HAND OVER

HAND OVER IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH, THE SERVICE TO THE

SUBSCRIBER IS TRANSFERRED FROM THE SERVING CELL TO THE
ANOTHER CELL DURING ACTIVE MODE OF MS AND THE CALL WILL
CONTINUE TILL MS DISCONNECT THE CALL.
WHY HAND OVER?
A] IN ORDER TO PROVIDE THE BETTER LINK QUALITY TO THE
SUBSCRIBERS.
B] MANAGE THE TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE CELLS OF THE
NETWORK.
OR
1 TO MAINTAIN QUQLITY AND CONTINUETY OF CALLS.
2 CELL SIZE CONTROL IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE TOTAL INTERFERENCE
IN THE NETWORK.
NOTE: HO IS THE EFFECT OF FREQUENCY HOPPING
GIVE THE SPECIFIC REASON FOR HANDOVER (H.O.)?
REASONS:
RECIEVER(RX) SIGNAL QUALITY
RECEIVER SIGNAL LEVEL
INTERFERANCE
POWER BUDGET
CONGESTION

RX QUAL.: IF THE RX LEVEL BAD AND RX QUAL.IS ALSO BAD THEN

H.O. IS DUE TO RX QUAL.
RX.LEVEL: IF THE RX LEVEL IS BAD RX QUAL. IS GOOD THEN HO IS
DUE TO RX.LEVEL.
INTERFERANCE: IF THE RECIEVER LEVEL IS GOOD AND THE RX
QUAL. IS BAD THEN H.O. IS DUE TO INTERFERENCE.

(Receiver level is nothing but how much amount the signal strength you get.)
(Receiver quality is nothing but the voice quality which we get during call.)
(Interference is nothing but the disturbance or unwanted signal)
LEVEL
GOOD

QUALITY
BAD

H.O
INTERFERENCE

BAD

BAD

RX QUAL.

BAD

GOOD

RX LEVEL

WHAT ARE THE SHORT COMING IN HAND OVER?

1 CALL DROP
2 FAR AWAY CELL EFFECT
3 PING PONG H.O.
WHAT IS PING PONG HO?
PING HO IN WHICH (UNNECSESARY) NETWORK TAKING CONTINIOSLY
H.O.
LET US SUPPOSE 4 SITES. ARE SERVING IN ANY ONE AREA THEN THEIR
WOULD BE SUCH TYPE OF POINT AT THEIR ALL 4 SITES ARE GIVING
THEIR OWN SIGNALS .SO WHEN U ENTER ON THAT SPOT FIREST HO IS
GIVEN TO 2ND NO. SITE SIGNALS ,AFTER IMMEDIATELY RECIVEING
THE 2ND NO.SITE 3,RD NO WILL TAKE HO ,AFTER 4THAFTER 1ST
..2,ND SO ON
SECOND REASON OF PING PONG IS PARTIAL CABLE SWAP. (SEE AT
CABLE SWAP FOR DETAIL)
HOW IT CAN BE AVOID?
SO ALWAYS GIVE THRESHOLD VALUE ACCORDING TO PLANNER OR FIX
THE THRESHOLD VALUE.
Or
Adjust the mechanical and electrical tilt.
(Choose one of the above solution because its depends on the clutter)
If clutter is dense then choose tilt solution because if we adjust threshold then our
QUALITY would be decrease.
WHAT IS THE BAD EFFECT OF PING PONG HO?
NETWORK QUALITY IS BAD.
WHAT IS INTELLIGENT HO?
1 NEAURAL NETWORK
2 FUZZY LOGIC
WHAT IS INTERNAL & EXTERNAL HO?
INTERNAL HO:
INTER BTS:
CALLS TRANSFER BETWEEEN TWO CHANNELS (TIME SLOT) IN SAME
CELL.
INTRA BSC:
CALLS TRANSFER BETWEEN BTS UNDER THE CONTROL OF SAME BSC.
EXTERNAL HO:
INTER BSC (BSC - BSC):
1 CALL TRANSFER BETWEEN THE BTS UNDER THE CONTROL OF DIFF.
BSC.
INTER MSC (MSC - MSC):

CALL TRANSFER BETWEEN CELLS UNDER THE CONTROL OF DIFF. MSC.

WHAT IS INTRACELL HO?
IT IS BASED ON THE UPLINK IDLE CHANNEL INTERFRENCE
MEARSURMENT CAN EFFICIENTLY AVOID UPLINK INTERFERANCE
WHEN THE NETWORK LOAD IS REASONABLE.
WHEN THE LOAD IS HIGH IN THE NETWORK, THE GAIN OF INTRACELL
HO IS LOW.
WHEN THE LOAD IS LOW THEN THE GAIN IS GOOD.
IN CASE OF HANDOVER DEFINE BUT HANDOVER WOULD NOT TAKE
PLACE?
CHECK FOR:
1) CHECK NEIGHBOUR DEFINED OR NOT?
FIRST SEE IN NET MONITER OR TEMS IF YES THEN FOLLOW 2ND STEP
IF NOT THEN CALL MSC AND TELL THEM TO DEFINE.
2) IS FREQUENCY AND BSIC SAME (SEE IN MCOM)
3) CHECK IS THAT FREQ.ON WHICH HO WILL TAKE DEFINED IN MBCCH
FREQUENCY LIST OR NOT? (CALL MSC AND ASK)
4) CHECK NCC PARA (PARAMETER) IS SET OR NOT? (CALL MSC AND
ASK)
2) IS FREQUENCY AND BSIC SAME (SEE IN MCOM):
AT BELOW SEE 842 IS FREQ. AND (43) BSIC WHERE 4 IS NCC 3 IS
BCC.FREQ. AND BSIC IS SAME DOES NOT MEAN TO CHECK 842 AND 43 IS
SAME!
IT MEANS THE SITE WITH SAME FREQ.AND BSIC PAIR SHOULD NOT BE
IN THE 15 KM OR 20 KM RADIUS .BECAUSE IF THIS HAPPENED, THEN
THERE IS INTERFERENCE DUE TO FREQ. HIT AND WE CANT FIND IT,
DUE TO SAME PAIR WE CANT FIND WHICH TWO FREQ. ARE HITTING .
THE RADIUS IS ALSO DEPEND ON TERRION.

WHAT IS BSIC?
BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE IS THE CODE WHERE IN THE FIRST
DIGIT INDICATES NCC AND SECOND DIGIT INDICATES BCC.
NCC: NETWORK COLOUR CODE
BCC: BASE STATION COLOUR CODE
THE NCC AND BCC HAVE VALUE RANGING FROM O TO 7
NCC: THE NCC IS FIXED FOR AN OPERATOR, SIGNIFYING AT ANY GIVEN
POINT THERE CAN BE MAXIMUM OF 8 OPERATORS IN AN AREA.
BCC: BCC DEFINES THE CLUSTER NO.WHICH MEANS A GROUP OF 8
CLUSTERS CARRY UNIQE IDENTITY WHICH ARE USED FOR ANOTHER
GROUP OF 8 AND SO ON.
EX. IF BSIC IS 65 THEN 6 IS NCC AND 5 IS BCC
IF BSIC IS 55 AND FREQ.IS 55 THEN HO WOULD NOT TAKE PLACE.
WHAT IS CLUSTER?
GROUP OF FREQ. CAN BE PLACED TOGETHER INTO PATTERNS OF
CELLS CALLED CLUSTER.
CLUSTER IS A GROUP OF CELLS IN WHICH ALL AVAILABLE FREQ. HAVE
BEEN USED ONCE AND ONLY ONCE.
THE PRINCIPAL FOR ALLOCATION OF THE BSIC IS THE SAME AS THE RF
CARRIER BUT AT CLUSTER LEVEL RATHER THAN CELL LEVEL.
MBCCH FREQ:
MBCCH NO. IS THE BCCH ALLOCATION (BCCH Allocation (BA) List is a list of
BCCH frequencies that every Idle mobile in a cell is supposed to monitor. The list
can be of two types - Idle BA List and Dedicated BA List. Idle is used by Idle
mobiles while Dedicated BA List is used by Dedicated Mobiles. You always dont
need to make two BA lists, it depends on your planning process whether you will be
using single BAL or BAL rotation or Dual BAL. We can use one BAL for all the
mobiles (idle & dedicated).)
i.e. IT INDICATES TO THE MS THE FREQ.MUST BE MONITERED AND
MEASURED IN IDLE .ACTIVE OR BOTH MODES.THIS NO. IS SENT TO MS
IN THE SYSTEM INFORMATION MESSAGES ON THE BCCH CHANNEL IN
IDLE MODE AND ON THE SACCH IN ACTIVE MODE.
UPTO 32 BCCH CARRIERS CAN BE DEFINED BY SPECIFAYING THEIR
ARFCN.
DEEP CONCEPT OF HO:
THE MEASUREMENT REPORT FROM THE MS IS SENT TO THE BSC ON
THE SACCH INDICATING THE SIGNAL STRENGTH AND QUALITY OF
THE SERVING LINK AND THE SIG.STRENGTH, FREQ.AND BSIC FROM
THE SIX BTS WITH STRONGEST SIGNAL STRENGTHS.

ONLY MEASURMENTS FROM THE NEIGHBOURING CELLS THAT

FULLFILL THE REQUREMENT BY BCCH HAS A FREQ. AS INDICATED BY
MBCCH NO.
IT IS NECESSARY THAT THE MEASURED CELL IS DEFINED AS THE
NEIGHBOUR OF THE SERVING CELL .
UPTO 64 DIFF. CELLS CAN BE DEFINED AS NEIGHBOUR.
HO PROCESS MAY BE TRIGGERED BY QUAL., FIELD STRENGTH OR
DISTANCE VALUES FALL BELOLW / EXCEED THEIR THRESHOLD
PERIODIC CHANGES.
HO ALGORITHUM:
The locating algorithm: Works out the basis for handover decisions .It is
implemented in the base station controller. It is the algorithm for cell selection for
active mobile stations (i.e. ongoing connection) after immediate assignment.
INPUT:
THE I/P TO THE ALGORITHUM IS SIGNAL STRENGTH AND QUALITY
MEASUREMENT FROM THE MS AND FROM THE BASE STATION
CURRENTLY SERVING THE CONNECTION.
OUTPUT:
THE OUTPUT IS THE LIST OF CELLS THAT THE ALGORITHUM JUDGES
TO BE POSSIBLE CANDIDATES FOR HANDOVER .THE CELLS IN THE LIST
IS RANKED AND STORED IN DESCENDING ORDER OF PREFERENCE FOR
HANDOVEAR.
THE ALGORITHUM WORKS CONTINUESLY, COMPLETING A
CALCULATION CYCLE IN GENERAL EVERY 480 ms. MOST FREQUENTLY
THE ALGORITHUM WILL RECOMMEND NOT TO PERFORM A
HANDOVER.
HANDOVER CRITERIA ARE BASED ON THREE TYPES OF
MEASUREMENT
1] FIELD STRENGTH (SIGNAL STRENGTH AND OR PATH LOSS) OF THE
CONNECTION AND OF THE BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL CARRIERS
FOR NEIGHBOURS.
2] SIGNAL QUALITY OF THE CONNECTION (BIT ERRROR RATE
ESTEMATION MAPPED ON ALGORITHUM SCALE)
3] TIMING ADVENCE USED BY THE MS.
WHAT IS TIMING ADVANCE?
IT IS A SOLUTION SPECIALY DESIGNED TO COUNTERACT THE PROBLM
OF TIME ALLIGNMENT .ITS WORKED BY INSTRUCTING THE MIS
ALIGNED MS TO TRANSMIT ITS BURST EARLIER OR LATER THAN IT
NORMALLY WOULD.
IN GSM TA INFORMATION RELATES TO BIT TIMES .THUS ,AN MS MAY BE
INSTRUCTED TO COMMENCE ITS TRANSMISSION A CERTAIN NO OF BIT

TIMES EARLIER OR LATER ,RELATED TO PREVIOUS POSITION TO

REACH ITS TIMESLOT AT THE BTS IN RIGHT TIME.
WHAT IS THE DIFF. BETWEEN CELL RESELECTION AND HANDOVER?
HAND OVER HAPPENED IN DEDICATED MODE AND
CELL RESELECTION IN IDLE MODE.

FREQUENCY HOPPING
Call is transmitted through several frequencies in order to
Average the interference,
Minimizing the impact of fading.
OR
It is defined as sequential change of carrier frequency on the radio link between the
mobile and base station.
Advantage of frequency hopping:
Frequency diversity
Interference averaging
How in frequency hopping there is enhancement of network ?
1 FH implement will enable more aggressive frequency reuse pattern that leads to
better spectrum efficiency.
2 It can add more transceivers in the existing site, while maintains the network
quality .
3 freq. hopping compressing the available spectrum to make room for extra freq.
Frequency reuses?
FREQUENCY REUSE IMPLIES THAT IN A GIVEN COVERAGE AREA THERE
ARE SEVERAL CELLS THAT USES THE SAME SET OF FREQ.
THESE CELLS ARE CALLED COCHANNEL CELLS .AND THE
INTERFERENCE BETWEEN SIGNALS FROM THESE CELLS ARE CALLED
CO CHANNEL INTEREFERENCE.
Define all the parameter in frequency hopping?
Following are the parameter in FH
MOBILE ALLOCATION (MA)
MOBILE ALLOCATION INDEX (MAI)
MOBILE ALLOCATION INDEX OFFSET (MAIO)
HOPPING SEQUENCE NO. (HSN)
MOBILE ALLOATION:
IT IS THE SET OF FREQ. The mobile allowed to hope over .maximum of 63 freq.
can be defined in MA list.

MOBILE ALLOCATION INDEX (MAI):

It is the no. ranging from zero to the no. of freq. in the MA list subtracted by one.
It is the output of hopping sequence algorithms.
HOPPING SEQUENCE NO. (HSN):
It determines the hopping order used in the cell .it is possible to assign 64 diff.setting
.when HSN = 0 provides cyclic hopping (pattern).
HSN = 1 TO 63provides various pseudo random hopping.
In GSM there are 64 diff.patterns of FH.
One of them is a simple cyclic or sequential pattern.
The remaining 63 are known as pseudo random patterns which an operator can
choose from the MA list.
WHERE WE USE CYCLIC AND RANDOM PATTERN?
CYCLIC: IT IS USED IN THE AREA WHERE THE ITERFERENCE IS NOT A
PROBLEM.
RANDOM: IT IS USED IN THE AREA WHERE INTERFERENCE IS A
PROBLEM.(HIGH TRAFFIC AREA).

MOBILE ALLOCATION INDEX OFFSET (MAIO):

Determines inside the FH sequence which freq. the mobile starts do transmit on.
The value of MAIO ranges between zeros to N-1.
Where N is the no.of freq.defined in the MA list.
Presently MAIO is set on per carrier basis.
What are the types of FH and? What is dif.between them?
Two types of freq. hopping.
Base band FH (BBH)
Synthesized FH (SFH)
Diff.:
BBH: IN BBH no. of hopping freq. same as no.of TRX. (TRU)
SFH: No. of hopping freq. can be in the range of 1 to 63.
- here the ARFCN wud be more than the no. Of TRX/TRU in bts.also we have
better hopping gain here.& also we need not to go for new frequency scheme
when we add new trxs to the site as this is to be do done in Base band hopping.
Definition of SFH AND AMR:

SFH & AMR IS different terms

SFH is synthesizer freq hopping and AMR is adaptive multirate. These two terms
are in all different from each other. One defines the way of using fewer frequencies
more efficiently and other defines the way of controlling the quality of call in FULL
RATE as well as HALF Rate so as to increase capacity indirectly with controlled
quality.
What is the effect of freq. hopping?
1 Hand over
2 Call set up
3 Frame eraser rate (FER)
These are the eff. of FH.
What is FER?
IT IS THE RATIO OF DISCARDED SPEACCH FRAMES COMPARED TO ALL
THE RECEIVED SPEECH FRAMES.
It is the right measure of voice quality.
It is performed on speech and signaling frame.
FFR
0 to 4 %
good
4 to 15 %
slightly degrade
Greater than 15 %
FORMULA:
% OF FER = (NO.ERASED BLOCKSTOT.NO. OF BLOCKS) 10O
Deep concept:
MAIO:
It is a parameter that will allow the operator to specify a list of up to 32 MAIO
values in order in which they are to be allocated to a channel group. This parameter
set to default which removes the manual MAIO list in favor for the default MAIO
list.
The no. of MAIO values in list stretches from zero up to one less than no. of freq. in
the HFS.
Ex. 9(0 to 8) freq. their than maio list will be 0 to 7.
The actual MAIO values to be used for a channel group depend on the no. of TRX in
the channel group.
Default list:
In order of the MAIO values in the default list is arranged in a first even then
odd. MAIO values manner.
This means that the beginning of the list will consist of all the even values in
ascending order.
After the even values all the odd values are arranged an ascending order.
Ex.
For hopping group with 9 freq. the default list will be 0, 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5 and 7.

MA: MA LIST IS A LIST OF HOPPING FREQ. TRANSMITTEED TO A MOBILE

EVERY TIME .IT IS ASSIGNIED TO HOPPING PHYSICAL CHANNEL.
THE MA LIST IS A SUBSET OF CA LIST.
#WHAT IS CA LIST?
THE MA LIST IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED IF THE BASEBAND
HOPPING IS USED.
IF THE NETWORK UTILISES THE RF HOPPING THE MA LIST HAVE TO BE
GENERATED FOR EACH CELL BY THE PLANNER.
The MA list is able to point the 64 of freq. defined in the CA list .However the
BCCH freq. is also included In the CA list ,so the practically max.no. Of freq. in
the MA list is 63.
The freq. in the MA list is required to be in increased order because of the type of
signaling used to transfer the MA list.
HOPPING sequence algo?
Input: The hopping seq. algo. Takes HSN & FN (freq.no.) as an input.
Output: Mobile allocation index (MAI) is the
O/P.
MAIO:
WHERE THERE ARE MORE THAN ONE TRX IN THE BTS USING THE SAME
LIST THE MOBILE ALLOCATION INDEX OFFSET IS USED TO ENSURE
THAT EACH TRX USES ALWAYS AN UNIQUE FREQ.
EACH HOPPING TRX IS ALLOCATED A DIFF. MAIO.
MAIO IS ADDED TO MAI WHEN THE FREQ. TO BE USED DETERMINED
FROM THE MA LIST.
MAIO AND HSN ARE TRANSMITTED TO A MOBILE STATION TOGETHER
WITH MAIO LIST.
HSN DEFINES WHICH HOPPING SEQUENCE TO BE USED.
MAIO DECIDES STARTING POINT OF HOPPING.

WHAT IS SLOW FREQ.HOPPING AND WHAT IS FAST FREQ.HOPPING?

THE PRINCIPAL OF FREQUENCY HOPPING USED WITHIN GSM IS THAT:
SUCESSIVE TDMA BURST OF CONNECTION IS TRANSMITTED VIA. DIFF.
FREQ.

THAT FREQ. BELONGING TO A RESPECTIVE CELL ACCORDING TO

NETWORK PLANNING. THIS METHOD IS CALLED SLOW FREQ. HOPPING.
SINCE TRANSMISSIOMN FREQ. REMAIN CONSTENT DURING ONE BURST.
IN CONTRAST FAST FRFEQ. HOPPING WHERE THE TRANSMISSION
FREQ. CHANGES WITHIN THE ONE BURST.

DETAILS OF FRAME ERASER RATIO:

IT IS THE RATIO OF DISCARDED SPEACH FRAMES COMPARED TO ALL

THE RECEIVED SPEECH FRAMES.
A SPEECH FRAME IS GENERALLY DISCARDED IF AFTER THE DECODING
AND ERROR CONNECTION PROCESS ANY OF THE CATEGORY A BIT IS
FOUND TO BE CHANGED BASED ON THE THREE PARITY BITS
FOLLOWING THEM IN A SPEECH FRAME.
FER IS MEASURE OF HOW SUCESSFUL THE SPEECH FRAME WAS
RECIVED AFTER THE ERROR CORRECTION PROCESS AND IT IS THUS A
BETTER INDICATION OF THE SUBJECTIVE SPEECH QUALITY
COMPARED TO THE LINK QUALITY IN TERMS OF BER .THE RECIEVER
QUALITY DOES NOT INDICATE HOW THE BIT ERRORS WERE
DISTRIBUTED IN A SPEECH FRAME.
THE BIT ERROR DISTRIBUTION AFFECTS THE ABILITY OF THE
CHANNEL DECODING TO CORRECT THE ERRORS.
A BLOCK IS ERASED WHEN PARITY CHECK FAILED.
BIT ERROR RATE:
IT IS THE RATIO OF THE NO. OF ERRORNEOUS BIT RECIEVIED TO THE
TOTAL NO.OF BITS RECEIVED.
RESIDUAL BIT ERROR RATE:
IT IS PERFORMED ON DEMODULATED SPEECH FRAMES
THAT ARE NOT MARKING CORRECT.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN SPEECH FRAMES DISCARDED IN FER?
ANS: SYSTEM WILLS INTERPOLUTE.
SPEECH QUQLITY INDEX DEPENDS ON FER AND BER.
SPECCH QUALITY IS DEPENDING ON BER.
TROUBLSHOOTING
WHAT IS CABLE SWAP AND PARTIAL CABLE SWAP?
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CABLE SWAP/SECTOR SWAP.
FIRST CABLE SWAP/SECTOR SWAP AND ANOTHER IS PARTIAL SWAWP.
CABLE SWAP IS NOTHING BUT WHEN TWO WIRES WHICH IS COMING
FROM GSM AND CONNECTED IN TRX/TRU IN BTS WIL CONNECT
WRONGLY. MEANS FIRST SECTOR TWO CABLE (POSITIVE AND

NEGATIVE) CONNNECTED IN SECOND SECTOR TRU/TRX OR SECOND

SECTOR TWO CABLE CONNNECTED IN THIRD OR THIRD SECTOR IN
FIRST .
WHAT IS THE SOLUTION OF TCH OR CALL DROP?
BOTH PROBLEMS WOULD BE OCCURRED DUE TO THE POSSIBILITY OF
CABLE SWAP OR FREQUENCY HIT.
CABLE SWAP : TWO WIRES CAME FROM THE GSM AND JOIN AT THE
TRX IN BTS ROOM. WHILE CONNCTING THESE WIRE THEIR COULD BE
MISMATCH OR SWAPPING.BECAUSE FROM THESE TWO WIRES ONE
WIRE IS OF TRANSMETER SECTION (+ SIGN ON THAT CABLE ) AND
ANOTHER SIGN IS OF RECIEVER ( - SIGN IS ON THAT CABLE).SO THERE
SHOULD BE CHANCES THAT + WIRE WOULD BE ATTACHED TO - AND
VICE VERSA.
TWO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF CABLE SWAP WE WANT TO SEE
WHETHER THESE CONNECTION IS EXACT OR NOT.
DUE TO CABLE SWAP THERE WOULD BE CHANCES OF CALL DROP.
SECOND CASE:
FREQUENCY HIT: THIS MEANS ADJUCENT FREQUENCY WOULD BE HIT
TOWARDS AREA.
SOLUTION OF THIS CASE GIVES DOWN TILT TO OUR GSM.
WHAT IS PARTIAL CABLE SWAP?
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CABLE SWAP ONE IS ABOVE AND SECOND IS
PARTIAL CABLE SWAP.
IN FIRST CABLE SWAP TWO WIRES ARE FROM ANY ONE SECTOR IS
CONNECTED IN ANOTHER SECTOR TRX/TRU .BUT IN PARTIAL CABLE
SWAP ONLY ONE WIRE WOULD BE SWAP MEANS ONE WIRE FROM ANY
ONE SECTOR AND ANOTHER WIRE FROM ANY OTHER SECTOR IS
CONNECTED AT ONE TRX/TRU.
WHAT IS THE SOLUTION FOR PROBLEM OF UPLINK?
SEE AROUND YOUR SITE ANY CDMA SITE IS PRESENT IF YES THEN USE
CDMA FILTER.
IF NOT THEN SEE IS THEIR SECTOR EXPANTION PRESENT THEN CHECK
FOR THE ORIENTATION OF BOTH EXPANSION ANTEENA AND MAIN
ANTENA IS DIFF. OR SAME.
WHAT IS THE SOLUTION FOR DOWNLINK PROBLEM?
THE SOLUTION FOR THE DOWNLINK IS SAME FOR THE TCH /CALL
DROP.
WHAT IS TH E SOLUTION FOR SD DROP?
IF SD DROP INCREASED THEN ASSIGN ONE MORE TIME SLOT BY USING
PLANNER.
WHAT IS THE REASON FOR SDCCH DROP?
1>high interference of freq., like co-channel
2>sdcch time slot faulty

3>poor TRX DL quality

4>hardware fault like antenna or duplexer malfunction
5>may be feeder cable and connectors are faulty.
6>site taking calls from a very far distance.
7>Bad Radio link quality (any sort of interference, if highly) Bad Radio link quality
(any sort of interference, if highly destructive)
8>Could be a problem at NSS end
and may be some other reasons....
SD drop happens after SD is assigned, and if TCH is not free but SD is assigned and
there is no directed retry, then in that case what happens? SD waits for a timer value
and then also if it doesn't find a TCH it can't hold SD, so drops..
WHAT IS VSWR?
VOLTAGE WAVE STAND RATIO:
IT IS THE RATIO OF FORWARD POWAR TO THE REFLECTED POWER.[(1ROW)/(1+ROW)]IT THE PROBLEM OF LOOSE CONNECTOR OR DUST OR
SHARE BENDING OR RAIN WATER . DUE TO THIS PROBLEM THERE IS
LESS COVERAGE IN THAT AREA.
WHENEVER THIS PROBLEM OCCURRED THERE IS ALARM FOR THIS IS
IN
MSC.
THERE ARE LOTS OF TYPE OF ALARMS ANOTHER IS IF BTS DOOR IS
OPEN THEN THERE IS ALSO ALARM WILL OCCURD IN MSC.
TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF VSWR PROBLEM WE CONNECT TIGHTLY
(LOOSE CONNECTOR) ALL CONNECTOR/CABLE WHICH ARE LOOSE.

ABOVE TEMS 6.1 S/W IS COMPITABLE WITH INSTRUMENTS(MOBILE)

T610.

WHAT IS TEMS?
TEST EQIPEMENT MOBILE SYSTEM IS A TESTING TOOL USED TO READ
AND CONTROL THE INFORMATION SENT OVER AIR INTERFACES
BETWEEN BASE STATION AND THE MOBILE STATION .IT CAN BE USED
FOR RADIO COVERAGE MEASUREMENS.IN ADDITION TO FIELD
MEASUREMENT AND POST PROCESSING.
ALL KIT CONSIST OF MOBILE STATION WITH SPECIAL SOFTWARE, A
PORTABLE PC AND OPTIONALLY A GLOBAL POSITONING SYSTEM
RECIEVER.THE PC IS USED FOR PRESENTATION ,CONTROL AND
MEASUREMENT STORAGE .
MS IS USED IN ACTIVE OR IDLE MODE.
WHICH WINDOW WE NEED TO CHECK IN DRIVE TEST?
1] CURRENT CHANNEL
2]SERVING NEIGHBOUR
3]RADIO PARAMETER
4]C/I
5] C/A
TELL US ABOUT DETAILS?
1] CURRENT CHANNEL:
CELL NAME
CGI (MCC NCC LAC (BSC) CI)
BAND 900/1800/1900
CHANNEL TYPE
CHANNEL MODE
SPEECH CODEC
CIPHERING ALGORITHUM
SUB CHANNEL NO.
HOPPING CHANNEL
MAIO
HSN
2]SEERVING NEIGHBOUR:
FULL
SUB
HERE THE DEFINED NEIGHBOUR WILL APPEAR.
3]RADIO PARAMETER : FULL
SUB
A] RX LEVEL RANGE -10 TO -120
-10 TO -70 BEST
- 71 TO -80 GOOD
-91 TO -120 BAD
PURPOSE NEW SITE AT THIS AREA.
B] RX QUALITY (ITS DEPEND ON INTERFERENCE ) RANGE 0 TO 7

0 TO 3 GOOD
4 TO 5 AVG.
6 TO 7 BAD
C] FER ACTUAL
D] BER ACTUAL
E] SQI
21 TO 30 OK
ABOUT SQI :IF BSIC AND FREQ ARE SAME THEN SQI GOES NEGATIVE.
4]C/I (WORST /BEST) RANGE 5 TO 25
15 AVG.
10 TO 15
5 TO 10 BAD
MS POWER CONTROL LEVEL
DTX
TA
1 TA = 500m
(RECEIVING LEVEL)RL TIME OUT COUNTER (MIN)
RL TIME OUT COUNTER (MAX)
MS BEHEVIOR MODIFIED
5] C/A
ANOTHER NETWORK PROBLEM:
C/I:CARRIER TO INTERFERENCE RATIO
IT IS DEFINED AS THE RATIO BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF THE RECIVED
DESIRED SIGNAL TO THE LEVEL OF RECIVED UNDESIRED SIGNAL.
C/I IS DEPENDENT ON THE INSTANTANEOUS POSITION OF THE MOBILE
STATION AND IS AFFECTED BY TERREIN DETAILS AND VARIOUS
SHAPES,TYPES AND NO.OF LOCAL SCATTERS.
OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS ANTENNA TYPE DIRECTIONALITY AND
HEIGHT ,SITE ELEVATIONS ,POSITIONS AND THE NO. OF LOCAL SOURCE
OF INTERFERENCE ALSO EFFEECT THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE C/I
RATIO IN A SYSTEM .
C/A: CARRIER TO ADJUCENT RATIO
IT IS DEFINED AS THE RELATION IN DB IN SIGNAL STRENGTH BETWEEN
THE SERVING AND AN ADJUCENT FREQ.
COCHANNEL INTERFERENCE:
FREQUENCY REUSE IMPLIES THAT IN A GIVEN COVERAGE AREA THERE
ARE SEVERAL CELLS THAT USES THE SAME SET OF FREQ.

THESE CELLS ARE CALLED COCHANNEL CELLS .AND THE

INTERFERENCE BETWEEN SIGNALS FROM THESE CELLS ARE CALLED
CO CHANNEL INTEREFERENCE.
SOLUTION:TO REDUCE CO CHANNEL INTERFERENCE CO CHANNEL
CELLS MUST BE PHYSICALLY SEPERATED BY A MINIMUM DISTANCE IN
ORDER TO PROVIDE SUFFIECIENT ISOLATION.
WHAT IS BASIC?
BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE IS THE CODE WHERE IN THE FIRST
DIGIT INDICATES NCC AND SECOND DIGIT INDICATES BCC .
NCC :NETWORK COLOUR CODE
BCC: BASE STATION COLOUR CODE
THE NCC AND BCC HAVE VALUE RANGING FROM AN O TO 7
NCC: THE NCC IS FIXED FOR AN OPERATOR ,SIGNIFYING AT ANY GIVEN
POINT THERE CAN BE MAXIMUM OF 8 OPERATORS IN AN AREA.
BCC : BCC DEFINES THE CLUSTER NO.WHICH MEANS A GROUP OF 8
CLUSTER CARRY UNIQE IDENTITY WHICH ARE USED FOR ANOTHER
GROUP OF 8 AND SO ON.
EX. IF BSIC IS 65 THEN 6 IS NCC AND 5 IS BCC
IF BSIC IS 55 AND FREQ.IS 55 THEN HO WOULD NOT TAKE PLACE.
WHAT IS CLUSTER?
GROPU OF FREQ. CAN BE PLACED TOGETHER INTO PATTERNS OF
CELLS CALLED CLUSTER.
CLUSTER IS A GROUP OF CELLS IN WHICH ALL AVAILABLE FREQ. HAVE
BEEN USED ONCE AND ONLY ONCE.
THE PRINCIPAL FOR ALLOCATION OF THE BSIC IS THE SAME AS THE
RF CARRIER BUT AT CLUSTER LEVEL RATHER THAN CELL LEVEL.
Transmission problem:
Path loss: Path loss occurs when the received signal becomes weaker and weaker
due to increasing distance between MS and BTS ,even if there are no obstacles
between the transmitting and receiving antenna .
The path loss problem seldom leads to a dropped call because before the problem
becomes extreme a new transmission path is established via another BTS .
Shadowing: Shadowing occurs when there are physical obstacles including hills and
building between the BTS and MS .The obstacles create a shadowing effect which
can decreases the received signal strength .
when the MS moves the signal strength fluctuates depending on the obstacles
between the MS and BTS .
FADING DIPS: A signal influenced by fading varies in signal strength .
Drops in strength are called fading dips.

Multipath fading : It occurs when there is more than one transmission path to the
MS or BTS .This may be due to building or mountains either close to or far from
the rec
dBi, dBd,dBm
dB itself is a measure of power on logarithmic scale.....when we talk abt dBi (one
more thing i want add here is dBd ), these indicate gain of a given antenna with
respect to isotropic and Lambda/2 dipole antenna respectively....isotropic antenna is
a non existent ideal antenna and Lambda/2 as it indicates is half-wavelength
antenna., here iso.. is an omni directional antenna while Lambda...is a directional
antenna ..
When we measure gain wrt iso..Antenna,.gain is more bcoz it radiates lesser in
distance ..bt its less with Lambda/2 antenna ... bcoz its radiation is directional hence
more. Here is the relation...
dBi (gain of the given antenna wrt Isotropic antenna)=dBd(Gain wrt Lambda/2
antenna +2.15 dB).
READ THIS AFTER LEARN THE DT FOR 10 DAYS!
ANALYASING THE LOG FILES?
AFTER HAVING THE ENTIRE NETWOR OR A GIVEN PART OF THE
NETWORK, THE LOG FILES SHOULD BRE ANAYLIESD .WHEN
ANALYISING THE LOG FILES ,THE MAIN THINGS TO LOOK FOR :
1. INTERFERENCE
2. LOW SIGNAL STRENGTH
3. MISSING NEIGHBOUR
OFTEN, THESE PROBLEMS CAN BE SPOOTEED BY LOOKING AT THE
RXQUAL LEVELS AND /OR DROPPED CALLS.HOWEVER DUE TO LITTLE
OR NO TRAFFIC IN THE SYSTEM, IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SPOT ALL THE
PROBLEMS THAT MIGHT OCCUR WHEN THERE IS MORE TRAFFIC IN
THE SYSTEM.FOR EX. INTERFERENCE FROM THE NON BCCH CARRIERS
DOES NOT AFFECT THE QUALITY .THEREFORE IT IS IMPORTANT THAT
THE LOG FILES ARE CAREFULLY ANYLYSED EVEN THOUGH THERE ARE
NO SIGNS OF POOR QUAL.
POOR QUAL:
THERE ARE THREE MAJOR REASONS FOR POOR QUALITY.
INTERFERENCR PROBLEM, LOW SIG. STRENGTH OR A MISSING
NEIGHBOUR.
THE REASON FOR THE POOR QUAL.CAN BE:
1. MS DOES NOT ON BEST SERVER
2. INTERFERENCE
3. LOW SIGNAL STRENGTH

MAKE THE NECERRY CHANGES /ADJUSTMENTS DEPEPNDING ON

THE REASON FOR THE POOR QUAL.
MISSING NEIGHBOUR RELATIONS:
MISSING NEIGHBOUR RELATIONS DISABLES A HANDOVER AND
MIGHT LEAD TO POOR QUALITY AND EVENTUALLY A DROPPED
CALL.
INCLUDING ALL THE BCCH FREQ. IN THE MEASURING LIST DURING
THE INTIAL TUNING, MAKES MISSING REALATIONSHIP EASIER TO
DETECT. NEIGHBOUR THAT ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE NEIGHBOUR
LIST ARE NOT NOT EVALUATED BY LOCATING.
IF HANDOVER IS NOT PERFORMED TO WHAT SEEMS TO BE THE BEST
SERVER, THERE IS A POSSIBILITY OF A MISSING NEIGHBOUR RELATION.
IF THAT IS NOT THE CASE AND TH EQUAL.IS POOR, HAND OVER
HYSTERISIS, OFFSET, L- CRITERION PARAMETERS (IF USED) AND HCS
PARAMETER (IF USED) SHOULD BE REVIEWED TO FIND THE REASON
FOR THE MS NOT BEING ON THE STRONGEST CANDIDATE.
THERE IS SITUATION WE CAN IMPROVE THE COVERAGE, BY
INCREASING THE OUTPUT POWER AND/OR MAKING ANTENNA
ADJUSTMENTS.
OUTPUT POWER:
BY INCREASING THE OUTPUT POWER,THE DOWNLINK SIGNAL
STRENGTH INCREASE .HOWEREVER ,IF THE O/P POWER IS TOO HIGH
(APPROXIMATELY -43 DBM OR MORE),A HIGHER O/P POWER WILL NOT
GREATLY AFFECT THE OVERALL PERFORMANCE DUE TO THE LACK OF
POWER BALANCE BETWEEN UPLINK AND DOWNLINK .
BUT AN INCREASE IN O/P POWER MAY LEAD TO HIGHER
INTERFERENCE IN COCHANNEL AND ADJUCENT CHANNEL CELLS.
THE CELL BORDERS ARE ALSO AFFECTED.
ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS: A HIGHER ANTENNA POSITION GENERALLY
INCREASE THE CELLS COVERAGE AREA .SOMETIMES THE RE
DIRECTION OF AN ANTENNA MAY HELP THE SITUATION. IF THE
ANTENNA IS DOWNTILTED ,A DECREASES OF THE TILT GENERALLY
INCREASE THE COVERAGE AREA.
JUST LIKE THE CHANGING THE O/P POWER ,AN ANTENNA
ADJUSTMENTS AFFECTS THE ENTIRE CELL PLAN REGARD TO CELL
BOARDERS AND INTERFERENCE.
INTERFERENCE PROBLEM
MAJOR IINTERFERNSE PROBLEMS REQUIRE A CHANGE OF FREQ. ON
ONE OR MORE CELLS.
FOR A CELLS SEVERE PROBLEM ,ANATENNA DOWNTILTS CAN HELP
SITUATITIONS .
MINOR INTERFERENCE PROBLEM CAN SOMETIMES BE ELIMINATED OR
REDUSED BY PARAMETER CHANGES .MOVIING CELL BOARDER AND /OR
CHANGING THE HANDOVER (EX. SMALLER HANDOVER HYSTERIS AND
SHORTER FITER LENGTHS ) CAN TAKE CARE OF LOCAL INTERFERENCE
PROBLEMS.

ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS:
ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS SUCH AS ANTENNA TILT AND HEIGHT AFFECTS
THE SIGNAL STRENGTH AND THEREBY THE CELLS BOARDERS AND
INTERFERENCE LEVELS .
BY DOENTILTING THE ANTENNAS ,A CALMER BEHAVIOR IS GENERALLY
ACHIEVED IN THE NETWORK .THE SIGANL STRENGTH BECOMES MORE
CONCENTRATED TO THE AREA CLOSE TO THE SITE .DOWNTILTING AN
ANTENNA CAN REDUCE IN INTERFERENCE IN CO- CHANNEL OR
ADJUSTENT CHANNEL CELLS AS WELL AS IN THECELL ITSELF.
THE MAJOR DRAWBACK OF HAVING TOO MUCH DOWNTILT IS THE RISK
OF A LOSS IN OVERALL COVERAGE.