(MEDICAL ASISSTANCE)

WAD 5B

 Arterial blood gas adalah pengiraan asidity (pH)

dan tahap kandungan oksigen (O ) dan karbon

dioksida (CO) dalam darah dari arteri.

ABG test digunakan untuk:

memeriksa permasalahan pernafasan dan lung

disease seperti asma, cystic fibrosis atau chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
memeriksa tahap asid-base dalam darah seseorang
yang mempunyai heart failure, kidney failure,
diabetes, sleep disorder, dll.

 Normal Result :

Partial presure of oxygen (PaO)

-75-100 mmHg
Partial presure of carbon dioxide (PaCO)
-38-42 mmHg
pH
-7.38-7.42
Bicarbonate (HCO)
-22-28 mEq/L
Oxygen content (OCt) & Oxygen saturation (OSat)
-94-100%- oxygen saturation

Abnormal Result due to :

lung
kidney
metabolic disease
head and neck injuries

 Hemoglobin, hb merupakan komponen utama sel

darah merah iaitu protein yang mengangkut oksigen

dari paru-paru keseluruh tubuh badan.

Normal Result :
Male

- 13.8 hgga 17.2 gm/dl

Female - 12.1 hgga 15.1 gm/dl

 Mean of Abnormal result :

lower than normal

Anemia
bleeding
destructive of RBC
Malnutrition
Nutritional deficiencies of iron, folate , vitamin B6 & B12
overhydration
Higher than normal
Con genital heart disease
Corpulmonate
dehydration
Erythroytosis
Low blood oxygen level (hypoxia)
Pulmonary fibrosis
Polycythemia vera

 Keadaan yg memerlukan ujian Hb dilakukan :

Anemia of chronic disease

Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia
Giant cell( temporal , cranial ) arteristis
Hemoglobinopathies
Hemolytic anemia due to G6PD deficiency
Idiopathic , autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Immune hemolytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Paraxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH)
Paraxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
Pernicious anemia
Placenta Abruptio
Polymyalgia rheumatica
secondary a plastic anemia

 Full blood count adalah test untuk abnormaliti dalam

darah seperti tinggi atau rendah jumlah sel darah.

Normal Result :
Red Blood Cell ( erythrocytes )
115-150 gram per liter
White Blood Cell ( Leukocytes )
4-10 billion per liter
Platelet count
150-400 billion per liter

 Adult Normal Range

Parameter

Male

Female

Haemoglobin g/dL

13.5 - 18.0

11.5 - 16.0

WBC

x109/L

4.00 - 11.00

4.00 - 11.00

Platelets

x109/L

150 - 400

150 - 400

MCV

fL

78 - 100

78

0.40 - 0.52

0.37 - 0.47

PCV

- 100

RBC

x1012/L

4.5 - 6.5

3.8

- 5.8

MCH

pg

27.0 - 32.0

27.0 - 32.0

MCHC

g/dL

31.0 - 37.0

31.0 - 37.0

RDW

11.5 - 15.0

11.5 - 15.0

Neutrophils

2.0 - 7.5

2.0

- 7.5

Lymphocytes

1.0 - 4.5

1.0

- 4.5

Monocytes

0.2 - 0.8

0.2

- 0.8

Eosinophils

0.04 - 0.40

0.04 - 0.40

Basophils

< 0.1

< 0.1

 Abnormal Result in FBC :

Lower than normal
Erythrocytes (Anemia )
low hemoglobin content
iron deficiency

leukocytes ( Neutropenia )
low neutropill
bone morrow disorder

platelets ( Thrombocytopenia )
low platelet count
excessive bleeding & bruising

 Abnormal Result in FBC :

higher than normal

Erythrocytes ( Polycythaemia )

high hemoglobin count

respiratory & circulatory disorder
some cases involve tumour
dehydration ( high RBC )

Leukocytes ( Leukocytosis )

high WBC
Lymphoma / leukaemia
allergies / asthma ( high Eosinopill )

Platelets ( Thromocytosis )
high plateletes count
Thrombosis

 Blood urine serum electrolytes test adalah memeriksa

abnormaliti dalam body chemistry. Pengiraan

melibatkan blood urea, sodium, potassium dan
chloride.
Samples Blood Urine ( 24 hours )
Normal Result
Blood urea 2.5-7.5 mmol/L / 6-20 mg/dL
Sodium

136-142 mmol/L
Patassium 3.5-5.0 mmol/L
Chloride
98-108 mmol/L
Bicarbonate 23-32 mmol/L

 Abnormal Result :

lower than normal due to :

blood urea
pregnancy
starvation
chronic liver disease
sodium
below 120 mmol/L
loss of sodium
vomiting & diarrhoea
liver failure
nephrotic syndrome
potassium
diarrhoea and vomiting
ileostomy
chronic purgative abuse
excessive liquorice
elderly patients with poor nutrition
chloride
chronic lung disease
prolonged vomiting
loss of acid

 Abnormal Result :

Higher than normal due to :

blood urea
renal failure
dehydration
eating high protein meal
significant gastrointestinal bleed
sodium
dehydration
potassium
renal failure
potassium retaining diuretics
ACE inhibitors
haemolysis and delayed separation over-night storage in a 'fridge
kidney disease
chloride
dehydration
high blood sodium

o Abnormal in bicarbinate due to dehydration or drinking to much

water. It signify imbalance of acid-base electrolyte

 Grouping cross matching atau blood cross matching

adalah proses menguji darah pesakit melawan sampel

darah penderma untuk mencari keserasian darah.
Dalam keadaan kes kecemasan darah Jenis O akan diberi
kerana ia merupakan universal donar walaupun darah itu
jenis O-negatif sebab ketiadaan antigen A dan B.
Jenis darah dikelaskan mengikut sistem ABO dan jenis
rhesus (positif / negatif ).
Risiko tiada risiko dalam prosedure dan ujian darah
kecuali dalam kes kecemasan semasa transfusion darah.
Jenis darah yang normal tiada . Prosedure cross matching
dilalukan untuk menyediakan darah yang selamat.
Abnormal result kecuali dalam kes kecemasan,
transfusion tidak boleh dilakukan tanpa hasil dari
keserasian cross matching.

 Jenis Darah

stick together when mixed

Anti-A serum, a type A blood
Anti-B serum , a type B blood
Both anti-A and anti-B serums, a type AB blood

Jika darah tidak melekat apabila anti-A dan Anti-B serum

ditambah menunjukan darah jenis O.

Jenis Rhesus

Blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-Rh serum, you

have type Rh-positive blood.

Blood does not clot when mixed with anti-Rh serum, you have type
Rh-negative blood.