Communication process of using messages to generate meaning

symbols words, phrases, and sentences become what when they are used to evoke

images, thoughts, and ideas in the mind of others

code a systematic arrangement of symbols used to create meanings in the mind of another
person or persons

non verbal codes all symbols that are not words, including bodily movements, use of space
and time, clothing and adornments, and sounds other than words
verbal codes symbols and their grammatical arrangement, such as languages
encoding the process of translating an idea or thought into a code
decoding the process of assigning meaning to the idea or thought in code
Noise any interference in the encoding and decoding processes that reduces message clarity
name the 8 parts of the communication model sender, receiver, message, channel,
feedback, noise, context, culture
sender initiates message( encoder)
receiver interprets and responds (decoder)
message verbal and non-verbal code
channel method of transmission (light waves, air waves, book, phone, etc)
feedback reaction
context time, place of communication episode
culture the participants background
what are the 4 types of communication models action, interaction, transaction, and
constructivist
action communication model sender transmits message to receiver
interaction sender transmits message that's received, receiver responds
transaction communication between sender and receiver is simultaneous
constructivist communication is simultaneous but meaning is negotiated

what are the 5 main communication contexts

intrapersonal, interpersonal, public communication, mass communication, and computer
mediated response
intrapersonal communication communication with the self
dyadic part of interpersonal.. 2 people
small group part of interpersonal. 3-12 people
public communication speaker who transmits to a large immediate audience and involves
feedback
mass communication sender transmits mediated message to large unseen audience
computer mediated response exchange of info utilizing computer technology

what are the advantages of studying communication

1. shift in economy
2. our world is becoming more culturally diverse
3. listening and speaking skills are used the most
4. jobs
5. money
6. make a difference

F meanings are in words

F communication is a verbal process
F telling is communicating
F communication will solve all our problems
F communication is a good thing
F the more communication the better
F communication can break down
F communication is a natural ability
F effective communication is merely skill building
F effective communication is just common sense
T communication is complicated
T communication is inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable
passive perception people are recorders of stimuli
active perception mind selects organizes and interprets what you sense
subjective perception your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli
perception process of becoming aware of objects and events from senses
selection select stimuli to focus on, neglect others
selective exposure expose yourself to info that reinforces your beliefs/opinions
selective attention when you expose yourself to info you focus on certain cues and ignore
others

selective perception see, hear, and believe only what you want to
selective retention remember better things that reinforce beliefs rather than oppose them
figure and ground figure=focal pt of attention
ground= background of where you attention is
closure fill in missing info in order to complete an otherwise incomplete figure
proximity objects physically close are seen as groups
similarity elements are grouped because they share attributes
interpretation assignment of meaning to stimuli
interpretive perception blend of internal states and external stimuli (inkblot test, etc)
culture system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a
society use to cope with one another and with their world
co-culture group (men, LGBT, latinos, etc) who's beliefs or behaviors distinguish it from the
larger culture of which it's part of and with which it shares numerous similarities
perceptual constancy our interpretation of something is hard to change
self fulfilling prophecy as individuals we try to live up to other peoples expectations
self concept formed by self image and self esteem
symbolic interactionism the self is developed through communication
confirmation affirming
rejecting negating
disconfirming neutral
high self monitors you care how others see you
low self monitors oblivious, annoying, don't pick up on social cues

self monitors how good you take in feedback

methods for improving self concept
1. become aware of yourself
2. make committment to increase self concept
3. establish positive attitude about yourself
4. be worthy of being liked and respected
5. realize that you have potential worthy of respect
6. be honest with yourself
7. gain knowledge as basis for personal change
8. set realistic goals
9. accept yourself as being in a process
10. create supportive context for change
denotative meaning the agreed-upon meaning or dictionary meaning of a word
connotative meaning an individualized or personalized meaning of a world, which may be
emotionally laden
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis a theory that our perception of reality is determined by our thought
processes and are limited by our language and that LANGUAGE SHAPES OUR REALITY
language obstacles grammatical errors, coloquialisms, cliches, euphemisms and double
speak, slang, jargon,profanity, informal and IM language, regionalisms, sexist, racist,
heterosexist and ageist language,
colloquialisms words and phrases used informally
cliche an expression that has lost originality and force through overuse
euphemism a more polite pleasant expression used instead of a socially unacceptable form
double speak any language that is purposefully constructed to disguise its actual meaning
slang a specialized language of a group of people who share a common interest or belong to a
similar co-culture
profanity language that is disrespectful of things sacred
jargon the technical language developed by a professional group
regionalisms words and phrases specific to a particular region or part of the country

ways to improve language skills

1. avoid intentional confusion
2. use descriptiveness
3. be concrete
4. differ between observations and inferences
5. demonstrate cultural competance

Ogden and Richards triangle of meaning language is arbitrary reference: description or

what you see symbol: means word referent: img of what you think it is
Abstraction ladder Hiakawa's ladder of abstraction
specific and precise abstract (general, vague)
semantics study of the way humans use language to evoke meaning in others
syntax way of which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences
dating specifying when you made an observation, since everything changes over time
indexing identifying the uniqueness of objects, events, and people
body language body posture, movement

kinesics study of body, facial expressions, gestures, posture

proxemics the study of the human use of space and distance
tacile communication the use of touch in communication
paralinguistic vocal cues (pitch, rate, inflection, volume, quality, nonword sounds,
pronunciation, articulation, enunciation, silence
pitch highness or lowness
rate how rapidly or slowly you speak
inflection variety of changes in pitch
volume loudness or softness of voice
quality unique resonance of your voice (huskiness, nasality, whininess_
nonword sound umm, uhh
pronunciation whether or not you say the word correctly
articulation whether or not your mouth, tongue, and teeth coordinate to make a word
understandable to others
enunciation whether or not you combine pronunciation and articulation to produce a word
with clarity and distinction that it can be understood
silence lack of sound
objectics also called object language, the study of the human use of clothing and other artifacts
as nonverbal codes
artifacts ornamints or adornments you display that hold communicative potential
Grandfather of nonverbal communication mehrabian
deception cues longer response time less eye contact increase shifts in positionmore adaptors
types of gestures emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adapters
emblems substitute for words
illustrators compliment words
affect displays indicate intensity of emotion
regulators control flow of conversation
adaptors address personal needs
personal space your personal bubble, follows you whereever you go, mens is bigger than
females and northern US is bigger than southern US
territoriality how you mark your territory (ex spreading books out on table)
intimate zone less than 18 inches
personal 18 inches to 4 ft
social 4 feet to 12 ft
public greater than 12 ft
barlunds 6 person theory communication begins with the self

who said deception indicators are different in male and female and how they use
communication (non-verbal) Mehrabian