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Abstract
It has been nearly two decades since Gabriel Almond observed that political
scientists tend to sit at separate tables. Surprisingly, there has been no
attempt to ask extensively among the members of the profession what
they actually believe about its essential meaning, purpose, and trajectory.
This paper is based on a questionnaire sent to faculty in more than 500
political science departments worldwide. Respondents were asked to
define political science, to list three works that best represent political
science as they understand it, and to give their views regarding what
political science will be over the next twenty years.
(207 219) & 2008 European Consortium for Political Research. 1680-4333/08 $30 www.palgrave-journals.com/eps
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whether there was a core to contemporary political science. If so, what is it? If
not, does the absence matter? (Monroe,
1990). It is important to note that, while
the invited panellists shared their individual perceptions and offered clever
insights, none of them had undertaken
empirical analysis, surveying the range
of political scientists in the United States
and around the world. Almond, himself,
was speaking entirely from personal
impression when he characterised the
discipline as increasingly disjointed, fragmented, and frustrated. Moreover, we
know of no attempt that asks extensively
among the members of the profession
what they believe about its essential
meaning, purposes, and trajectory. Filling
this empirical gap is the intention of the
present paper.
The authors sent a brief questionnaire
electronically to political science faculty
from departments with a webpage accessible and in English listed by the UK
Political Studies Association (www.psa.
ac.uk). This included 307 departments in
the US, seventy-eight in the UK, seventyfour in Continental Europe, forty in Canada, twenty in Australasia, ten in Asia, and
nine in the Middle East. The original
sample included more than 8,500 individuals with ostensibly working e-mail
addresses. Of this total, 61 per cent were
scholars working in the US and 39 per
cent were scholars working outside the
US. The response rate was slightly greater than 1 per cent (n 88), representing
the number of completed questionnaires
returned and useable for coding.
We requested that our colleagues construct a brief statement presenting in
your own words your personal definition/
meaning of political science, reflecting the
way you understand and teach political
science. If there is some core to our
enterprise, it should be visible in the
commonalities and coherence among
the answers given by practicing, current
political scientists. We should also be able
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ywe know of no
attempt that asks
extensively among
the members of the
profession what they
believe about its
essential meaning,
purposes, and
trajectory
to discern from the answers whether, in
general, they are satisfied or dissatisfied
with the discipline as it has evolved in
recent years. As a supplemental question,
we requested that the respondents list
the three most important works that
have helped to give definition/meaning
to political science as you understand it.
Again, any essential disciplinary core
should be reflected by correlated answers, indicating general dependence
upon a common set of influential texts
and/or authors.
Finally, the Almond roundtable discussants in 1989 were asked regarding the
issues that will concern political scientists
over the next ten years. Professor Almond
remarked that he hoped the problem of
disciplinary unity would become a motivating priority. We thus included a parallel
question. We requested that the respondents offer their views regarding how
political science might be different 20
years into the future. The answers should
allow us to identify any predicted
probable direction, and to assess the
degree of expressed optimism or pessimism regarding the disciplinary future
(the only vaguely parallel study (Somit
and Tanenhaus, 1964) is long out-ofdate, included only American scholars,
asked relatively formulaic questions, and
did not permit open-ended responses).
Coding was performed by the two
authors of this paper cooperatively. The
coding schema in general was established
THE MEANING OF
POLITICAL SCIENCE
The most obvious way to identify commonalities across the suggested meanings of political science is to search for
similar keywords and phrases. This is
easily done by computer. We found only
one noteworthy recurring word: power.
Political science is the systematic study
of the distribution of power in society.
Who gets power and how they wield
power are perennial questions.
Any definition of politics or political
science must focus on the centrality of
power.
An attempt to assess the nature of
power relationships.
Political science is the study of the
exercise of power.
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What is remarkable
is the enormous number
of works and authors
submitted by our
respondents as
representative of the
meaning and purpose
of professional political
science. The absence
of coincidence for the
submitted lists is
dramaticy
than once. A similar result was found for
American politics. James Madison was
listed three times. Of all the other names
submitted, only Robert Dahl (seven
times), Campbell-Converse-Miller-Stokes
(four), E.E. Schattschneider (four), and
V.O. Key (three) received more than one
mention. Of all the cited contributors to
the international relations subfield, no
scholar received more than one mention.
Of the cited contributors to public policy
and public administration, no scholar
received more than one mention.
There is a fine line between diversity
and disorganisation. What is remarkable
is the enormous number of works and
authors submitted by our respondents as
representative of the meaning and purpose of professional political science. The
absence of coincidence for the submitted
lists is dramatic, not just across the
subfields of the discipline but within them
as well. On the one hand, this suggests
the complexity of politics as a subject for
academic study and the creativity of
contemporary scholars as they seek to
analyse and understand this complexity.
On the other hand, it suggests the potential absence of a central intellectual core
upon which students are trained and
new knowledge is built. For the political
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venues for publication, all of which constrain our ability to offer meaningful
intellectual and social contributions.
Opinion is similarly divided for those
responses that emphasised methodological rather than substantive developments. More than a quarter of total
respondents predict increased domination within political science by scientific
ideals, formal models, and statistical
techniques. To some, this would be a
disagreeable occurrence, leading to
research that will be abstruse, sterile,
inaccurate, and out of touch with reality.
Political science will increasingly move
toward methodological homogeneity
focused on quantitative and mathematical approaches to the study of politics.
Description and understanding of political institutions and political dynamics
will be increasingly devaluedy.With
the increasing hegemony of these
methods, political science will become
less and less relevant to the popular
political discourse, political commentators, and policy makers.
To others, this would be a desirable occurrence, for an increasing reliance upon
assumptions, models, empirical tests,
and proofs will add sophistication to our
studies, incorporate modern technologies,
and make the findings more objective, selfconscious, authoritative, and influential.
On the other hand, about one-sixth of
respondents predict reduced emphasis
upon quantitative political science. Again,
some foresee this as a positive development, toward the acceptance of various
non-empiricist theoretical understandings of the political. Others foresee it
more negatively, as relaxing professional
safeguards against bias, prejudice, and
personal opinion.
Political science is likely to become less
rigorous and more partisan in the next
two decades. The field seems to be
becoming more ideological and less
analytical as time passes.
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CONCLUSION
There is nothing unique to the claim that
political science is a disparate discipline.
There is no established concurrence regarding the boundaries of the field and its
internal subdivisions, regarding the subject matter to be investigated and the
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In general, there
seemed to be only
limited insistence upon
the quest for
overarching unity
within political
science
methods appropriate for that investigation, regarding the core works produced and the central findings achieved,
regarding the intellectual purpose of our
enterprise and trajectory we should be
pursuing. This disjunction is clearly visible
in the retrospectives published on the
current state of the discipline (Greenstein
and Polsby, 1975; Finifter, 1993; Goodin
and Klingemann, 1996; Katznelson and
Milner, 2002), in the various histories of
the discipline (Dryzek and Leonard,
1988), and even in proposals for an
effective
undergraduate
curriculum
(Wahlke, 1991). It is a topic of regular
commentary and assessment, some of
which are deeply incisive and articulate.
The contribution of this article is that it
reports how members of the political
science profession from a number of
academic departments in a number of
different countries speak for themselves, in their own words. Given the
importance of the topic, the surprise is
that there exists no similar effort to the
best of our knowledge.
The response rate to our questionnaire
unfortunately was too low to permit valid
generalisation to the initial sample and its
underlying population. Nevertheless, the
qualitative analysis of the data is noteworthy, revealing how certain of our
colleagues wish to express themselves
about political science and the political
science profession. The respondents were
articulate and often impassioned in their
answers, as they characterised their chosen field of academic study. There was
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We express our thanks to colleagues
at San Diego State University (USA)
and Babes-Bolyai University (Romania),
and to the Council for the International
Exchange of Scholars whose support was
responsible for the conversation out of
which this project grew.
References
Almond, G.A. (1988) Separate tables: schools and sects in political science, PS: Political Science and
Politics 21: 828842.
Dryzek, J.S. and Leonard, S.T. (1988) History and discipline in political science, American Political
Science Review 82: 12451260.
Finifter, A.W. (ed.) (1993) Political Science: The State of the Discipline II, Washington, DC, American
Political Science Association.
Goodin, R.E. and Klingemann, H.-D. (eds.) (1996) New Handbook of Political Science, New York: Oxford
University Press.
Greenstein, F.I. and Polsby, N.W. (eds.) (1975) The Handbook of Political Science, Reading, MA: AddisonWesley.
Katznelson, I. and Milner, H.W. (eds.) (2002) Political Science: The State of the Discipline, Centennial
Edition, New York: W.W. Norton.
Monroe, K. (ed.) (1990) The nature of contemporary political science: a roundtable discussion, PS:
Political Science and Politics 23: 3443.
Somit, A. and Tanenhaus, J. (1964) American Political Science: A Profile of a Discipline, New York:
Atherton Press.
Wahlke, J.C. (1991) Liberal learning and the political science major: a report to the profession, PS:
Political Science and Politics 43: 4860.
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