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I.
INTRODUCTION
II.
693
TABLE I.
Ref.
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
Spectral Analysis
Method
Short Time Fourier Transform
Short Time Fourier Transform
wavelet Transform
wavelet Transform
[15]
Blackman-Tukey, Periodogram
[16]
[17]
,
,
(2)
(3)
Offline methode
The relative accelerations of a movement are calculated at
first. The time points of the maximum values of the relative
accelerations are detected. Therefore, an upper (form. 1) and a
lower threshold (form. 2, red lines in fig. 1) are calculated.
CONCEPT DESCRIPTION
694
(6)
(7)
where Xi(+) and Xi(-) refers to the ith positive and negative
acceleration and n+ and n- the number of the positive and
negative values.
When the time points of the peaks are detected, the
distances between these points are calculated (1, 2 ...).
The frequency of the signal is calculated as follows (equ. 8):
(8)
Online methode
This method is a modification of the first technique. The
purpose is to calculate the frequency in real time. The upper
and lower thresholds are calculated over a period of 2s. Thus
this algorithm needs a buffer time of 2s at the beginning of a
measurement. During this time the frequency cannot be
estimated. After this time period the frequency is calculated
each time when the sensors receive a new value. Thus, the
frequency is calculated 20 times per second. The acceleration
values of the last 2s are taken into account for the peak
detection and calculation of the frequency each time.
B. Pattern recognition:
In this technique the tremor signals are compared with
periodical sample signals with a known frequency. These
signals are sinusoidal signals with time span of two seconds
and frequencies from 0 to 7Hz with a step of 0.1Hz. Each time
when the sensors receive a new value the relative accelerations
of the last two seconds are correlated with the sinusoidal
signals. The frequency of the signal equates with the
frequency of the sinusoidal signal with the maximal
correlation.
V.
In fig. 2 we can see a tremor signal (red line) and the most
suitable sinusoidal signal (blue dashed line) from 71 sample
signals. The signal has a frequency of 6Hz. The tremor signal
is not a periodical signal. Using this method we will try to find
repetitions in the tremor signal and its frequency.
Figure 3. Two tasks according to UPDRS [18]
695
Figure 5. Experiment setup: subject (1), smart glove (2), sensor on the
middle finger (3) and on the dorsal wrist (4),
( IR-Marker (5) and IR- stereo
camera (6).
b)
VII. CONCL
LUSION
Frequency analysis of tremor in patients with PD can be
p
of treatment. FFT
used to diagnose and monitor the progress
(Fast Fourier transformation), ST
TFT (short time Fourier
transform) and PSD (power spectrral density) are most often
used for spectral analysis of trem
mor. As the frequency of
motion is a stochastic signal resullting from the acceleration
values, the Fourier transformation is not reliable. In this work,
two new methods were presenteed for the calculation of
frequency.
Figure 4. A) Low frequency and b) High frequuency signal
696
TABLE II.
Method
Peak Detection
Pattern Recognition
Power Spectral Density
Fast Fourier Transformation
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
697
REFERENCES