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I.
INTRODUCTION
Baseline Removal
Band-pass Filtering
Signal Decomposition
For the time being we will neglect steps 3 and 4 since we will
deal with only Spot HR detection. Later in our discussion we
will include these steps to see how our algorithm performs in
Motion HR detection.
Normally human HR varies from 50 to 250 Beats Per Minute
(BPM) [17], which is equal to 0.8 to 4.17 Hz. Hence we will
select the bands of our filters in this range. Although the
baseline removal can be ignored as it will be done by the
band-pass filter but we are keeping it for an extra layer of
enhancement. The baseline removal is nothing but a low pass
filter to get rid of the dc and the baseline components of the
signal. After these two steps the signal will be pretty much
ready for HR extraction unless it is corrupted by motion. So
we will limit our resources like window time, FFT points, etc
to see what are the minimum resources required to give
acceptable HR estimation in Real-Time.
In the course of developing the algorithm we faced a lot of
challenges. Since we are developing the algorithm for RealTime implementation we had to use efficient and simple
algorithm that require less computation. We have gone
through some research papers which suggest some complex
algorithms involving complex matrix operations like SVD [6],
wavelet denoising, EMD [8][9] etc. But when we tried to
implement this algorithm it took quite a bit of more time than
the ones we used in our algorithm.
I.
using FFT method and it is send for peak traccking. This is how
our algorithm works and the following secttions will explain
these steps one by one.
II.
SPOT HR ESTIMATTION
window with good SNR. Once we get a good signal we get the
heart rate from (1). After displaying the heart rate we store it
for reference in the next window.
2) Peak Selection: This process starts after the first
window has been detected. The preceding windows use the
HR detected in the previous window and searches for a peak
in the vicinity since HR may change by a maximum of 10
BPM. Once the peak is detected it is displayed and the bin
location from FFT is stored for the next window.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3. (a) Raw PPG signal (b) PPG signal after detrending.
(b) Frequency Hz
B. Algorithm Settings
The sampling frequency of the sensor has been set to 100
Hz, the window size for the spot signals have been set to 5 sec.
and for motion signals it has been set to 9 sec with 1 sec step
interval. The down sampling factor for both the algorithms has
been set to 10. The search area or for HR tracking in motion
files have been set to 24. This number has been found by trial
and error method. Any value from 24 to 32 seemed to work
fine.
C. Performance Measurement
The performance of the algorithm is measured by
comparing the estimated HR with the reference HR and
deciding whether it is a pass or fail. The algorithm is a pass
if
100
10. After running the algorithm on the
.
(d) Frequency Hz
Fig. 5. (a)Raw PPG Signal, (b) FFT Spectrum of Raw PPG signal, (c) PPG
signal after baseline removal and adaptive filtering, (d) FFT spectrum of
filtered signal with the point denoting the position of HR.
Singular
Spectrum
Analysis
[12],
[13],
wavelet
decomposition, etc. A reconstruction technique used in [6] is
Sparse Signal Reconstruction [14]-[16]. We experimented
with EMD, wavelet decomposition, ICA and SSA. But most
of the techniques have very heavy computational load and
some didnt give as good results as adaptive filtering. We tried
SSA and SSR and also the FOCUSS [17], algorithm as
described in [6] but it seems to have Singular Value
Decomposition (SVD) implemented inside it which is a very
time consuming computation. Even on an x86 architecture it
takes a decent amount of time to calculate SVD of an 8sec
long signal. So we decided to stick with adaptive filtering
using NLMS filter.
IV.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A. Data Recording
A single-channel PPG signal, a three-axis accelerometer and
signal from a Polar sensor has been used simultaneously to
record the signals. The Polar is used as a reference and been
used for analysis. For Spot HR measurements the subject was
made to sit steady without any significant motion and signals
D. Results
Fig. 6. Shows the result of the Spot HR estimation algorithm.
We were able to achieve a success rate of around 98% with
this algorithm. If we set the performance measurement limits
to less than 5% then we get a success rate of about 96%. There
are a total of 112 test files in this result.
[7]
[8]
V.
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
References
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