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ZDB-Number: 2668735-5
IC Journal No: 8192
Volume 1 Issue 6
Online Available at www.phytojournal.com
Ixoreal biomed. Pvt. Ltd., APIIC, Green Industrial Park, Jadcherla, Mahaboobnagar, Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh. 509302. India. [E-mail: hi_honey.com@rediffmail.com, Tel: +91-9000203912]
Director grade Scientist-G, Natural Product Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
(IIIM), Jammu, India.
Community Health Centre, Gumagarh, Phulbani, Odisha, India.
Ixoreal biomed. Pvt. Ltd., APIIC, Green Industrial Park, Jadcherla, Mahaboobnagar, Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh. 509302. India.
The heart shaped betel leaves are found in ancient Sanskrit texts, including Charaka, Sushruta Samhita and Astanga
Hradayam. Piper betle L. have been used in chinese, Indian folk medicine for centuries. In this review, different
research works related to Ayurvedic consequence, geographical distribution and cultivation, morphoanatomy,
phytochemistry, biological activities, along with tradomedicinal uses which signify the tremendous potential of
Piper betle L. to come out as Green medicine. The objective of it is to revels the potential effect of this plant in the
development of therapeutically active herbal drugs against different microbial infections especially for oral cavity,
which also gives the opportunity to pharmaceutical companies interested in formulation and production of natural
product based drugs targeted towards specific aliments
Keyword: Piper betle L., Morpho-anatomy, Antimicrobial Activity.
1. Introduction
Piper betel is blessed as evergreen and perennial
plant, that has God created and have given the
shape of his own heart. Anthropologists have
found traces of betel in the spirit caves in
Northwest Thailand dating back as to 55007000BC, which is even before systematic and
organised agriculture came to be practiced. There
have been similar findings in Timor in Indonesia
going back to 3000 BC and in the blacked teeth
of a human skeleton in Palawan in a Philippines
going back to 2600 BC. It had found a place in
the most ancient Sri Lanka Historical Book
Mahawamsa written in palli. Even today some
hardened betel chewers in Thailand, Myanmar
and Indonesia with black teeth as result of long
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Guna (Quality)
Rasa (Taste)
Vipak (Metabolism)
Virya (Potency)
Prabhav (Impact)
3. Plant Profile:
I.
Botanical
name
and
classification[10,11]:
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliphyta
taxonomic
IIII
IIII
(. . -)
Class: Magnolipsida
Order: Piperales
Family: Piperaceae
Genus: Piper
Species: betle
Binomial name: Piper betle L.
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Gujurati: Nagarbael
Marathi: Nagbael
Bengali: Pan
Arabic: Tambol, Tambool
Semang: Serasa, Cabe
Jakun: Kerekap, Kenayek
Sakai: Jerak
Javanese: Sirih, Suruh, Bodeh
Thai: Pelu
Fig.no.1. Region within the dotted lines shows major areas of Piper betel consumption.
Where, AFR: Africa,
MAD: Madagascar, PAK: Pakistan, IND:
India, NEP: Nepal, SRI:
Sri Lanka, THI:
Thailand, CAM: Cambodia, MAL: Malaysia, PNG: Papua New Guinea, BOR: Borneo, SIN: Singapore, LOA: Laos,
VIT: Vietnam
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V.
Cultivation and propagation
Cultivation
It is cultivated in soil, which is black, friable, clay
loam resembling tank earth, contains large
portion of organic matter, but the best pans are
grown in Bengal on light loam sightless reddish
in colour. The plant grown from sea level
to1000mt, rainfall of more than 179cm is
necessary. It thrives best under tropical forest
condition with shade considerable humidity &
plenty of soil moisture. Broadly there are two
cropping system under natural conditions and
controlled conditions. The open system of
cultivation under natural conditions is practiced
in regions where conditions of high humidity and
moderate sunshine prevail throughout the year.
The type is basically a climber which required
supporting tree like areca nut (Areca catechu) and
coconut (Cocos nucifera ) and generally attain
10-15 meters height with profuse branching at the
top and lot of foliage. Another type of cropping is
partially controlled cultivation which is common
in regions where high humidity and low sunshine
Vol. 1 No. 6 2013
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HO
HO
H3CO
H3CO
H3CO
HO
OOCH3C
HO
Chavibetol
Allypyrocatechol
HO
Chavibetol acetate
Eugenol
Piperitol
OH
HO
CH3
HO
OH
OH O
HO
H3C
CH3
OH
OH
OH O
Quercetin
OH
OH
Hydroxychavicol
H3C
OH
OH
CH3
-terpineol
OCH3
OCH3
Allyl catecol
CH3
C
O
OCH3
CH2
D- limonene
O
O
H 3C
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH2
CH2
- sitosterol
OH
CH3
CH3
HO
Luteolin
CH2
CH3 H
OH
OH
CH3
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N
H
CH3
CH3
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2-noanone
HO
Piperlonguminine
CH3
H
H3C
CH3
CH3
H
CH3
CH3
CH2
H 3C
-cadinol
H3C
Ocimene
CH3
(CH2)7
O
H H3C
N-decanal
CH2
CH2
H3 C
(CH2)15
Myrcene
OH
O
(CH2)13
H3C
OH
Stearic acid
OH
2- Mono palmitin
CH3
CH3
CH3
2-undecanone
H2 C
(CH2)7
H3C
CH3
OH
CH3 H
CH3
H
Allo ocimene
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
H3C
H3C
CH3
Cavacrol
Cymene
H3C
CH2
H2 C
CH3
Terpinolene
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2
-Myrcene
CH3
O
H3C
CH2
Limonine
OH
Vanillin
HO
OH HO
CH3
H3C
CH3
Thymol
H3C
CH3
CH3
Cis-piperitol Terpinolene
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OH
HO
Procatechuic acid
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CH3
OH
HO
CH3
CH2
CH3
HO
OH
OH
Gallic acid
H3C
-terpineol
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH3
OH
CH3
-pinene
Camphene
OCH3
CH2
H3C
CH3
Linalool
OCH3
H2C
CH3
CH3
CH2
H 3C
O
H 3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
Eucalyptol
O
OH
H 3C
CH3
H3C
CH3
O
CH2
H3C
Camphene
CH2
CH3
Sabinene
CH3
CH3
O
O
CH2
CH3 H3C O
-pinene
Estragol
CH3
Arecoline
OCH3
H3C
OCH3
CH3
OH
CH3
O
CH3
CH3
N
CH3
CH3 H CO
3
Anethole
CH3
CH2
OH
H3C
OH
Isoeugenol Chavicol
CH2
Eugenyl acetate
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4-allyl phenol
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CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
OH
CH3
H 3C
O
HOOC
OCH3
CH3
-bergamotene
Isoeugenyl acetate
H3C
OH
Caffeic acid
CH3
CH3
(E)--ocimene
CH3
CH3
O
H3CO
OH
H2C
H
H3C
CH3
CH3
HO
Ferulic acid
Carryophyllene
CH3
CH3
CH3 H3C
Humlene
CH3
-farnesene
O
CH3
CH3 O
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH3
Germacrene-A
O
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
H2N
CH3
H3C
H3C
O
CH3
CH3
Isoascaridole
H3C
O
CH2
4-Allyl anisole
(CH2)4
CH3
4E-decadienamide
CH3
OH
Safrole
HO
N
5-Indanol
CH3
CH2
CH3
HN
N
S
CH2
OH
O
H3 C
H3C
CH3
H3C
H3C
-muurolene
H3C
H3C
CH3
Cadinene
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CH3
CH3
- copaene
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CH3
N
CH2
CH3
H3C
H
CH3
CH3
-cubebene
H3CO
H3C
H3C CH3
CH3
-selinene
H3CO
OAc
H3CO
Cuparene
CH2
H3C
Piperine
CH2
H3C
H3CO
OAc
HO
OCH3
H
Piperbetol
OH
H3CO
OCH3
CH2
H3C
OCH3
H
Methylpiperbetol
Piperol-B
OH
H3CO
CH2
OH
OH
O
OH
H3CO
OCH3
H
HO
HO
Piperol-A
OH
Chlorogenic acid
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3 H
HO
OH
O
HO
O
CH3
H
H
H
-sitosteryl palmitate
CH3
CH3 H
Diosgenin
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OH
H3C
CH3
H3C
H3C
CH2
CH3
H3C
H3C
H3C
CH3
H3C
CH3
H3C
H3C
Cis-Limonene oxide
CH2
H3C
Isoledene
Sabinene
CH3
H3C
CH3
HO
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
Ledol
Thujene
Camphor
Stigmast-4-en-3,6-dione
HO
O
NH
HO
Cepharadione A
Aristololactame (-II)
Cepharadione
CH3
H3C
CH3
O
HO
H
HO
H
O
H3C
OH
CH3
O
CH3
Ursonic acid
N
O
CH3
H3C
OH
Ellagic acid
Cepharadione-A
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CH3
CH3
-Bisabolene
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