Girdle endoskel crescent shape, on Trunk

Fxn
Art append(pair, mus)
Pec(up)
Pfin,Flimbs
art glenoid
cavities
Supp: mus (indirect V)
Pel(d) Plfin, Hlimb
acetabula, sup girdle
Ossify (land, bony); un(chon)
Development
Pec appen
dermal thoracic armor
Transverse V base: Basal pterygiophore
+Vmidline
Pel Median basal extension endochondrial
Sternum/Breastbone midV. Ant Trunk, 1st cart
Art
Pec
-fish (Shark); amniotes art Pec, ribs
Anterior trunk (S, R, PCG)
noncollapse
(breath,viscera)
Locomotor [shape, arrange] VC, Girdle, appen
Paired lateral paired fin limbs girdle
(bilateral)
b. hydroplanes : -pitch,roll

lateral paired
Fin fold theory: Locomotory
Branchiostomata (metapleural, dfin)
Continuous VL finfoldsanus (@ Dline 1
median fin )
Body Spine theory (protect)
2 spine, skin fold (bw) (endoskel)

Dogfish PG
Pubosichiac bar
iliac process small D proj
ends
Articulating base:
fin +
pterygiophore(cart finray)
Dermal fin rayradials-edge
Pterygio
proximal (1-2,3-5)
Basals(fuse radials,large), Radials (distal
rod)
Metapterygium 1 basal,medial fin
border,long curve
Prop
small, ant Meta

Tetrapod Pelvic Girdle

PI plate
walking, mus attachment ,
ossification centers:
Ant:
Pubes ,
Pubic foramen
Obturator nerves
PI foramen + PF
mammal joined
Obrturator Foramen
Pos:
Ischia, Each iliac process:
Ilium
*Ilium-sacral ribs Sacral-PelG skel circ
exterior(urogen)
Pelvic symphisis: Medial
LR Girdle unite w/
cart
Acetabulum cup-shape dep by 3 femur head

Reptilian PelG (locomotion)

Pelvic plate

flat

Pub,Is foramen large, Ilium DL proj

Turtle PG- quadrupedal

AV pube + PV Ischia Pubic, Ischiac Symphysis
cont. Acet
*Pu: Pectineal Process
AL proj
Obturator foramen bet P/I sep. cartilage of
PIsymp
DL ilia
Hindlimbs: retains reptilian stance
Femur head acetabulum
T>Fibula
Ankle reduced
Tibiale, intermedium, (Tarsalia4-5)Centralia
Trans, fuse, elong
Fibulare- distal F. separated
Metatarsals(5)
Phalanges (2,3,3,3,3,)
Horny claws
Meso/intratarsal
fxn ankle joint
Prox tarsalia epipodial segment extension
Fused
intermedium, tibiale, central
Calcaneum/fibulare fused/not
Distal tarsalia, metatar, phalange
Mammal ankle joint Crurotarsal
intraphalangeal
Cru.. dev in epipodial (TF) + mesopodial(tarsus)
segment
Planti (flat) Unguli (toes)

PEL G BIRDS (Bipedal loc, Forelimbs wings)

AP Girdle
Hindleg elongate, distal
Foot contact broad
Air-filled bones, Girdle +sacrum fuse*
=reptile; I,Is, P, no symphysis wide sep for egs
Innominate bone
Continuous broad bone
(D, largest) Ilium
(f)concave; (b)Convex
Suture (fused synsacrum)
Embryo: art true Sacral vert (2)
Ilioischiac foramen sep, large oval
Ischia
rear
Obturator foramen suture
Pubis V border Is, (embry AP)
Aceta meet 3
Hindlibs Ventrad Girdle (Sprawled Vert stance)
FemurAceta
Trochanter
lateral
Condyle
distal pulley curved
ridge
Patella/Knee cap joint, bet thigh, shank
Sesamoid: dev in tendon, stress zone
Shank Medial Tibiotarsus, distal tibia + Prox
tarsal
Condyle(2)
Femur, @ridge
Malleolus
art Tarsometatarsus
Lateral fibula

Tarsometatarsus Tarsus +
metatarsus(3(2,3,4))
Distomedial border tarsus 1st
Ankle joint Digitigrademetatarsal, phalange

Stern: costal proc(ant)

Xiphisternal (post sides)
Bird forelimb
Humerus convex headglenoid fossa
Muscle attach:
G (Postaxial)
Pneumatic foramen: entrance of air in
humerus
L Tuberosity(deltoid ridgePreaxial/Radial
limb side, Dorsal rotation of humerus!)
Radius>slender>ulna
o Olecranon/Elbow
proximal end
proj,meet
Wrist (2 seo carpal)
Carpometacarpus -- +wrist, (3, 2nd 2
phalanges)

Mammalian
Innominate/hip
(d, largest)
Ilium art Sacrum, crest : border (AP)
(D)Ischium
PAceta,
Ischial Symph(Fcart) Ischial tuberosities midV
ex Rami
ObF
Ischial-Pubic Rami
(AV)Pubes
2 rami, p symph(Fcart)
Young kitten
3 separate
Acetabulum fossa (bone) pubis
Femur
Trochanter musc (Greater (L), Lesser (below)
Condyle (M, L)
distal art facets
Epi
rough/elevate
Patella Knee joint
Shank Tibia (stout), Fibula (slender)
Tibia
Crest ant
Condyle
proximal
Malleoli
distal
Ankle = human
Calcaneous/fibulare heel largest
Astralagus/talus
art malleoli tibia/fib
(tibiale, intermedium, Centralia)
Navicular/Scaphoid curved, medial
(1-2 Centralia)
Ant N Cuboid(4th-5th tarsale)
4th-5th
metatarsal
Medial C
Cuneiform (3rd T/ lateral)
3rd
metatarsal
Medial Cuneiform (2nd T/ intermedial)
2nd
meta
Medial Cuneiform (1st T/ medial)
1st rudiment

Mammal *Scapula: most important

Epi/Precoracoid
Placental mammals Interclavicle, precoracoid
Scapulae/shoulder blades
not articulated
Flat, large triangular, Ant ribs
(apex (glenoid, concave)art humerus),
Coracoid Process beak , glenoid rim ant
project
*separate ossify center
Spine ridge
Acromion V pointed termination, receive
clavicle
Metacromion above, back proj
/borders musc attach
Ant spine
Supraspinous fossa
Post
Infraspinous
Internal
Subscapular
Dorsal Vertebral
Anterior
Post
Axillary

Sternum
Sternebra (8) Longi series
Manubrium 1st , 1st thoracic rib @ center
Body (7)
Xiphisternum terminate X. ensiform cart

Sole 4 metatarsal + rudiment 1st medial/V prox

end 2nd meta
Terminal phalange beak, supp horny claws
Ankle joint crurotarsal, digitigrades (sit:
plantigrae)

Forelimbs
Humerus

Pectoral Girdle
Reptiles
Dermal: IC, C, cleithra,
Endo: Scapula, Precoracoid = birds,
+cora=mam
Birds light thin, air vacuole/pneuma,
triradiate strut wing support
Scapula(sword above rib) Precora (stout, V)
glenoid f
Clavicle AV, fuse furculum/wish bone
Sternum enlarged
Carina/Keel Vproj, flight musc
=reptiles, costal cartilage: ribs. Stern , carinate
birds(keel)

rounded head
Glenoid fossa
Side G/L Tuberosity
Ridge/Crest(2)
musc attachment
Masses for art forearm bone
Capitulum (outer)
(ant)*Lateral epicondyle,
proj ridge
Trochlea (medial)
(ant)*medial epi
Supracondyloid foramen
pierced bone
Radius<Ulna
Olecranon /elbow Semilunar notch(distal) art
trochlea of H
SN distal
Coronoid process
Wrist 2 Transverse rows 1: 3, 2:4

Scalpholunar(distal) art radius

Triquetral (ulnare)
art ulna
Pisiform (lateral) sesamoid
Distal row (G multangular (1st carpale), L M (2nd
C), Central (central), Hamate (4th-5th)
Metacarpal (5) 1st reduced
Horny claws

Variation Tetrapod Appendicular

Gravity ^body weight, surface-volume rel
Strength = area CS
^2 linear = v/mg ^3 = x8 orig weight= CS 4x