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Prob. 4.

7
A ring of mass M hangs
from a thread, and two
m

beads of mass m each


slide on it without
friction. The beads are
released simultaneously
M
from the top of the ring and slide
down opposite sides. Show that the
ring will start to rise if m > 3M/2, and
find the angle at which this occurs.

T0
N
mg

mg

Forces on the beads

Mg

Forces on the ring at


the pt. of rising.
Motion of Beads

mv 2
N mg cos
R

1
0 mv 2 mgR (1 cos )
2

Solving for N

N mg(2 3 cos )
For the ring to rise

2N cos Mg

4m cos 6m cos M
2

Solving for cos


1
3M
cos 1 1

3
2m

A solution exists iff

3M
2

And when this condition holds, there are


two angles at which
2N cos Mg

2Ncos > Mg

2Ncos = Mg

2Ncos = Mg

At the smaller of these two angles, the


ring begins to rise, and at the larger
angle, the ring begins to decelerate.

Combination of Conservative & Nonconservative Forces

c nc
F=F +F
WAB

c
F dr

nc
F dr

nc
AB

= UA - UB + W

nc
AB

K B - K A = UA - UB + W
nc
AB

Or, E B - E A = W

Prob. 4.2

v0

M
A block of mass M
slides along a
x
O
horizontal table
with speed v0.
At x= 0 it hits a spring with spring
constant k and begins to experience a
friction force. The coefficient of friction is
variable and is given by = bx. Find the
loss of mechanical energy when the block
has first come momentarily to rest.

v0
M

x
O

x0
M

x
O

Let the compression of the spring when


block comes to rest be x 0
1
E1 mv 02
2

1 2
E 2 kx 0
2

x0

bmg 2
W bmg x dx
x0
2
0
nc
12

Energy conservation in the presence of nonconservative forces leads to


1
bmg 2
2
2
nc
E 2 E1 (kx 0 mv 0 ) W12
x0
2
2

Solving for x 02
2
mv
0
x 02
k bmg

bgm 2 v 02
bmg 2
x0
Loss of energy
2
2(k bmg )

Power of a Force

Work done by a force F in an

infinitesimal displacement d r is :

dW F dr
The power delivered by the force :
dW
P
F v
dt

Prob. 4.18
A 160-lb man leaps into the air from a
crouching position. His CM rises 1.5 ft
before he leaves the ground, and it then
rises 3 ft to the top of his leap. What
power does he develop assuming that
he pushes the ground with constant
force.?

Mg

s = 1.5 ft
s = 3 ft

KE of man just before he leaves the ground


KE Mgs

From work-energy theorem :


WF Mgs Wman Mgs

Since WF 0 , we have
Wman Mg(s s) 160 4.5 720 lb ft

The man has done this work over a time


2s

t0
v

2s
3

s
8
2gs

Power developed by the man


Wman
P
3326 b ft s 1
t0

3326

6.0 hp
550

Prob. 4.19
Suppose the man applies a force that
decreases from the maximum at the
beginning of his leap to zero the
moment before he leaves the ground.
As a reasonable approximation take
F(t ) F0 cos t

( 0 t t 0 , t 0 / 2)

Find the average power he develops.

Mg

s = 1.5 ft
s = 3 ft

F F0 cos t

The only difference from the previous


case : Calculation of time t 0 .
Acceleration of the CM of the man until he
leaves the ground :
F Mg F0
a (t)

cos t g
M
M

F0
F0
1 2
v( t )
sin t gt ; h ( t )
(1 cos t ) gt
2
M
M
2

F0
v( t 0 )
gt 0 2gs
M
F0
1 2
h(t 0 )
gt 0 s
2
M
2

Putting

F0

and
M
2t 0

gt 0 2gs ............ (1)


2t 0 1 2
gt 0 s ............ (2)

& t 0 are the two unknowns, which can


be determined from the two equations.

Force from potential energy


(One Dimension)
x

U( x ) - F( x) dx
xA

Using the fundamental theorem of


calculus,
dU
- F( x )
dx

Potential Energy and Stability


U

U
a)

c)

b)
x0

x0

x0

a) F(x0) = 0, F(x) < 0 for x>x0, F(x) > 0 for x<x0


b) F(x0) = 0, F(x) > 0 for x>x0 and < 0 for x<x0
c) F(x0) = 0, F(x) = 0 for both x>x0 & x<x0

A point x0 is a point of
a) Stable equilibrium
2

dU
d U
0 &
0
2
dx x 0
dx x
0

b) Unstable equilibrium

dU
d2U
=0 &
<0
2
dx x 0
dx x
0

c) Neutral equilibrium
2

dU
d U
=0 &
=0
2
dx x 0
dx x
0

Energy Curves
U

E
K

Emin

x1

x0

x2

x1 & x2 are the bounds of motion (x1 x x 2 )


The particle oscillates between these
bounds. The motion is periodic but not SHM.

Small oscillation about points of


stable equilibrium
U

x0

Expanding U(x) about the point x0 in a


Taylor series,
dU
1 d2U
2

U( x ) U( x 0 )
(x x 0 )
x

x
0
2
dx x 0
2 dx x
0

1
2
Or, U( x ) Const. k x x 0
2

Or, F k (x x 0 )
Where,

d2U
k
dx 2 x

Frequency of small oscillations about


the equilibrium :
k

Prob. 4.15
A particle of mass m moves in one
dimension along the positive x-axis. It is
acted on by a constant force directed
towards the origin with magnitude B, and
an inverse-square-law repulsive force with
magnitude A/x2.
a) Find the potential energy function U(x)
b) Sketch the energy diagram for the
particle when the maximum KE is K0.
c) Find the equilibrium position x0

d) Find the frequency of small oscillations


about x0.
Ans :
a)

A
F( x ) B 2
x
x

U( x ) F( x) dx Bx
x0

A
C
x

By appropriate choice of the zero of PE,


we can set C = 0
A
U( x ) Bx
x

b)

Bx

A
x

E
K0
x1

A
B

x2

c) Point of equilibrium is :
dU
A
B 2 0
dx
x

Or, x

A
B

d) For small oscillations about x 0


2

d U
2A
k
3
2
dx x
x0
0

k
m

B3
A

A
B

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