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8 Pages
Date:
Subject:
Reservoir Engineering
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
No. Mk.
1. Complete the sections above but do not seal until the examination is finished.
2. Insert in box on right the numbers of the questions attempted.
3. Start each question on a new page.
4. Rough working should be confined to left hand pages.
5. This book must be handed in entire with the top corner sealed.
6. Additional books must bear the name of the candidate, be sealed and be affixed to
the first book by means of a tag provided
SECTION A
1. Compositional Model
Black-oil model
Based on the concept of a two component system of solution gas and
stock tank oil.
Results in black oil parameters of Bo and Rs.
Values of these change as a result of changes in operating conditions
of separators.
qg =
k rg Adp
g dx - Darcys law
qo =
k ro Adp
o dx
Qg
k Adp
= R s + rg
Qo
g dxBg
k ro Adp
o dxBo
Instantaneous GOR = R s +
4.
krg oB o
kro gB g
eqn 1
Since yj = 1.0
Then yj = zj * kj = 1.0
eqn 2
5.
b) Overpressure reservoirs
Pressure
Normal Pressured
Depth
Gas Gradient
Oil Gradient
GAS
OIL
Water Gradient
WATER
Over Pressured
6.
7.
the flow rate reduces. To maintain the original flow rate in the
equivalent undamaged well, an additional pressure drop must be
imposed around the wellbore. It is assumed that since the effect of
skin will manifest itself after the pressure perturbation has moved off
into the reservoir, the flow across the skin zone can be assumed to be
in steady state, and a steady state inflow equation can be applied to
the small region at most a few feet in extent in which the skin effect
is produced. This can be used to calculate a pressure drop, and by
comparison with the pressure drop required for the equivalent
undamaged region, a skin factor can be defined. Thus the skin factor is
a normalised pressure drop for a given flow rate.
Section B
Question 1
Critical Point
(i)
Cricondenbar
Cricondentherm
Gas Cycling: Gas cycling is the reinjection of separated gas back into
the reservoir - in some cases with gases from other near reservoirs.
It is used to keep the reservoir above the dew point line - preventing
condensation in the reservoir.
(ii)
Comp
MW
lb/lb ml
Gas
C1
16.04
0.89
C3
44.09
0.07
0.21
C5
72.15
114.2
0.04
-
0.61
0.18
C8
GOR ratio
Liquid
lb/cu ft
Density
Weight
lb/lb ml
Volume
cu ft
31.66
9.2589
0.29
39.36
44.09
44.0115
20.5560
73.826
1.12
0.47
1.88
= 1 x 106 80 STB
= 12500 SCF/STB
= 12500
SCF
1 STB
lb mole gas
73.83 lb
1 cu ft
GOR
= 11.0127
Comp
C1
C3
C5
C8
MW
16.04
44.09
72.15
114.2
lb mole gas
lb mole oil
Gas
Liquid
0.89
0.07
0.04
-
0.21
0.61
0.18
lbMole
zj
Res. Fluid Mole Frac
Pc
9.8013
0.9809
1.0505
0.1800
12.0127
673
618
485
370
0.8159
0.0817
0.0874
0.0150
1.00
240 = 700R
Tr = 700/424.48 = 1.6491
Tc
z j Pc
344 549.11
666
50.46
847
42.41
1025
5.54
647.53
Ppc
zjTc
280.67
54.38
74.07
15.36
424.48
Tpc
Pr=8500/647.53 = 13.1268
z = 1.3500
at 6750 psi
Pr = 6750/647 = 10.4243
z = 1.15
= 2.36
= 2.36
cu ft
lbb
1010 1 moles liq 73.83lb
12.0127 wt
lb mole 39.34lb 5.615 wt
Gas produced
= 2.36
11.0127
SCF
379.4
12.0127 total moles
lb ml
QUESTION B2
PART 1
10
P
Gas
P
Oil
Hg
Pb
Vb
b) Separator Test
gas collected from each stage collected and final volume of oil at
standard conditions measured
11
c) Differential Test
PART 2
Relative Volume
Vol
Condensate/Vol
of Fluid in Cell
12
Pd
PART 3
Draw graph and determine intersection of oil and oil and gas slope
= occurs at p = 1595 psi and a volume of 168.08cc
(a)
(b)
Bo at 3650 psi
Vol @ 3650 psi = 164.42 cc
(c)
GOR
4976 cc or SCF
5.615 cu ft
GOR
= 1020 SCF/STB
13
(d)
GOR @ 1200
R s
diff
= 177.99
4438 cc or SCF
5.615 cu ft
SCF
bbl residual oil
= 177.99
SCF
140 cc
residual oil
34 cc or bbl pt oil
bbl residual oil 184.80 cc or bbl Bpt oil 27.4 STO oil
= 167.33 SCF/STB
14
1800
1700
Pb = 1595 psi
1600
1500
1400
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
174
173
15
BT @ 1200
BT @ 1200
= 1.24
= 1.3713
QUESTION 10
(i)
The free water level is the position of zero capillary pressure and lies
below the last 100% water saturation level, the oil-water contact
(OWC).
16
Pc
h
OWC
FWL 0
0
100%
Water Saturation
(ii)
Oil
Trapped Oil
Water
(iii)
17
Pc = hpg
pc
lb f
lbm
= h(ft )p 3 g
2
1n
ft
lbf = lbm x g
= Pc
lb m g 144in 2
lb
h=
Pc 144
(1.03 0.8) 62.4
2.30
0.23
h ft = Pc air/Hg psi
18
h(ft)
k(md) 55
25
0.05
0.01
(%) 15
10
10
150
100
100
95.5
3
82'=18
5
85.5
69.5
49.5
50
36.75
23'
17.5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
FWL
19
Top of
Reservoir
103.2'
91
(90)
A
45
95.5'
90
(44)
85.5'
10
43
82'
(5)
E
69.5'
44
C
(35)
83
49.5'
A
(79)
36.75'
44
76
(22)
23' 23'
46
17.5'
A
(23)
100% Sw in Rock Type
A Found at This Level
6'
0
20
40
60
Oil Saturation
80
FWL
100
Water Saturation
100
20
80
60
40
20
(a)
(b)
(c)
0.39675
0.3025
1.5156
0.7
0.00875
0.22
0.34875
3.4924
Oil in place = 3.4924 cu ft oil/sq ft
Oil in place = 0.6220 res bbl/sq ft
Oil in place = 0.5098 stb/sq ft
21
QUESTION 11
(i)
(a) Artesian well type whose oil production is less than aquifer influx
then pressure at oil/water contact remains constant. If not get
solution gas drive combination.
(c) Sealed system where oil production is greater then aquifer system
will result in combination drive.
Type a
P
Pressure at OWC
Type b
Type c
Time
(ii)
22
Pi
P2=(Pi-P1)/2+(P1-P2)/2
=(Pi-P2)/2
P3=(P1-P2)/2+(P2-P3)/2
=(P1-P3)/2
(iii)
Need to calculate h
We = 1.119 cRo2hPQt
t D = 2.309
kt
w cR 2o
23
Time Yrs.
Pressure
P
tD
Qt (Chart)
We=BpQt
0
6700
0
0
-
0.5
6688
6
1.1574
1.88
80,000
1.0
6642
29
2.3148
2.74
495,016
1.5
6584
52
3.4722
3.65
1,672,657
h = 50 ft.
Water influx at
24
2.0
6508
67
4.6296
4.33
6
3.54x10
QUESTION 12
(i)
The well is in the centre of a radial reservoir and the full thickness is
perforated therefore there are no geometrical effects to influence
the flow. The well is assumed to have a constant flow rate from the
moment it is put on production therefore there is only 1 rate
dependent pressure perturbation. The flow regimes may be described
in terms of:
(a) an initial transient flow regime where the fluid acts as if it were
infinite in extent. The pressure changes within the reservoir
manifest themselves as a wave which moves from the wellbore
out into the reservoir. The transient nature of the flow regime
means that the pressure close to the wellbore falls at a greater
rate than the pressure farther into the formation. Initially, the
fluid at the outer boundary senses no pressure gradient and doesnt
expand (and flow).
(b) a flow regime that mimics steady state flow, termed semi-steady
state. In this flow regime, the fluid pressure gradient in the
reservoir from the wellbore to the outer boundary does not change
through time, i.e. the differences in pressure between points in the
reservoir remain the same (as in steady state flow) but the
absolute value of pressure declines through time. In this case, the
pressure wave has developed across the reservoir and it slowly sinks
through time as the fluid is produced.
25
(ii)
(i) there has been adequate time since the start of production to allow
the line source solution to be accurate
(ii) the reservoir is infinite acting.
A Check Ei applicability
cre2
the reservoir is infinite acting if the time, t <
4k
26
i.e. t <
25cr 2
k
qBo
200x2.2x10 3 x1.30
=
= 87805
4kh 24x3600x4x120x10 15 x50
3
9
2
crw2 0.25x2.2x10 x0.8x10 0.15
=
= 716x10-9
4kt
4x120x10 -15 x8x3600
27
QUESTION 13
(i) Steady state flow regime:
P Pwf =
qBo re 1
ln
2kh rw 2
Pwf = P
qBo re 1
ln
2kh rw 2
Pwf = 270
220x1.3x10 3 x1.42
ln 530 1
15
24x3600x2 100x10 x60 0.15 2
qBo re 3
ln
2kh rw 4
Pwf = P
qBo re 3
ln
2kh rw 4
220x1.3x10 3 x1.42
ln 530 3
15
24x3600x2 100x10 x60 0.15 4
Pwf = 270.0 - 9.3
Pwf = 270
Pwf = 260.7bar
28
The main differences in the flow regimes is the effect of time. In the
steady state flow regime, there is the assumption that the original
pressure perturbation produced by opening the well has travelled
through the reservoir to the oil water contact. There has been an
influx from the aquifer of equal magnitude as that removed at the
well, and the pressure profile that has developed in the reservoir is
now constant and doesnt vary with time.
29