REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

To confirm the validity of this study, past researchers and other

works on English proficiency were consulted.
Behaviorist Theory

UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR THEORY

According to Horwitz, 2008, there are similarities and differences among
languages,
and these are common to all languages of the world. These commonalities
are
called as language universals. Horwitz perceived that every language has
commonality like verb which is a commonality in all language

MONITOR THEORY
According to Krashen 1982, there are two ways for adult learners to
develop L2: a) Acquisition: We unconsciously acquire as we are exposed to
samples
of the L2 that are meaningful. b) Learning: We learn L2 consciously by a
process of
study and attention to form and rule learning. Krashen further explained that
among these, acquisition is more important.

ACCULTURATION THEORY (SOCIAL

DISTANCE HYPOTHESIS)
The theory is related to learners learning how to become comfortable in L2
community. Schumann believes on the importance of motivation: good
learners are motivated, flexible learners who have little or no culture shock.
He further explained that the feeling of the learners must jive with the

learning of L2 which is called the psychological distancing which involves the

following characteristics;
1) Dominance of L1 and L2 groups
2) Contact stance of L2 learners (preservation of his/her own culture,
assimilation or
adaptation).
3) Degree of enclosure (learners having separate environments)
4) Degree of cohesiveness of learners
5) The size of the learning group
6) Degree of similarity between the cultures

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework serves as the basis in conceptualizing

the present study. It relates the combinations of Horwitz Universal
Grammar

Theory,

Krashens

Monitor

theory

and

the

Schumanns

Acculturation Theory in determining the level of English proficiency

of

College

Freshmen

Education

University of Agriculture.

Students

of

Central

Bicol

State

This

study

theorizes

that

Learning

second

language

have

relationship between English language proficiency and academic success

in

universities

and

colleges

in

which

English

is

the

language

of

instruction. It points out some of the difficulties associated with

determining this relationship and summarizes previous investigations
of the issue. Certain factors come in to aid in the acquisition of
that

target

language.

To

prove

this

brilliant

ideas

of

selected

experts on language education are applied.

The

relationship

between

English

language

proficiency

and

academic success in universities and colleges in which English is the

language of instruction. Constant use of the language retains far more
familiarization of the language. It is argued that while the research
clearly shows that many factors other than English proficiency are
important to academic success, there may be for each institution, or
even for each program within an institution, a minimum level below
which

lack

of

significantly
determined

by

sufficient

to

lack

each

of

proficiency

academic

institution

in

success.

English
Such

individually,

contributes

level

can

be

but

until

it

is

determined, a number of steps can be taken for establishing reasonable

English language proficiency requirements.

ENGLISH

Figure 1.Theoretical paradigm of the study

MONIT
ACCULTURATIO
UNIVERSAL
OR
N THEORY
GRAMMAR
THEOR

Assumption of the study

This study is based on the assumption that the college freshmen
Education students of CBSUA are proficient in English language.

Conceptual framework

The conceptual paradigm shown in Figure 2 consists of dependent

and independent variables used in the study.
In

this

study

language

Factor

that

namely:

Degree

of

the

researchers

affects

the

conceptualized

English

metacognitive

that

proficiency

awareness,

Sex

the

of

Four

students

,Field

of

specialization and Sheltered Instruction has correlation that directly

influenced students English Language proficiency .
The arrow that connects the four language elements to language
proficiency

shows

that

it

affects

the

students

achieved

level

in

English language proficiency.

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework of the study

English

Independent

Dependent

Variable

Variable

Language
Degree of
metacognitive

Field of
Shettered
Sex
specialization
Instruction

Proficiency

 Degree of
metacognitive
Awareness
Sex
Field of
Specialization

Input

Proce
ss

ibutang kung nu
mga gigibuhun
Ex. survey.
questionnaire etc

FEEDBACK

ung gusto nio

outcome n gusto
patunayan

Outpu
t

Statement of Hypothesis
HO: There is no significant relationship among the variables of
the study namely

HO: The college freshmen of CBSUA are not proficient in English

language.

Definition of Terms
The following terms have been define conceptually for

the

purpose of clarifying their use in the study.

English.A subject or course offered in schools. universities

or

educational

institutions,

which

provides

students

with

knowledge about (and skills in relation to) the language ,aspects

of its literature or both ,first English and tertiary level or
college is an example.