heat generation term of the form ( ) = where and are
positive constants and x is measured from the insulated surface. Develop
expressions for the following: 0 x L x 2 T o q
a. Temperature distribution in the plate
b. Temperature at the insulated surface
c. Heat flux at the outer surface

sol:-

Given that ,

Thickness of the wall=l

Inside surface of wall is insulated at x=0
Outside surface is at x=l
Outside temperature =T2
d/dt(k*dt/dx)+q0 e-rx=0
k*dt/dx+q0/-r*e-rx=c1
c1=-q/r
k*dt/dx+q/r(e-rx+1)=0
k*t+q/r((e-rx/-r)+x)=c2
k*t2+q/r(l-e-rl/r)=c2
k*t+q/r((e-rx/-r)+x)= k*t2+q/r(l-e-rl/r)
T= t2+q/kr[(l-x)+ (e-rx - e-rl /r) ]
b) Temperature at insulated surface
at x=0
T = T2+ q/kr[l+(1-e-rl/r)]
c) qx=-KAdt/dx
=KA[q/kr(e-rx+1)]
Q= 1/l int

= 1/l int

qx dx

l
0

KA[q/kr(e-rx +1)] dx

=KA/l [q/kr e-rl/-r +ql/kr]

Heat fulx= q= q/r-qe-rl/r2l

9)
ANS:

GIVEN THAT

T=0.05m; k=5w/mk
T(x)=a+bx+cx^2
At x=0;

t(0)=1200c

T=200C;

h=500w/m2k

Q=hA(T-T0)=-KA Dt/dx
500(20-120)= -5(120-0/L)
L=0.012m
Q=30w/m2
Q=-KA dT/dx x=0
30=-5*0.05*0.012(b)
b=-10,000
EIN+Eg=Eout+Estored
0+q1=0+hA(T1-T)
q1=500*0.05*0.012*100
q1=30w/m2
general conduction equation is
2c+q1/k=0
2c+150/5=0
C=15
T(L/2)=T(0.006)=a+bx+cx2
120-10000(0.006)-15(0.006)2
ANS: 60.001

(d2T/dx2)+q1/k=0

Question-10:
A furnace wall is made up of three layers of 20 cm of refractory
fire clay brick (K=1.52 W/m-0C),
10 cm Silocel bricks (k 0.318 W/m-0C) and 6 mm steel plate, (k =
45 W/m-0C). The Inside temperature of the furnace on the surface
of refractory brick is 11000C and outside temperature on the
surface of steel is 300C. Determine the heat loss per unit area b) If
the heat loss is found to be only 300 W/m2, due to the thin layers
of air between brick and steel determine the resistance offered by
these air layers c) what is the equivalent thickness of Silocel to
offer the same resistance.
Sol:

Given that,
L1=0.2 m

K1=1.52 W/m-0C

L2=0.1 m

K2=0.318 W/m-0C

L3=0.006m ;

K3=45 W/m-0C
1100 0c
K1

RF
Ti

RSi

K2

K3

RSt

^^^^---^^^^---^^^^-----TO

a)Heat loss per unit area

Q=T/RTotal
RTotal= Rf + RSi + RSt
Rf = L1/K1A = 0.2/1.52 = 0.1315
RSi= L2/K2A = 0.1/0.318 = 0.3145

L1

L2

L3

RSt= L3/K3A = 0.006/45 = 0.000133

RTotal = 0.1315+0.3145+0.000133
= 0.44626
Q = T/RTotal
= (1100-30)/0.44626
= 2397.7 W
b) The heat loss if found to be 300 W/m2
Q = T/RTotal
300 = (1100-30)/Rtotal
Rtotal = 3.566
c) The thickness of silocel
L1/K1A + L2/K2A + L3/K3A = RTotal
For A=1
L1/K1 + L2/K2 + L3/K3 = RTotal
0.1315 + L2/0.318 + 0.00013 = 3.56
L2 = (3.566-0.1315-0.00013)*0.318
L2 = 1.092 m

question 11;
from the given data aluminium fin k=190W/mK
length of the fin to provide additional cooling =10*10 -3 m.
thickness and width of the fin = 0.5*10-3 m.
heat to be dissipated from the fin = 60-15mW.
given surrounding temperature T =40 .
inside temperature T=80 .

h = 12.5 W/m2K.
from the extended length method Type equation here .
heat lost from extended length= heat transferred from end
surface.
h* x [ 2( wt ) ] T=h( wt ) T
=> x=

wt
2( w+t)

(by substituting above values in this

following equation we get)

=0.125mm.
by treating the length as 10.125 mm the end surface can be
treated as insulated.
m= hp/ kA

(by substituting above values in this

following equation we get)

m=(12.5*2*(1)/(190*0.25)).
m=22.94.
from data book fin efficiency

Fn =

tanh ( ml c )
ml c

(by

substituting above values in this following equation we get)

n=
F

(tanh(22.94*10.125*10-3))/(22.94*10.125*10-3)
Qidel

= h*a* T

(by

substituting above values in this following equation we get).

Qidel =
3

)*10-3.

12.5*10.125*40*2*(2*0.5*10-

=0.010125W.
Qactual

from each fin = 0.010125*0.982

Qactual =9.986*10-3W.

But total heat removed from the fin = 45*10-3W.

TOTAL HEAT REMOVED

therefore number of fins required= FINS HEAT REMOVED

BY EACH FIN
45
9.946 =

4.52

NUMBER OF FINS REQUIRED =4.52

therefore five fins are required to be provide for the additional
cooling.

12)N=200,A=1M2,d=0.01M,K=300W/MK,T0=200C,T=40C,h=20W/M2K
M=

hp
KA

P=0.01=3.14310^-2

Ac =(/4)(0.01)^2 =7.810^-5
M=

20 3.143 102
300 7.8 105

=5.165

Lc=L+r/2 =0.15+2.510^-3=0.1525M
=tanh(mLc)/mLc
=tanh(5.1650.1525)/5.1650.1525
=83.45%
Qideal=hAs(T0-T)
=203.140.010.1525160
=15.33W
Qact=finQideal
=0.834515.33
=12.78W
Heat transfer from 200 fins=20012.78=2557.8W

Area of plate without fin (As)=plate area-fin occupied area

=1-200(4)0.01^2=0.9842m2
Heat transfer from base area=hAb(T0-T)=200.984160=3149.76W
Total heat from plate=3149.76+2557.8
=5707.5W
Heat transfer from the plate when no fins=hA(T0-T)=201160=3200W
Effectiveness=QWith fin/Q without fin =5707.5/3200=1.783

Question:13
Aluminium square fins (k = 90 W/m K) of (0.5 mm x 0.5 mm) of
1cm long are provided on the surface of
an electronic
semiconductor device to carry 40 X10-3 Watts of energy
generated by the surface. The maximum surface temperature
permissible is 80oC. The temperature of the surrounding medium
is 40oC with h = 12.5 W/m2K. Find the number of fins required to
dissipate the heat out.
Solution:
Given data:
3

Q=4010

w=0.510

t=0.510
T o=80
T =40

h=12.5W /m2 K
N=?

k =90 W /mK

Relevant equation:
eff .=

tanh ( m Lc )
m Lc

Qfin =eff .Qideal

P=2 [ w+t ] =2103 m
6

A c =0.50.510 =0.2510 m
m=

hP
12.52103
=
=33.33
kA
900.25106

We cannot use corrected length as

Lc =L+

t
2

because w=t .

hence from fundamentals

Heat lost from extended length = Heat transfer from end face
h . x . [ 2 ( w+t ) ] T=h . ( wt ) . T
x=

0.50.5
=0.125 mm
2(0.5+0.5)

Lc =L+ x=10.125103 m

By taking the length as 10.125mm the end surface can be treated

as insulated.
m=

12.52(w+ t)
hP
=
= 526.3=22.94
kA
190wt

eff fin =

tanh ( m Lc )
0.22817
=
=98.24
3
m Lc
232.26710

Qideal fin=h . A . T =h. P . Lc ( T )

3
3
3
12.52 ( 0.510 +0.510 ) 10.12510 (8040)

0.010125 W

Qactual each fin=0.0101250.9824=9.946103 W

Total heat dissipated=40103 W
No. of fins required=4.02, say 5

QUESTION NO :- 14
An aluminium rod of diameter 2 cm and length 10
cm having k= 210 W/mK is attached to two surface maintained at
100oC on its either sides.. If the environment is at 30oC with h =
10 W/m2K, Calculate the minimum temperature in the rod and
the heat transfer from the rod.

ANSWER:Given that,
d= 0.02m
l = 0.1m
k= 210 w/mk
T1 =100
2
h= 10w/ m k

we know that,
mx
mx
= C1 e
+ C2 e
------ [eq1]

m=

hP
kA

100.024
2100.022

4
0.4 2

= 9.5238
= 3.086
Boundry conditions,
X =0

= 100 30 =70

X = 0.1

= 100 30 =70

Sub these values in Eq (1)

70 = C1 + C2
70-C1 =C2 ----(2)
(0.3860.1)
(0.3860.1)
70 = C1 e
+ C2 e

70 = (1.36151)C1 +(0.73447)C2

Sub eq (2) in eq (3) we get

70 =(1.36151)C1 + (0.73447) (70-C1)

70 = 0.62704C1 +51.4129C1
18.5871 = 0.62704C1
C1 = 29.642
C2 = 70-29.642
C2 = 40.357

Sub C1 and C2 values in Eq (1)

mx
mx
= 29.642 e
+ 40.357 e

For min temperature in the rod => d/ dx = 0

mx
mx
(29.625) m e - (40.357) m e
=0

2 mx

= 1.36148

2mx

= 0.30857

mx

= 0.154286

(3.086) x = 0.154286
x= 0.099m

(since m= 3.086)

Substitute, x value in Eq (1)

(3.086)(0.049)
(3.086)(0.049)
= 29.642 e
+40.357 e

0.154
0.154
= 29.642 e
+ 40.357 e

= (29.642)(1.166) + (40.357)(0.857)
= 69.147

Tx - T =69.147
T = 99.147

The heat transfer,

Q= 0 to l hp dx
mx
mx
= 0 to l hp (C1 e
+ C2 e
)dx

mx
= hpkA [C1 e

mx
C2 e
] 0 to l

mx
mx
=hpkA [(C1 e - C2 e
)-(C1-C2)

= 10 *3.14*0.02*210* 3.14/4 (0.02) 2

[29.642 e(3.086)0.1 40.37
e-3.086*0.1-(29.642-40.35)]

= 0.11483 [ 40.357-29.6477+10.715]
= 0.11483 [21.4242]
= 2.4601 w

15. A copper fin of diameter 2.5cm and length 10cm having

k=300W/m K is attached to a surface maintained at 200 0C.If the
environment is at 200C with h=12W/m2 K, Calculate (a) fin
efficiency (b) heat loss from fin
Modify the fin design by changing its length such that the
efficiency increases to 99% .Compare the heat transfer rate of the
modified fin with original fin.
Sol.
Given data

D=2.5cm=2.5*10-2m
L=10cm=10*10-2m
K=300W/m K
To=200oC

T=200C
h=12W/m2 K
To find (i) efficiency of the fin
(ii) Qactual
2
A d / 4 = (2.5*10-2)2/4

m= squareroot(h*P/K*A) = sqrt(12**2.5*10-2*4/300**(2.5*10-2)2)
= 2.5298 kg
Lc= L+(r/2) = (10*10-2)+(2.5*10-2/4) = 0.10625m
mLc = 2.5298(0.10625) = 0.2687
(a)
Efficiency of the fin = tanh(mLc)/mLc =
tanh(0.2687)/0.2687 = 0.9766 = 97.66%
(b)
Heat loss from fin
Qideal = hAs(To-T) =12**2.5*10-2*10.625*10-2*180 = 18.024W
Qactual = efficiency * Qideal = 0.9766*18.024 = 17.6031W
(ii) Given efficiency of the fin to be increased to 99%
Hence efficiency = tanh(mLc)/mLc
0.99 = tanh(2.5298Lc)/2.5298Lc
By trail and error method the Lc value which is satisfying the
above equation is 0.068m
Hence Lc new =0.068m
Heat loss from the fin :
Qideal new = hAs(To-T) = 12**(2.5*10-2)*(6.8*10-2)*180 =
11.5359 W
Qactual new = efficiency * Qideal new =0.99*11.5359 = 11.4205 W

16). 15 numbers of fins are attached to a transformer base of 20 x 20 cm2 size

which is maintained at 150oC. The thickness of each fin is 2.5 mm and width
20 cm having a height of 2 cm from base. If the ambient is at 30oC with h = 20
W/m2K, calculate the total heat transfer from the surface and the efficiency of
the fin and effectiveness of the arrangement. Assume k for fin = 15 W/mK.
Design a fin with another material
having thermal conductivity k1
having identical dimensions
exposed to same environment such
that the total heat transfer rate
from the fin arrangement should be
500W.

Given
Number of Fins=15

Transformer Base=20 20 Sq . Cms

T 0 =150 c
3

t=2.5 mm=2.5 10 mts

Width=20 cms=20 102 mts
Heig h t=20 cms=20 102 mts
T = 30c

h=20

w
k
2
m
w
k
0
m

K=15

be found
Total Heat Transfer t h e surface=?

Efficiency =?
Effectiveness =?

Qf n=Q15 fins +Q base area

i

Qf n=( T b T
i

()

( mKhL )) ( h pkA )

tan h ( m Lc ) +

1+

0 5

hL
( mK
) tanh ( m L )
c

P=2 ( W +t )=2(20+ 0.25) 102 =40.5 102 mts

5

A=w t=20 10 2.5=5 10 sq . mts

m= h

p
= ( 20 40.5 102 ) /(15 5 104 )=32.86
kA

t
Lc =L+ = 2
2

102 +

2.5 10
=2.125 102 mts
2

Qf n= (15030
i

(
)

( 32.862015 )) ( 20 40.5 10

tanh ( 32.86 2.125 102 ) +

( 32.862015 ) tanh (32.86 2.125 10

1+

4
15 5 10 )

0 5

Qf n=18.57 W
i

Q15 f ns =18.57 15=278.55 w

i

Qbase area =20 ( 20 20 104 15 20 0.25 104 ) ( 15030 )=78 w

Qtotal=278.5+78=356.55 w

Efficiency =

( tan h ( m Lc ) ) ( tan h ( 32.86 2.125 102 ) )

m Lc

32.86 2.125 102

=0.8639=86.39

Qwit h out f ns=h A ( T 0T )=h ( wt ) T =20 20 20 10 ( 15030 )=96 w

i

Effectiveness =

Q wit h f ns
i

Q wit h out f ns
i

35.55
=3.71
96

18) solution:
2
For a 1 m section of the wall, the areas of the primary surface and of the fins are

Ao=1 m

0.00127 m
fin
- 79 fins (1 m)
]

2
=0.9 m
2
A f =79 fins (1 m) [(2)(0.025 m)]+ 0.10 m
2

= 4.05 m
Values of fin efficiency can now be determined from. For the air side
11.4 w
)
k m2

h
0.00127
m
=0.025m
kt

=0.362
And for water side
256 w
)
k m2

h
0.00127
m
=0.025m
kt

=1.71
The fin efficienciesare then read from fig
efficiency ( air ) 0.95

E fficiency ( water ) 0.55

The total heat transfer rates can now be evaluated for fins on the air side
q=h T a [ A+ efficiency fa A f ]

=11.4 T a [ 0.90+ 0.55 ( 4.05 ) ]

=54.1 T a
And on water side
q=h T w [ A o+efficiency fw A f ]

=256 T [ 0.90+ 0.55 ( 4.05 ) ]

=801 T w
The quantities T and T represent the temperature difference between the
steel surface at temp T and the fluids
The reciprocal of the coefficient are the thermal resistance of the finned surfaces
without fins the heat-transfer rate in terms of the overall temperature difference,
T
q=(

=Ta-Tw neglecting the conductive resistance of the steel wall is

T
1
1
+
11.4
256

( )( )

=10.91 T
With fin on air side alone

((

q=

T
1
1
+
54.1
256

)( )

)
=44.67 T

An increase of 310

compared with the bare wall case

With fins on the water side alone

((

q=

T
1
1
+
11.4
801

)( )

)
=11.24 T

An increase of 3%
With fins on both sides the heat flow rate is

((

q=

T
1
1
+
54.1
801

)( )

=50.68 T
An increase of 365%
This results indicates that adding fins in particularly beneficent where
The convection coefficient has a relatively small value

19. The pressure vessel of a nuclear reactor is approximated as a large plane wall
of thickness L. The inside surface of the wall at is insulated. The outside surface at
is maintained at a temperature . The gamma ray heating of the plate can be
represented as a heat generation term of the form ( ) = where and are
positive constants and x is measured from the insulated surface. Develop
expressions for the following: 0 x L x 2 T o q
a. Temperature distribution in the plate
b. Temperature at the insulated surface
c. Heat flux at the outer surface
sol:- Given that ,

Thickness of the wall=l

Inside surface of wall is insulated at x=0
Outside surface is at x=l
Outside temperature =T2
d/dt(k*dt/dx)+q0 e-rx=0
k*dt/dx+q0/-r*e-rx=c1
c1=-q/r
k*dt/dx+q/r(e-rx+1)=0
k*t+q/r((e-rx/-r)+x)=c2
k*t2+q/r(l-e-rl/r)=c2
k*t+q/r((e-rx/-r)+x)= k*t2+q/r(l-e-rl/r)
T= t2+q/kr[(l-x)+ (e-rx - e-rl /r) ]
b) Temperature at insulated surface
at x=0
T = T2+ q/kr[l+(1-e-rl/r)]
c) qx=-KAdt/dx
=KA[q/kr(e-rx+1)]
Q= 1/l int

= 1/l int

qx dx

l
0

KA[q/kr(e-rx +1)] dx

=KA/l [q/kr e-rl/-r +ql/kr]

Heat fulx= q= q/r-qe-rl/r2l

(20). Assumptions:
Steady state conditions
One dimensional conduction along the rod

T=200c
Tb

Constant properties
Negligible radiation exchange with surroundings
Uniform heat transfer coefficient
L=100mm
Given data:
Legnth( L) = 100mm =0.1m
5mm
Diameter (D) = 5mm =0.005m
Surface temperature (TB) =2000 c
Air temperature (T) = 200c
Heat transfer coefficient (h) =30 w/m2k
Find:
Heat transfer from the rod (Q) =?
The temperature of the rod at 50 mm from the base & at the
free tip = ?
Q=

(Tb-T) * {tanh(m*L)+(hL/mk)} *(hpkA)0.5

{1+(hL/mk)*tanh(m*L)}
h L=

convection coefficient of the tip

m= (h*p/(k*A))^(1/2)

m= ((30**5*10^-3)/(60.6*/4*(5*10^-3)^2))^(1/2)
p=perimeter of cylinder=*d
m=19.9 m-1
Q =(200-20)*tanh(19.9*0.1)+(30/(19.9*60.6))*
(30**5*10^-3)^(0.5)
1+(30/(19.9*60.6))*tanh(19.9*0.1)

Q = 4.07 watts

Temp of the rod at 50mm (x=50)

T T
T Tb

= cosh(m*(L-x))+(hL/(m*k))*sinh(m*(L-x))
cosh(m*L)+(hL/(m*k))*sinh(m*k)

T 20 = COSh(19.9*(0.1-0.05))+(30/(19.9*60,6))*sinh(19.9*(0.10.05))
200-20

cosh(19.9*0.1)+(30/(19.9*60.6))*sinh(19.9*0.1)

T = 93.9 0c

Temperature of the rod at 100 mm (x=100)

T T
T Tb

= cosh(m*(L-x))+(hL/(m*k))*sinh(m*(L-x))
cosh(m*L)+(hL/(m*k))*sinh(m*k)

T = 67.130 c

21: (a)Derive temperature distribution equation for a lumped system in terms of

Fourier and Biot numbers.
The process in which the internal resistance is assumed as negligible in
comparison with its surface is known as Newtonian heating
Let us consider a solid whose initial temperature is To and it is placed
suddenly in ambient air or any liquid at a constant temperature T0. The
transient response of a body can be determined by relating its rate of
change in internal energy with convective exchange at the surface.
Convective heat loss = Rate of change of internal
From the body energy
-hA (T-T) = p*Cp *V*dT/dt
On integrating
dT/(T-T)

-hA/ p Cp V*

dt

ln(T-T)

-hA/ (p Cp V)*t +C1

Applying boundary conditions

At t=0, T=T0
ln(T-T) = 0 + C1
C1 = ln (T0 -T)
Substituting C1 value in the equation
ln(T-T)

-hA/ (p Cp V)*t + ln (T0 -T)

ln(T-T) - ln (T0 -T) =

-hA/ (p Cp V)*t

where
T0 = Initial temperature of solid ,K
T = Intermediate temperature of solid , k

T = Surface temperature of solid

h = Heat transfer coefficient
BIOT NUMBER :
The ratio of internal conduction restistance to the surface convection ratio is
know as Biot number
Bi=hlc/2
Where
K=thermal conductivity
H=heat transfer coefficient
Lc=characteristic length
Characterisitic length Lc=volume/surface area =V/A
Significancies used to find lumped heat analysis, semi infinite solid and infinite
solid
If Bi<0.1 = lumped heat analysis
B=

semi infinite solids

0.1<Bi<100 =Infinite solids

For SLAB:
Characertisits length Lc= V/A=A*L/2A
Lc=L/2
Where
L-thickness of slab
For CYLINDER:
Characateristic length Lc=V/A = R^2L/ 2 RL

Where
R-Radius of cylinder
FOR SPHERE:
Characateristic length Lc = V/A
=4/3 R^3/ 4 R^2
Lc=R/3
Where
R-Radius of sphere
FOR CUBE:
Characateristic length Lc=V/A
=L^3/6L^2
Lc=L/6
Where
L=thichness of cube

(b) A spherical steel ball of 2cm diameter is cooled in a

controlled ambience from 600C to 50C in 10minutes. If the body is
a cube of 2cm side of same material, what would be the time
required for cooling to achieve the same temperature at the end
of the cooling process
SOLUTION:
D=2cm =2/100 =0.02mm
To= 600C =600+273 =873K
T=50c =50+273=323K

H=110w/m^2k
P=7850kg/m^3
=0.044m^2/h^2
=1.22*10^-3m^2/sec
=474J/kg k
Cp=474J/kG k
K=43W/MK
T=10min
=10*60=600 sec

From sphere
Lc=R/3=3.33*10-3
Bi=hlc/k
=110*3.33*10-3/43
=8.5*10-3
It is <0.1 so it is lumped system
T- T /To- T = e[-h/cp lcp*t]
323- T /873- T

=e[-110*600/474*3.33*10^-3*7850]

323- T /873- T

=4.86*10-3

323- T

=4.86*10-3*873-4.86*10-3* T

T =320K
Now from the same material of the cube
Lc=L/2=0.02/2=0.01

T- T /To- T = e[-h/cp lcp*t]

323-320/873-320=e[-110*t/47.4*10.1*7850]
5.42*10-3

=e-2.95*10^-3*t

Ln(5.42*10-3)=-2.95*10-3*t
t=1768.6sec

22:
(A) The Biot number is given by:
Bi = hL/k
where
h = convective heat transfer coefficient,
k = thermal conductivity
L = characteristic length.
It is a ratio of the temperature drop in the solid material and the temperature
dropthe solid and the fluid. So when the Bi <<1 , most of the temperature drop is in
the fluid and the solid may be considered isothermal.
The Fourier number is defined as:
Fo = t/L2
where
thermal diffusivity,
t = time

L = characterisitic length
The Fourier number is a dimensionless measure of time used in transient
conduction problems
22)(b)
given:
d=0.04 m
r=0.02m

T o=20
240 sec

T =100
h=100

w
m2 k

cp=2

kg
kg k

=1200

T o=5 , T=?

if
hl
B i= c
k

kg
m3

where

4 3
r
volume
3
lc=
=
surface area 4 r 2

r
;
3

100 2 102
B i=

=0.0667<0.1
10
3

B i< 0.1 , we canuse lump theory .

a)

^
v c p
T T
=e
T oT

substituting

the

values.

1003240

T 100
1.5
=e 120020000.02 =e ;
20100

T =10017.84 82.16 .

now

for

must

be

same

for

the

same

b)
taste.
1003T

82.16100
=e 120020000.02
5100

1003T

0.1877=e 120020000.02

t=267.6 sec

;
t=4 min ,27 sec

PROBLEM:24
(a) What do you understand by the term time constant ? State its
significance in the design of
Thermocouple junctions.
(b) A water carrying pipe of 15 cm dia is buried under earth to
prevent freezing of water in winter. Assuming the surrounding
temperature falls to -15 0 C and sustain for a period of 16 hrs in a

day determine the minimum depth at which the pipe need to be

laid down.
(a)TIME CONSTANT:It is defined as the time required for the temperature of the body
to reach 63.2% of its initial temperature difference. The time
taken by a thermocouple to reach the surface temperature to
reach the surface temperature is defined as response time. Lower
the value of time constant, better the response of a system.
Generally, the time constant lies between 0.04 to 2.5 sec.
The Sensitivity of the thermocouple is defined as the time
required by the thermocouple to reach 63.2%
Of the value of the initial temperature difference
Thus for practical purpose the readings of a thermocouple should
be taken after a period equal to 4 time constants have elapsed.
(4t*)
For better response hAt/pvc must be large by decreasing the wire
diameter, or minimizing the volume to area ratio we can achieve
it. Thus the shape of thermocouple head should be spherical to
have maximum response
In this equation (T-Ta)/(T0-Ta) = e^-(hAt/pvc) if we make hAt/pvc =
1 by taking t= pvc/hA, the value of pvc/hA is calculated time
constant and is denoted by t*
t* = pvc/hA
if the time taken for cooling is t = t* then hA/pvc.t will be eual to
one and T-Ta/T0-Ta = e^-1 = 0.3678
if the time taken for cooling is t =2t* . two time constants, then TTa/T0-Ta = e^-2 = 0.1353

The smaller the diameter, the faster the thermocouple responds.

Grounding the junction also improves response time by
approximately 50 percent based on the sensor achieving 63.2
percent of the final reading or to the first time constant. It takes
approximately five time constants to obtain steady state readings.
Temperature accuracy of the surrounding medium depends on the
capability of the sensor to conduct heat from its outer sheath to
the element wire. Several factors come into play. Most commonly
noted is time constant (thermal response time). Time constant,
or thermal response time, is an expression of how quickly a
sensor responds to temperature changes. As expressed here, time
response is defined as the length of time it takes a sensor to
reach 63.2 percent of a step temperature change (see graph to
the right).

Response is a function of the mass of the sensor and its efficiency

in transferring heat from its outer surfaces to the wire sensing
element. A rapid time response is essential for accuracy in a
system with sharp temperature changes. Time response varies
with the probes physical size and design. Response times
indicated represent standard industrial probe.

(b) A water carrying pipe of 15 cm dia is buried under earth to

prevent freezing of water in winter. Assuming the surrounding
temperature falls to -15 0 C and sustain for a period of 16 hrs in a
day determine the minimum depth at which the pipe need to be
laid down.
Given data
T(infinity) = -15 0c
Assume Ts = 30 0c
t = 16 hrs
= 16*60*60
= 57600 sec
Tx = 0 0c
From data book for soil
Alpha = k/row *c = 0.52/2050*1840 = 1.3*10^-7
Tx T infinity/Ts Tinfinity = erf (x/2root of (alpha*t))
15/45 = erf (x/2(root of 1.3*10^-7*5600)
0.3333 = erf (x/0.1776)
Let z = x/2root of alpha *t
x/0.1776 = 0.333

x = 0.333* 0.1776
x = 0.057 mts

25) a)
Importance of Heisler charts in the analysis of transient
conduction:
Heisler Charts are a graphical analysis tool for the evaluation of heat
transfer in thermal engineering. They are a set of two charts per included
geometry introduced in 1947 by M. P. Heisler which were supplemented by
a third chart per geometry in 1961 by H. Grber. Heisler Charts permit
evaluation of the central temperature for transient heat conduction through
an infinitely long plane wall of thickness 2L, an infinitely long cylinder of
radius ro, and a sphere of radius ro.
Although Heisler-Grber Charts are a faster and simpler alternative to the
exact solutions of these problems, there are some limitations. First, the
body must be at uniform temperature initially. Additionally, the temperature
of the surroundings and the convective heat transfer coefficient must remain
constant and uniform. Also, there must be no heat generation from the
body itself.

The Heisler Charts can only be used when:

the body is initially at a uniform temperature,
the temperature of the medium surrounding the body is
constant and uniform.
the convection heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform,
and there is no heat generation in the body.
The solution of the transient temperature for a large plane wall,
long cylinder, and sphere are also presented in graphical form for

>0.2, known as the transient temperature charts (also known as

the Heisler Charts).
There are three charts associated with each geometry:
the temperature T0 at the centre of the geometry at a given
time t.
the temperature at other locations at the same time in terms of
T0.
the total amount of heat transfer up to the time t.
.25) b)
Given data ,

D=2 cm=2 10

2
m, r=1 10 m

=7800kg/ m3,
C= 0.46kJ/kgC= 460J/kgC
k=60w/m C
h=300w/m2 C
T=800C, T = 50C, T=100C
To find,
time at which ball is kept in oil bath ,t=?
heat removal rate=?
4 3
r
V 3
L= =
A 4 r2
1
L= r =3.33 103
3
V =4.1 106

A=1.2 10

Bi=

hL 300 3.33 103

=
k
60

Bi=0.0166<0.1
hAs

t
T T
=e VC ( data book page no .58 )
T T

hAs
T T
t=ln
VC
T T
300 1.2 103
10050
t=ln
6
80050
7800 4.188 10 460
0.023 t=ln 0.06

0.023 t=2.81
t=118.17 sec

Therefore time at which ball is kept in oil bath is

heat removal rate or heat lost is
q t=[ CV ( T T ) ]
q t=[ 7800 460 4.188 106 (800100) ]
q t=10.51 103 J

t= 118.17sec

Total heat lost by 100 balls = 10 .51 100=1051kJ

Rate of heat transfer = 1051kJ
1051kJ of heat removal from bath is required to maintain the oil at
50C in 107.85 sec
Required heat removal per minute=

1051
60=533.63 kJ /min
118.17

Therefore
Heat removal rate per minute =
533.63kJ/min
QUESTION 26:
A) Hot metal forging that is initially at a uniform
temperature Ti and is quenched by immersing it in a
liquid of lower temperature T < Ti

During a differential time interval dt, the temperature of

the body rises by a differential amount dT. An energy
balance of the solid for the time interval dt can be
expressed as

Heat transfer int o the The increase in the energy

body during dt
of the body during dt

h A (T T ) dt V C p dT

VC P d

T T
h As dt

t = 0 and T(0) = Ti

 h As
T T

exp
i Ti T
VC P

VC P
t
ln t
i
h As

t
VC P d
dt

i Ti T h As i
0

Time Constant

1
V C p Rt Ct
h
A
s

tc

1
V C p Rt Ct
h As

t / tc

 f , Bi

t/tc=Bi*Fo

26 b)
Given l=16cm, ts=20 C,
W/mK,

t*=400 C,

t=250 C, k = 20

h=200W/m2k , = 6 x 10-4 m2/s. Lc=r

Bi=h.Lc/k
= 200* ( r2 *l/ r* l)/20
= 200*8*10-2 /20 = 0.8> 0.1
Assume that Fo > 0.2
To t / ti t = 250- 400 /20 -400
=15 /38 =0.39
r/Ro= 8*10-2 / 8*10-2 =1
data book page no. 69
from

To t / ti t

and

r/Ro

Fo =0.7 = *t /Lc

t = 0.7* (8*10-2)2 / 6*10-4 =7.46 sec

at r=4cm from surface
page no 70 data book
from h* Ro /k =

200*8*10-2 /20 = 0.8

r/Ro =1
t t / to t = 0.68
t 400 /250 -400 =0.68
t =298 oC

28. When a thermocouple is moved from one medium to another

medium at a different temperature, the thermocouple must be
given sufficient time to come to thermal equilibrium with the new
conditions before a reading is taken. Consider a 0.10cm diameter
copper thermocouple wire (spherical shaped) originally at 150C.
Determine the temperature response when this wire is suddenly
immersed in (a) water at 40C ( h= 80 W/m2 K) and (b) air at
40C (h =10W/m2 K).
Sol: Given data,
D=0.10cm

Water:
Lc=(4/3r^3)/(4r^2)
=r/3=1/6(0.001m)

Ti=1500C

=1.67*10^-4mt.
Bi=hLc/k={(80)(1.67*10^-4)}/386
=3.46*10^-5<0.1
b=h/cpLc
b=0.1396
ln(109.9/11.0)=bt
{ln(110/109.9)}/b=t
t=6.51*10^-3s
t=0.00651sec
AIR:
Bi=(10*1.67*10^-4)/386
=4.326*10^-6
b=10/(8954*383*1.67*10^-4)
b=0.01746
(T(t)-T/Ti-T)=e^-bt
[{Ln(110/109.9)}/0.01746]=t
t=0.05208sec