2710

PRODUCT SAFETY
BULLETIN
CT
U
D
S T E WA R
DS
SA
FET
N
RT
A PA
ER
H
IP
PR
Propylene Oxide
SH
IP FO PROD
R
T
C
U
PRODUCT SAFETY
BULLETIN
Propylene Oxide
DEVELOPED BY
THE ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH
AND SAFETY DEPARTMENT
LYONDELL CHEMICAL COMPANY
MARCH 1996
REVISION 1
FOREWORD
Lyondell Chemical Company is dedicated to continuous improvement in
product health, safety and environmental performance. Included in this
effort is a commitment to support our customers by providing guidance
and information on the safe use of our products. For Lyondell Chemical,
environmentally sound operations, like environmentally sound products,
make good business sense.
Lyondell Chemical Company Product Safety Bulletins are prepared by our
Environmental, Health and Safety Department with the help of experts
from our manufacturing and research facilities. The data reflect the best
information available from public and industry sources. This document is
provided to support the safe handling, use, storage, transportation and
ultimate disposal of our chemical products.
This Product Safety Bulletin should be evaluated to determine
applicability to your specific requirements. Please make sure you review
the government regulations, industry standards and guidelines cited in
this bulletin that might have an impact on your operations.
Lyondell Chemical Company is ready to support our customers safe use of
our products. For additional information and assistance, please contact
your Lyondell Chemical Company customer representative.
iii
IN CASE OF A TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY, CALL:

CHEMTREC 1-800-424-9300
International (call collect) 703-527-3887
FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT OUR PRODUCT, CALL:
Lyondell Chemical Company Customer Service 1-888-777-0232
We are pleased to provide you with the most recently revised PO Product Safety Bulletin,
please discard any previous versions of this document. The changes made are summarized below.
Summary of changes made in Revision 1:
- New rail car hook-up
- Upper and Lower Flammable limits
- Recommended Gasket material
- Electrical Conductivity
- OEL reduced to 5 ppm
- Reporting of transportation in incidents changed from ACERS to CHEMTREC
- Propylene oxide is no longer packaged in drums
- Label information has been updated
- ACC funded Passive Dosimeter method has been added (Appendix V)
- Sections of the Regulatory Summary (Appendix VII) have been updated:
Clean Air Act
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
Department of Transportation
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Toxic Substances Control Act
Connecticut Manufacturing Employer Hazardous Materials Notification Act
Florida Employee Right-to-Know Law
Illinois Toxic Substances Disclosure to Employees Act
Illinois Chemical Safety Act
Louisiana Hazardous Materials Information, Development, Preparedness and Response Act
Massachusetts Spill Reporting
Michigan Critical Materials
New Jersey Spill Tax
New York Bulk Storage Registration/Release Reporting
Rhode Island Hazardous Substance Right-to-Know Act
Canadian National Pollutant Release Preventory
Japanese List of Existing and New Chemical Substances
Korean List of Existing Chemicals
Philippines List of Existing Chemicals
- Glossary of Terms updated
iv
This bulletin is provided as a service without charge to our customers and contractors and should be utilized at their own
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proper understanding and interpretation of the information contained herein. The information was obtained from sources
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and may be subject to variance.
The information in this bulletin is provided without any warranty, expressed or implied, regarding its accuracy and
completeness. Recipients are expected and advised to undertake their own inquiry and study, and be trained in the
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applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations. References to a specific product line or any list of suppliers is
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addition, the information was prepared and is to be used only for this product. If the product is used as a component in, or
in combination with, another product, the information may not be accurate or applicable.
For the above reasons, and because the conditions and methods of handling, storage, use and disposal of the product are
beyond our control and may be beyond our knowledge, we do not assume any responsibility and expressly disclaim any
liability for loss, damage or expense arising out of or in connection with the use of the information set forth herein, and the
handling, storage, use or disposal of the product.
This document contains dated material. Recipients are advised to evaluate the timeliness of information cited. The latest
revision of this Product Safety Bulletin can be obtained by contacting Lyondell Chemical Company Customer Service.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
GENERAL INFORMATION
7.
ENVIRONMENTAL
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
TYPICAL VALUES
INSTABILITY HAZARDS
REACTIVITY HAZARDS
7.1
7.2
7.3
SPILLS AND LEAKS

WASTE DISPOSAL
CONTAINER DISPOSAL
2.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS
FIRST AID
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
3.
PERSONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
SITE FACILITIES
HYGIENE PRACTICES
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING
DIRECT READING INSTRUMENTS
AIR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
3.5
3.6
4.
ENGINEERING
4.1
4.2
4.3
BULK STORAGE
PIPING
ELECTRICAL AREA
CLASSIFICATION
PUMP SPECIFICATIONS
INSTRUMENTATION
RELIEF REQUIREMENTS
LEAK DETECTION DEVICES
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
VAPOR CONTAINMENT SYSTEM
CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
8.
PRODUCT STORAGE
8.1
8.2
8.3
STORAGE TANKS
OFF-LOADING STATION
WORKPLACE LOCATION
9.
TRANSFER OPERATIONS
9.1
9.2
9.3
TANK CARS
TANK TRUCKS
ISO TANKS
10.
TANK CLEANING AND EQUIPMENT

REPAIR
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
WORK PREPARATION
CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGY
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
EQUIPMENT CLEANOUT
MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
11.
TRANSPORTATION REGULATORY
REQUIREMENTS
11.1
11.2
CLASSIFICATION
MARKING, LABELING AND
PLACARDING
PACKAGING
TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCIES
11.3
11.4
12.
I
II
5.
FIRE SAFETY
III
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD

FIRE PREVENTION
FIRE SUPPRESSION
FIRE FIGHTING
IV
V
6.
HAZARD COMMUNICATION
6.1
6.2
6.3
OSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATION

SARA TITLE III
STATE REGULATIONS
VI
VII
VIII
APPENDICES
CONVERSION FACTORS
WORLDWIDE OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURE LIMITS
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF
MANUFACTURERS
NIOSH METHOD 1612
ACC FUNDED METHOD PASSIVE
DOSIMETER
REFERENCES
REGULATORY SUMMARY
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
PRODUCT SAFETY BULLETIN
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1
Product Identification
Chemical Name
Chemical Family
Common Names
CAS#
Formula
1.1.1
2Methyloxirane
Alkyl Epoxide
Propylene oxide
1,2Propylene oxide
1,2Epoxypropane
Propene epoxide
Propene oxide
75569
C3H6O
Chemistry
Lyondell Chemical Company uses proprietary technology

to manufacture propylene oxide. In one process,
ethylbenzene is reacted with oxygen to form
ethylbenzene hydroperoxide. The ethylbenzene
hydroperoxide is subsequently used to epoxidize
propylene to yield propylene oxide and methyl benzyl
alcohol. In an alternative process, isobutane is substituted
for ethylbenzene and, through analogous chemistry,
tertiary butyl alcohol is the co-product. Methyl benzyl
alcohol and tertiary butyl alcohol can then be dehydrated
to styrene monomer and isobutylene, respectively (see
Figures 1-1 and 1-2).
1.1.2
Applications
The polyurethane industry is the largest consumer of

propylene oxide. It utilizes polyether polyols made by
reacting propylene oxide alone or in combination with
other alkylene oxides. The most common initiators are
polyols or polyamines such as glycerine, glycols,
pentaerythritol, ethylenediamine, toluenediamine,
sucrose, sorbitol, trialkanol amines, and

trimethylolpropane. Polyether polyols are reacted with
various diisocyanates to form polyurethane foams and
resins.
The second largest use of propylene oxide is the

production of propylene glycol and lesser amounts of
coproduced dipropylene glycol and higher propylene
glycols. These glycols are used in the manufacture of
unsaturated polyester resins, solvents, antifreeze,
humectants and plasticizers.
Propylene oxide is also used to manufacture functional
fluids by reaction of propylene oxide or mixtures of
propylene oxide and ethylene oxide with glycols,
glycerine, alcohols and phenols. The types of functional
fluids produced include heat transfer fluids, hydraulic
fluids and lubricants.
Other propylene oxide derivatives include block
copolymers of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide which
have been found to be efficient and versatile surfactants.
Propylene oxide-based surfactants can also be produced
by the propoxylation of various alcohols. The water
solubility of propylene glycols below a molecular weight
of 800 makes propylene oxide especially useful in these
applications.
Propylene oxide is also used as a reactant to produce
alkanol amines from ammonia or amines and as an
intermediate in the production of allyl alcohol. It can also
be homopolymerized to produce polypropylene oxide.
Applications for propylene oxide are shown in Figures 13 and 1-4.
G E N E R A L I N F O R M AT I O N
Lyondell Chemical Technology - Ethylbenzene Route

O OH
CH2 CH3
PEROXIDATION
CH CH3
+
O2
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene
Hydroperoxide
O OH
OH
CH CH3
CH CH3
EPOXIDATION
CH2 CH CH3 +
+ CH3 CH = CH2
Ethylbenzene
Hydroperoxide
Propylene
Propylene Oxide
Methyl Benzyl
Alcohol
OH
CH CH3
CH = CH2
DEHYDRATION
+
Methyl Benzyl
Alcohol
H2O
Styrene
Figure 1-1
Lyondell Chemical Technology - Isobutane Route

CH3
CH3
CH3 C CH3 + O2
PEROXIDATION
CH3 C CH3
O
OH
Isobutane
Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide
CH3
CH3
CH3 C CH3 + CH3 CH = CH2

EPOXIDATION
OH
Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide
CH3
CH3 C CH3
DEHYDRATION
CH2 CH CH3 + CH3 C CH3
Propylene
Propylene
Oxide
OH
Tertiary Butyl
Alcohol
CH3
CH3 C = CH2 + H20
OH
Tertiary Butyl
Alcohol
Isobutylene
Figure 1-2
Flexible Foam
Automotive Seating
Bedding
Carpet Underlay
Cushioning
Packaging
Flotation
Furniture
Insulation
Construction
Refrigeration
Luggage
Machine Housings
Packaging
URETHANES
Adhesives
Auto Body Components
CASE
Caulks
Elastomers
Fibers
RIM, Misc.
Sealants
Sports Equipment
Surface Coatings
Non-Foam
Lubricants
Polish Formulations
Solvents
Surfactants
Rigid Foam
Cosmetics
Defoamers
Emulsifiers
Functional Fluids
Greases
POLYETHER POLYOLS
PROPYLENE OXIDE
Humectant (food & tobacco)

Low Toxicity Coolants
Lubricants
Pet Food
Softeners
Solvents
Surfactants
Adhesives
Laminates
UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESINS
Antifreeze
Cosmetics
Coupling Aids
De-icing fluids
Emulsifiers
Functional Fluids
Heat Transfer
Solutions
PROPYLENE GLYCOLS
MAJOR USES FOR PROPYLENE OXIDE
Figure 1-3
Printed on Recycled paper
4
Allyl Alcohol
Chemical Intermediate
Propylene Carbonate
Chemical Intermediate
Natural Gas
Purification Aid
Plasitcizers
Solvent
MISCELLANEOUS
Binders - Board and Pigments

Coatings
Thickeners
PROPOXYLATED
NATURAL PRODUCTS
Elastomers
Propylene Oxide
Chemical Intermediates
Cosmetics
Polish Formulations
Reactive Solvents/Gas Sweetening
Surfactants
PROPOXYLATED AMINES
Cleaning Compounds
Coatings
Cosmetics
Functional Fluids
Solvents
GLYCOL ETHERS
PROPYLENE OXIDE
OTHER PROPYLENE OXIDE DERIVATIVES
Figure 1-4
1.2
Physical Properties
Table 1-1 Propylene Oxide Physical Properties
Property
Value
Property
Value
Physical State
Liquid
28.84 Kcal/mol
Color
Colorless
Heat of Formation,
Liquid @25C
Boiling Pt.
34.2C (93.6F)
Heat/Fusion
@ 112C
1560.9 cal/mol
2809.7 BTU/lbmol
Molecular Wt.
58.08
Heat/Vaporization
See Figure 1-9
Freezing Pt.
112C (169.6F)
0.823 g/cc
(6.87 lb/gal)
Heat Capacity of
Satd Liquid
See Figure 1-10
Density
@25C(77F)
See Figure 1-5

and Table 1-2
Enthalpy of
Satd Liquid
See Figure 1-11
Density of
Satd Liquid
See Figure 1-6
Heat Capacity of
Vapor
See Figure 1-12
Vapor Density
Vapor Pressure
Table 1-3
See Figure 1-13
Viscosity of
Satd Liquid
See Figure 1-7
Enthalpy of
Satd Vapor
Surface Tension
See Figure 1-14
Visc. of Vapor
See Figure 1-8
See Figure 1-15
Index/Refraction
@25C
@20C
Thermal Conduct.
of Satd Liquid
1.3632
1.3670
Thermal Conduct.
of Vapor
See Figure 1-16
Coeff. of Cubical
Expansion @20C
0.00151C 1
Flash Point (TCC)
37C (35F)
Auto Ignition
464C (867F)
Crit. Temperature
209.1C
Upper Explo. Limit
37 vol%
Crit. Pressure
4.92 MPa
Lower Explo. Limit
1.7 vol%
Crit. Volume
3.2025 cc/g
0.0513 ft 3/lb
Solubility
@20C
Crit. Compress.
0.228
Acentric Factor
0.2683
39.5% in Water
12.5% Water in
Alcohol:
Ether:
Heat/Combustion,
Liquid @25C
458.28 Kcal/mol
Sat. Conc. in Air

@ 25C
82.6 wt%
70.32 mol%
Heat/Formation,
Vapor @25C
22.17 Kcal/mol
Dipole Moment
6.70 x 10 30 x m
Electrical Conductivity
2.4 x 108mhos/cm
Density of Saturated Liquid

as a Function of Temperature
1.00
PROPYLENE OXIDE
Density of Saturated Liquid (g/cc)
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Temperature (C)
Figure 1-5
Density of Vapor @ 1 Atmosphere

2.6
PROPYLENE OXIDE
2.4
2.3
2.2
Density of Vapor x 10
(g/cc)
2.5
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
Temperature (C)
Figure 1-6
6
Table 1-2 Propylene Oxide Density as a Function of Temperature

Temperature
C
F
Lbs. Per
Sp. Gr.
U.S. Gallon to 60C
Temperature
C
F
Lbs. Per
Sp. Gr.
U.S. Gallon to 60C
4.4
40
7.083
1.0164
21.7
71
6.905
0.9908
5.0
41
7.077
1.0156
22.2
72
6.899
0.9900
5.6
42
7.072
1.0148
22.8
73
6.893
0.9891
6.1
43
7.066
1.0140
23.3
74
6.887
0.9883
6.7
44
7.060
1.0131
23.9
75
6.881
0.9875
7.2
45
7.055
1.0123
24.4
76
6.875
0.9866
7.8
46
7.049
1.0115
25.0
77
6.870
0.9858
8.3
47
7.043
1.0107
25.6
78
6.864
0.9849
8.9
48
7.038
1.0099
26.1
79
6.858
0.9841
9.4
49
7.032
1.0091
26.7
80
6.852
0.9832
10.0
50
7.026
1.0082
27.2
81
6.846
0.9824
10.6
51
7.021
1.0074
27.8
82
6.840
0.9815
11.1
52
7.015
1.0066
28.3
83
6.834
0.9807
11.7
53
7.009
1.0058
28.9
84
6.828
0.9798
12.2
54
7.003
1.0050
29.4
85
6.822
0.9790
12.8
55
6.998
1.0041
30.0
86
6.816
0.9781
13.3
56
6.992
1.0033
30.6
87
6.810
0.9772
13.9
57
6.986
1.0025
31.1
88
6.804
0.9764
14.4
58
6.980
1.0017
31.7
89
6.798
0.9755
15.0
59
6.975
1.0008
32.2
90
6.792
0.9747
15.6
60
6.969
1.0000
32.8
91
6.786
0.9738
16.1
61
6.963
0.9992
33.3
92
6.780
0.9729
16.7
62
6.957
0.9983
33.9
93
6.774
0.9721
17.2
63
6.951
0.9975
34.4
94
6.768
0.9712
17.8
64
6.946
0.9967
35.0
95
6.762
0.9703
18.3
65
6.940
0.9958
35.5
96
6.756
0.9695
18.9
66
6.934
0.9950
36.1
97
6.750
0.9686
19.4
67
6.928
0.9942
36.7
98
6.744
0.9677
20.0
68
6.922
0.9933
37.2
99
6.738
0.9669
20.6
69
6.917
0.9925
37.8
100
6.732
0.9660
21.1
70
6.911
0.9917
Table1-3 Propylene Oxide Vapor Pressure as a Function of Temperature

Temperature
C
F
Vapor Pressure
mm Hg
psia psig
Temperature
C
F
Vapor Pressure
mm Hg
psia
psig
-28.00
-18.40
40.20
0.78
14.00
57.20
343.04
6.63
-26.00
-14.80
45.43
0.88
16.00
60.80
372.96
7.21
-24.00
-11.20
51.21
0.99
18.00
64.40
404.93
7.83
-22.00
-7.60
57.60
1.11
20.00
68.00
439.05
8.49
-20.00
-4.00
64.65
1.25
22.00
71.60
475.42
9.19
-18.00
-0.40
72.39
1.40
24.00
75.20
514.16
9.94
-16.00
3.20
80.89
1.56
26.00
78.80
555.35
10.74
-14.00
6.80
90.20
1.74
28.00
82.40
599.13
11.59
-12.00
10.40
100.38
1.94
30.00
86.00
645.59
12.48
-10.00
14.00
111.50
2.16
32.00
89.60
694.85
13.44
-8.00
17.60
123.60
2.39
34.00
93.20
747.02
14.45
-6.00
21.20
136.76
2.64
34.48
94.06
760.00
14.70
0.00
-4.00
24.80
151.06
2.92
35.00
95.00
774.24
14.97
0.28
-2.00
28.40
166.55
3.22
40.00
104.00
922.24
17.83
3.14
0.00
32.00
183.31
3.54
45.00
113.00
1091.51
21.11
6.41
2.00
35.60
201.42
3.89
50.00
122.00
1284.06
24.83
10.13
4.00
39.20
220.97
4.27
55.00
131.00
1502.00
29.04
14.35
6.00
42.80
242.02
4.68
60.00
140.00
1747.51
33.79
19.10
8.00
46.40
264.66
5.12
65.00
149.00
2022.85
39.12
24.42
10.00
50.00
288.99
5.59
70.00
158.00
2330.38
45.06
30.37
12.00
53.60
315.08
6.09
75.00
167.00
2672.54
51.68
36.98
Viscosity of Saturated Liquid

PROPYLENE OXIDE
Viscosity of Saturated Liquid (cps)
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Temperature (C)
Figure 1-7
Viscosity of Vapor @ 1 Atmosphere

1.75
PROPYLENE OXIDE
1.70
Viscosity of Vapor x 10
(cps)
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
Temperature (C)
Figure 1-8
9
Heat of Vaporization
PROPYLENE OXIDE
115
Heat of Vaporization (cal/g)
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
Temperature (C)
H eat Capacity of Saturated Liquid

0.510
PROPYLENE OXIDE
Heat Capacity of Saturated Liquid (cal/g C)
Figure 1-9
0.505
0.500
0.495
0.490
0.485
0.480
0.475
0.470
0.465
0.460
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Temperature (C)
Figure 1-10
10
E n t h a l p y of Saturated Liquid
Enthalpy of Saturated Liquid (cal/g)
PROPYLENE OXIDE
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Temperature (C)
Reference: Saturated Liquid PO at 0C
Figure 1-11
H e a t Capacity of Vapor (Ideal Gas)

0.50
PROPYLENE OXIDE
Heat Capacity of Vapor (cal/g C)
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.40
0.38
0.36
0.34
0.32
0.30
0.28
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
Temperature (C)
Figure 1-12
11
E nthalpy of Saturated Vapor

Enthalpy of Saturated Vapor (cal/g)
PROPYLENE OXIDE
185
180
175
170
165
160
155
150
145
140
135
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Temperature (C)
Reference: Saturated Liquid PO at C
Figure 1-13
S urface Tension
26
PROPYLENE OXIDE
24
Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Temperature (C)
Figure 1-14
12
Thermal Conductivity of Saturated Liquid

1.78
P ROPYLENE OXIDE
Thermal Conductivity of Saturated Liquid

2
(cal/hr cm C/cm)
1.80
1.76
1.74
1.72
1.70
1.68
1.66
1.64
1.62
1.60
1.58
1.56
1.54
1.52
1.50
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.42
1.40
-60
-55
-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Temperature (C)
Thermal Conductivity of Vapor (cal/hr cm
Thermal Conductivity of Vapor @1

Atmosphere as a Function of Temperature
0.105
PROPYLENE OXIDE
C/cm)
Figure 1-15
0.100
0.095
0.090
0.085
0.080
0.075
0.070
0.065
0.060
0.055
0.050
0.045
0.040
0.035
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
Temperature( C)
Figure 1-16
13
1.3
Instability Hazards
Propylene oxide is a stable material

that will not decompose under normal
conditions of temperature and
pressure.
14
1.4
Reactivity Hazards
Propylene oxide may react vigorously

with oxidizing materials, anhydrous
metal chlorides, acids, bases, claybased adsorbent materials, and
peroxides. Propylene oxide mixed
with ammonium hydroxide,
chlorosulfonic acid, hydrochloric
acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric
acid, oleum (fuming sulfuric acid),
or sulfuric acid causes violent
reactions. Propylene oxide reacts
slowly in neutral water. However,
the presence of acids or bases in
water will catalyze the hydrolysis
of propylene oxide, and a vigorous
reaction may occur.
2. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
2.1
Hazard Assessment
2.1.2 Repeated Exposures
The primary route of exposure to propylene oxide is

through inhalation of fugitive emissions in the workplace.
Propylene oxide is likely to be readily absorbed through
the respiratory tract and, although no firm data is
available, rapidly metabolized by conjugation with
glutathione or hydrolyzed to 1,2propane diol (propylene
glycol). Acutely, propylene oxide is a severe skin, eye
and respiratory irritant.
In short-term, repeated animal exposure studies,

concentration of propylene oxide above 1000 mg/m3
(420 ppm) were irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract,
causing lung edema (fluid in the lungs) and central
nervous system depression. After repeated oral doses of
propylene oxide, slight depression of body weight and
slight liver damage were reported at 300 mg/kg but not at
100 or 200 mg/kg.
Long-term studies in animals have clearly shown that

high exposure levels of propylene oxide can induce
malignant tumors and should be considered a possible
human carcinogen (see Section 2.1.6).
2.1.3
2.1.1
Acute Effects of Over Exposure
Single exposures to liquid propylene oxide can cause

severe skin and eye irritation, which may lead to necrosis
(cell death) if not treated promptly. There are reports in
the literature which indicate that propylene oxide may
induce dermal sensitization in workers. Exposure to high
vapor concentrations can cause irritation of the eyes and
respiratory tract as well as central nervous system effects
such as incoordination and general depression.
Propylene oxide generally does not cause adverse effects
to the skin if it can freely evaporate. However,
confinement under clothing or in shoes prevents
evaporation resulting in irritation, blistering and possible
burns. Contact with even dilute solutions of propylene
oxide (10%) can cause irritation, blistering and burns
with a single short term exposure.
In animal studies single oral doses of propylene oxide
ranging from 520 mg/kg to 1140 mg/kg have been
reported to be lethal to various animal species. Inhalation
exposure to 9500 mg/m3 (approximately 4000 ppm) for
four hours has been reported to be the median lethal
concentration in rats. The data indicates that propylene
oxide is slightly toxic in single exposures.
Reproductive and
Developmental Toxicity
Propylene oxide has been reported to have only minimal

reproductive effects in male and female rats at exposure
levels up to 300 ppm. There were no significant
variations from control animals in any of the reproductive
indices measured. Propylene oxide (500 ppm) induced
only minimal body weight changes in pregnant rats and a
slight skeletal variation in the offspring. Propylene oxide
is not considered to be a reproductive hazard in animals.
2.1.4
Genetic Toxicology
Propylene oxide is a direct alkylating agent and has

induced genetic mutation in several in vitro test systems,
with and without metabolic activation. However, in
whole animal studies propylene oxide did not appear to
be active as a mutagen.
2.1.5
Chronic Effects of Over Exposure
Although there are no epidemiologic data available

concerning the effects of long-term, repeated exposures
of humans to propylene oxide, there is sufficient evidence
from animal studies that this reactive chemical can cause
cancer and should be considered a possible human
carcinogen.
2.1.6
Carcinogenicity
In two separate inhalation studies in rats, propylene oxide

induced adenomas in the nasal passages at approximately
700 mg/m3 (300 ppm). In a third inhalation study,
hyperplasia of the nasal epithelium of the rats was
15
O C C U P AT I O N A L H E A LT H
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

(NIOSH), the International Agency on Research for
Cancer (IARC), and the National Toxicity Program
(NTP) consider propylene oxide to be a possible human
carcinogen.
victims clothing unless wearing appropriate protective

apparel. The removal of clothing from the victim is
important to minimize continued skin contact, and to
prevent continued off gassing of propylene oxide during
transport to an emergency care facility. Emergency
transport services should be equipped to provide
continual flushing of the skin and eyes, especially when
the victim is complaining of burning or irritation.
2.2
2.3.1
reported in addition to an increase in the number of

tumors in the tumor-bearing animals.
Occupational Exposure
Limits
The U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and

Health Administration (OSHA) under 29 Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) 1910.1000 (see Appendix V for
citations) has established a permissible exposure limit
(PEL) for propylene oxide of 100 ppm as an 8-hour timeweighted average (TWA). The PEL was derived from the
threshold limit value (TLV) set by the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) in 1968. ACGIH recommends that exposures
be maintained below 20 ppm, as an 8-hour time-weighted
average. Appendix II presents occupational exposure
limits established by agencies around the world.
(NIOSH) has classified 400 ppm of propylene oxide as
immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH). This
limit represents a condition that poses a threat of
exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is
likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent
adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an
environment.
Lyondell Chemical Company recommends to maintain
exposures, where reasonable and achievable, below 5
ppm as either an 8-hour or 12-hour time weighted
average.
2.2.1
Warning Properties
Propylene oxide has a sweet, ether-like odor that is

readily perceived at elevated concentrations. It is not
certain if olfactory fatigue occurs promptly as with other
similar compounds.
2.3
First Aid
Personnel providing assistance to a victim should be

cautious not to contaminate themselves by touching the
16
Eye Contact
Flush eyes immediately with copious amounts of cool

water for at least 15 minutes, periodically lifting the
lower and upper lids to enhance flushing. Individuals
splashed with propylene oxide may require assistance in
locating emergency eyewash stations and flushing the
eyes. Medical attention should be provided as soon as
possible, and an ophthalmologist should be available for
consultation.
2.3.2
Skin Contact
If propylene oxide contacts the skin, immediately flush

the contaminated skin with water. If the propylene oxide
contacts clothing, remove clothing and flush affected area
with water for at least 15 minutes. While under deluge
shower, continue to remove clothing, watches, rings, or
anything that might prevent complete flushing of
propylene oxide. If skin irritation or reddening is noted,
seek medical attention.
2.3.3
Inhalation
If overcome from inhalation of propylene oxide, victim

should be moved from contaminated atmosphere into
fresh air at once by persons properly equipped with
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). Treat
for shock if necessary. If victim has stopped breathing,
administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
immediately. Red Cross first aid trained individuals, or
equivalent, should administer CPR. Caution should be
used to prevent responder exposure to propylene oxide
from the victim. Once revived, keep the victim warm and
calm. Seek prompt medical attention.
2.3.4
Ingestion
In the unlikely event of propylene oxide ingestion, give

the patient, if conscious, a pint of lukewarm water. Do
not induce vomiting. Seek prompt medical attention.
O C C U P AT I O N A L H E A LT H
2.4
Medical Management
Victims who have been acutely exposed to propylene

oxide and treated utilizing the initial emergency first aid
treatment procedures outlined in Section 2.3 may require
further emergency medical treatment. This may include
assessment of the extent and severity of tissue injury by
appropriate diagnostic studies and procedures. Advanced
life support should be provided to all victims with
evidence of respiratory injury or extensive skin burns.
Employers are required by OSHAs Medical Services and
First Aid Standard, 29 CFR 1910.151, to provide for
medical personnel in cases of medical emergency and/or
employee illness. In the absence of a clinic or hospital
facility in close proximity, the employer may have on site
persons who are adequately trained in appropriate first
aid techniques to handle medical emergencies. If no
medical personnel are located at the facility, contact
should be made with an occupational health physician or
hospital emergency room to plan for medical
emergencies.
During the planning stages, hospital selection should be
based on whether the hospital is equipped to handle
chemical emergencies and, if necessary, perform
chemical decontamination.
Copies of the propylene oxide material safety data sheet
(MSDS) or this Product Safety Bulletin should be
provided and reviewed with medical personnel.
2.4.1
Initial Medical Screening
Prospective employees who will work with or around

propylene oxide should be medically evaluated to
determine pre-existing conditions that may be aggravated

by exposure to propylene oxide.
Because propylene oxide may cause dermatitis, persons
with pre-existing skin disorders may be more susceptible
to the effects of this chemical. For individuals with
impaired pulmonary function, especially those with
obstructive airway diseases, breathing propylene oxide
may exacerbate symptoms.
While propylene oxide is not known as a liver toxin in

humans, the importance of this organ in the
biotransformation and detoxification of foreign
substances should be considered before exposing persons
with impaired liver function. Similarly, propylene oxide
is not known as a kidney toxin. However, due to the
importance of this organ in the elimination of toxic
substances, special consideration should be given to those
with impaired renal function.
A specific protocol for initial medical examination should
be developed by an occupational health physician before
hiring individuals who may be exposed to propylene
oxide.
2.4.2
Periodic Screening
Employees potentially exposed to propylene oxide should

receive routine medical evaluations. Periodic medical
screening is an effective tool for the identification and
prevention of occupational disease. Employers should
consult with their occupational health physicians to
determine the specific protocol to be followed.
Considerations include several factors, such as type of
work performed and the employees age.
17
3. PERSONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

3.1
Site Facilities
If a potential for contact with propylene oxide liquid

exists in work areas where it is handled or stored, quick
drenching facilities and equipment should be provided.
This should include deluge showers and eyewash
stations. These items should be installed, tested and
maintained in accordance with the American National
Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) Z358.1 (see Appendix V
for citations). Employees should be familiar with the
location and operation of this safety equipment.
If contaminated clothing is laundered, appropriate
facilities should be provided. Propylene oxide will
evaporate from clothing potentially increasing the risk of
fire, explosion and employee exposure. Site facilities
should include closed containers for clothing storage and
engineering controls to limit employee exposure.
Personnel who will be handling contaminated clothing
should be trained and fully aware of the methods
available to protect themselves, including the use of
personal protective equipment and methods to determine
vapor concentrations.
While showering is not required for persons working with
propylene oxide, a shower facility may be useful in first
aid procedures for dermal exposure.
3.2
Hygiene Practices
Proper personal hygiene practices should be used when

working with and around propylene oxide. Employees
should be familiar with good work practices to avoid
direct contact with propylene oxide. They should also be
familiar with decontamination procedures for equipment.
Propylene oxide should not be handled or stored in areas
where personnel take breaks (such as lunch rooms) or in
areas that are not designed for propylene oxide storage.
Hygiene practices that should be enforced for employees
working with propylene oxide include prohibiting the
consumption and storage of food, use and storage of
tobacco products, and application and storage of
cosmetics. After handling and prior to eating, smoking,
drinking, applying cosmetics or using toilet facilities,
personnel should thoroughly wash their hands and faces
with lukewarm water and mild soap or detergent.
Protective clothing used during the handling of propylene

oxide, including gloves, aprons, protective suits and
respirators, should be properly decontaminated using
mild soap/detergent and water. Nonimpervious clothing
should be sealed in containers to prevent vapors from
escaping into the air until laundered or disposed. Clothing
may be laundered, provided that personnel handling these
materials are aware of the hazards of propylene oxide.
Articles such as wallets, belts and shoes constructed of
leather, and other items that cannot be effectively
decontaminated should be disposed of properly as
contaminated waste (see Section 7.3).
3.3
Respiratory Protection
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA) requires that exposures to propylene oxide be
maintained to levels below 100 ppm, as an 8-hour timeweighted average. The American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
recommends that such exposures be maintained below 20
ppm, as an 8-hour time-weighted average. Lyondell
Chemical Company recommends, where reasonable and
achievable, to maintain exposures below 5 ppm as either
an 8-hour or 12-hour time-weighted average. To
accomplish this, good industrial hygiene practice
suggests the use of engineering controls, such as local
exhaust ventilation at all significant points of emission.
However, if engineering controls are not technically
feasible, are being installed, or fail to control exposure
and need to be supplemented, respiratory protection may
be provided for employee protection. Respirators may
also be needed for nonroutine operations such as confined
space entry into tanks and in emergency situations arising
from spills/leaks and fire/explosions involving propylene
oxide.
Respirators should be used when employee exposure
exceeds established limits. Due to the poor warning
properties of propylene oxide (high odor and eye
irritation thresholds), air-purifying respirators should not
be used.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
and Mine Safety and Health Administration
(NIOSH/MSHA)-approved airline respirator or self
contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a full
19
PERSONAL SAFETY
AND
H E A LT H
3.4
facemask operated in a positive pressure mode may be

used during routine and nonroutine work activities.
Where the exposure can exceed 400 ppm (IDLH level)
or when an oxygen deficient atmosphere exists, air line
respirators must be equipped with an auxiliary SCBA
escape pack operated in the positive pressure mode.
Work locations where the potential for spills and leaks of
propylene oxide exists should have escape respirators
conspicuously displayed. For emergency escape purposes
only, a full facemask air-purifying respirator (gas mask)
may be used. Respirators designed for escape purposes
are never to be used for entry into an environment
contaminated with propylene oxide above the established
exposure limits. Table 3-1 provides for the selection of
respiratory protection.
Respirators contaminated with propylene oxide can be

decontaminated using lukewarm water with mild soap or
detergent. Propylene oxide may permeate through and
degrade the elastomeric materials of the respirators.
Therefore, precautions must be taken to prevent direct
contact with the liquid propylene oxide. Degraded
respirators should be discarded.
Chemical Protective
Clothing
Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be provided

to personnel during routine and nonroutine handling, spill
cleanup, and fire fighting involving propylene oxide.
Personal protective clothing is necessary to prevent
exposure to vapor or liquid during both routine and
nonroutine work activities. Select chemical protective
clothing according to the working conditions and the
potential for contact with liquid or vapor.
Chemical protective ensembles range from safety glasses,
hard hats and safety shoes to chemical protective suits
with an air supply. Materials must be selected giving
consideration to the chemical properties of propylene
oxide. Factors that should be considered include the
chemical resistance, durability, flexibility, thermal limits,
cleanability and lifetime of the material.
3.4.1
Eye Protection
Chemical safety goggles, cup-type plastic of gas-tight

design, equipped with impact-resistant lenses, should be
worn whenever the potential for exposure to vapor or
Table 3-1 Propylene Oxide Respiratory Protection Selection Guide

Condition
Minimum Respiratory Protection*
400 ppm OR LESS
Any airline respirator with a full facemask, helmet, or hood.

Any Self Contained Breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a full
facemask.
GREATER THAN 400 ppm

OR ENTRY INTO UNKNOWN
CONCENTRATIONS
SCBA with a full facemask operated in pressuredemand or other positive pressure mode.
A combination respirator which includes a supplied-air
respirator with a full facemask operated in pressuredemand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow
mode and an auxiliary SCBA operated in pressure-demand
or other positive pressure mode.
FIRE FIGHTING
SCBA with a full facemask operated in pressure-demand or

other positive pressure mode.
ESCAggPggE
Any gas mask providing protection against organic vapors.

Any escape SCBA.
* Only NIOSH approved and MSHA certified equipment should be used.

20
PERSONAL SAFETY
H E A LT H
AND
Table 3-2 Propylene Oxide Permeation Test Data*

CONCENTRATION: 100%
Breakthrough
Thickness
Time
(cm)
(hours)
Resistant Material
BUTYL RUBBER
Permeation Rate
(g/cm2 min)
0.06
2.20
42.08
0.02
<0.01
1973.4
NA
0.05
90.0
NA
0.60
90.0
TEFLON /NOMEX/TEFLON
0.05
2.55
0.02
VITON
3.03
0.02
99999.99
NATURAL RUBBER
POLYETHYLENE/TYVEK
POLYVINYL ALCOHOL
* Only NIOSH approved and MSHA certified equipment should be used.

liquid is present. A face shield (8-inch minimum) may be
worn to provide added splash protection. These eye
protective measures should meet ANSI Z87.1
specifications.
Individuals wearing contact lenses while working with or
around propylene oxide should wear chemical safety
goggles at all times. The potential for increase in eye
injury of contact lens wearers exposed to chemicals has
not been determined. A conservative approach in PPE
selection is warranted.
3.4.2
Head Protection
Hard hats should be worn where there is danger from

falling objects or overhead leaks and spills. Hard hats
should meet the requirements of ANSI Z89.1
specifications for protection. Manufacturers have adapted
hard hats so that ear protection and faceshields may be
easily attached. If, due to the specific circumstances, a
hard hat is not required, a hood made of chemically
impervious material may be worn.
3.4.3
Foot Protection
Heavy rubber overboots should be provided and worn

over leather shoes or boots to protect the leather from
contamination.
Leather items absorb propylene oxide, thereby increasing
the risk of dermal (skin) exposure, and cannot be
effectively decontaminated. Rubber boots should be worn
under pant legs to prevent propylene oxide from entering
the boot.
3.4.4
Skin Protection
Impervious protective clothing suitable for a particular

work activity should be worn. Clothing can range from
gloves and an apron to a full-containment suit.
Propylene oxide was tested against a variety of chemical
protective clothing (CPC) materials. Protective clothing
and gloves made of butyl rubber or Teflon should
provide protection from contact with liquid for at least 2
hours (see Table 3-2). However the quality and thickness
of the CPC may vary between manufacturers. Therefore,
manufacturer specific propylene oxide permeation data
should be obtained and evaluated before selection.
Where the potential for exposure to propylene oxide
liquid exists, workers should wear a liquid-tight
containment suit or slicker suit. These suits are designed
to protect employees from skin contact with propylene
oxide. All suits should be routinely inspected to identify
any damage or wear. If tears are observed, exit the
contaminated area and replace the clothing.
Protective clothing used in a contaminated environment
should be properly decontaminated prior to handling by
unprotected individuals and reuse. To decontaminate the
protective clothing wash with a mild soap/detergent and
water.
3.5
Direct Reading
Instruments
Propylene oxide is readily analyzed by a variety of direct

reading instruments. The advantage of using direct
21
PERSONAL SAFETY
AND
H E A LT H
reading instruments is that real-time analysis and

instantaneous air concentrations can be determined by
trained personnel. The value of a real-time analysis, in
terms of prevention of injury and illness, is considerable.
Direct reading instruments that have been successfully
used to measure propylene oxide are combustible gas
indicators, infrared spectrophotometers, flame ionization
detectors, photoionization detectors and colorometric
detector tubes. Appendix III contains a partial list of
product vendors. Limits of detection vary between these
instruments and should be evaluated to ensure proper use.
The proper selection, calibration, use and interpretation
of direct reading instruments requires the services of a
professional industrial hygienist or other knowledgeable
person. The output from these instruments may require
interpretation depending on the presence of other
chemicals.
3.6
Air Sampling and Analysis
When assessing worker exposure to propylene oxide, an

extended sampling period is desirable. The most common
method of air sampling is collection on a sorbent media
over an extended period of time. Air is drawn at a
predetermined rate by a sampling pump into a charcoal
22
tube. This can be substituted with the use of passive

samplers, which use the diffusion characteristics of the
material instead of an active sampling pump. These
methods have been extensively developed and evaluated
for use with propylene oxide.
(NIOSH) has developed Method Number 1612 for
sampling and analysis of propylene oxide (see Appendix
IV). The method recommends sampling with standard
sized coconut charcoal tubes and analysis by gas
chromatography. In addition, Lyondell Chemical Company
has funded the development and validation of a passive
diffusion badge method (See Appendix V) This method
recommends sampling with the 3M 3520 passive sampler
and analysis by gas chromatography.
These methods for air sampling and analysis are the
primary means to determine worker exposures over
extended periods. When considering the use of these
methods for determination of employee exposure, it is
important that a monitoring program is developed by
professional industrial hygienists. This program should
include the sampling strategy, quality assurance and
statistical analysis of results.
4. ENGINEERING
This section is included for use as a guideline. It is not
intended to be a design handbook and does not relieve the
user from exercising competent engineering judgment or
using qualified professional personnel to meet the
specific requirements. The information contained is only
applicable to the specific chemical compound identified
in Section 1 General Information, 1.1 Product
Identification. Mixtures or compounds using propylene
oxide will require additional engineering studies to
determine the applicability of the enclosed information.
4.1
Bulk Storage
The construction of low pressure propylene oxide storage

tanks should be in accordance with American Petroleum
Institute (API) 620 (see Appendix VI for citations), 650
and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 30.
Higher pressure storage vessels should comply with
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
Code, Section VIII, Division 1. Carbon steel is acceptable
but should be clean and rust free. Liquid propylene oxide
should enter through the bottom of the tank. Incoming
liquid should be prevented from free falling through the
tank vapor space (see Section 8).
4.2
Piping
Piping and piping components should comply with the

latest edition of American Society of Mechanical
Engineers/American National Standards Institute
(ASME/ANSI) B31.3.
4.3
Electrical Area
Classification
4.5
Instrumentation
Independent high level alarms and/or shutdowns should

be provided to avoid overflow of propylene oxide storage
vessels. Storage tanks should be equipped with
temperature sensors.
4.6
Relief Requirements
The requirements of API RP2000 should be followed

for low pressure vertical storage tanks. Pressure relieving
systems for pressure vessels are defined in API RP520
parts 1 and 2. Flame arresters, when required, should
follow the requirements of API RP028 and 2210,
Underwriters Laboratory (UL) 525 and
NFPA 30.
4.7
Leak Detection Devices
Secondary containment areas in confined spaces should

be monitored with instrumentation able to detect the
lower flammability limit of propylene oxide in air.
Instruments that have been successfully used to measure
propylene oxide are combustible gas indicators, infrared
spectrophotometers, flame ionization detectors and
photoionization detectors (see Section 3.5).
4.8
4.8.1
Material Requirements
Gaskets
Flat Ring (sheet): Grafoil GHE, dimensions per ANSI

B16.21.
Spiral Wound: Flexitallic CG, 100 percent graphite-filled,
dimensions per ASME B 16.20.
All electrical equipment should be Class 1, Group B*.
4.4
Pump Specifications
4.8.2
O Rings
Kalrez 2035, Teflon, Chemraz 505 or equivalent.

Centrifugal: Any carbon steel API 610 type, designed
with mechanical seals and either Kalrez 2035, Teflon or
Chemraz 505 secondary seals.
Rotary: Any type made for hydrocarbon service with
mechanical seals. This type of pump should be checked
regularly for gear wear.
4.8.3
Pipe Thread Dope
Teflon paste or tape; check continuity across connection

to ensure grounding.
23
ENGINEERING
4.8.4
Pump Seals
Component materials for mechanical seals should

include:
Stationary Faces: tungsten carbide or silicon carbide.
Rotation Faces: carbon.
Elastomers: Kalrez 2035, Chemraz 505 or Teflon.
4.8.5
Hoses
Stainless steel double-braided corrugated type with

suitable pressure/temperature rating.
24
Vapor Containment System
The requirements of API RP2000 should be followed

for low pressure vertical storage tanks. Vapor
containment systems for pressure vessels are defined in
API RP520 parts 1 and 2. Flame arresters, when
required, should follow the requirements of API RP2028
and 2210, UL 525 and NFPA 30.
Valve Packing
Die-formed Rings: graphite-based.

Bonnet Gaskets: metal reinforced flexible graphite.
4.8.6
4.9
4.10
Chemical Compatibility
Propylene oxide is incompatible with oxidizing materials,

anhydrous metal chlorides, acids, bases, clay-based
adsorbent materials, peroxides, inorganic chlorides and
any acetylide-forming metals, such as aluminum, copper
and copper alloys, including brass and bronze.
5. FIRE SAFETY
5.1
Fire and Explosion Hazard
Propylene oxide is an extremely flammable liquid that is

classified by Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) 29 Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) 1910.106 (see Appendix V for citations) as a
Class 1A flammable liquid. The National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) Code 30 defines propylene oxide as
a Class 1A flammable liquid. For application of the
National Electric Code (NEC-NFPA 70), propylene
oxide is a Class 1, Group B* flammable liquid.
Vapors of propylene oxide at concentrations between
1.7% and 37% in air can explode if an ignition source is
present. Propylene oxide vapor is heavier than air and
may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition
and flash back. All precaution necessary for the safe
handling and storage of a volatile flammable liquid or
vapor should be strictly observed with propylene oxide.
Aqueous mixtures as low as 0.75% propylene oxide may
be flammable.
Storage areas should be designed to prevent exposure of
propylene oxide containers to fire (see Section 8.1).
Section 9 provides recommendations for the safe
unloading and transfer of propylene oxide which are
necessary to minimize the fire and explosion hazard
while performing these operations.
If this material is involved in a fire, prevent unauthorized
individuals from entering the area, and evacuate the area
downwind from the fire. Fires should be fought from a
safe distance upwind. Thermal decomposition products,
such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and perhaps
other toxic gases and vapors, may be generated.
Propylene oxide, when involved in a fire, burns rapidly
with tremendous heat. Figure 5-1 on the following page
provides propylene oxide flammability limits in air.
Heat may build pressure and cause rupture of closed
containers. A water fog may be used to cool the
containers. Water may be ineffective as an extinguishing
agent. Prevent liquid from entering water sources and
sewers by building dikes as necessary to contain flow.
5.2
Fire Prevention
Propylene oxide, when ignited, burns rapidly with high

heat. Due to the high vapor pressure of propylene oxide,
it is capable of readily forming explosive mixtures.
Sources of ignition, including heat, sparks, flames and
static electricity, must be avoided. Compliance with this
basic rule requires continual oversight and management.
Meeting this rule should typically include the following
combination of work practices and mechanical controls:
a strong no smoking policy in areas where

propylene oxide is used
the use of non-sparking tools while working with or

near propylene oxide-containing equipment
grounding of metallic containers/vessels in which

the material is stored
bonding and grounding of metallic receiving

containers
stringent welding, cutting and burning permit

systems
implementation of inside and outside storage

methods that comply with legal requirements and
good industry practice.
5.2.1
Static Electricity
As with other flammable liquids, the transfer of

propylene oxide can create static electricity charges,
which can act as an ignition source of the flammable
vapors. The charge can develop when the liquid flows or
is poured through air. To reduce or eliminate this,
bonding and grounding is required by federal regulations,
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.107, building and fire codes and
industry practice (NFPA 70, NFPA 77, NFPA 30).
Bonding provides a low resistance path to current flow
between two surfaces which are physically separated or
become separated. Per NFPA 77, a maximum of 1
megaohm is acceptable, but generally much lower values
are possible.
Grounding connects the containment vessels, pipes, etc.
to a grounding electrode (ground) in the earth by means
of conductors welded/attached to both the equipment and
the ground. A 10 ohm maximum is the recommended
value for the resistance of the cable and ground.
25
FIRE SAFETY
Flammability in Air
100
10
90
PROPYLENE OXIDE
20
80
30
40
60
50
ro
py
le
50
(%
ne
ir
xi
de
(%
)
70
60
40
NOT FLAMMABLE
70
30
80
20
90
FLAMMABLE
10
100
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Nitrogen (%)
To determine if a mixture of propylene oxide is flammable, find the concentration of propylene oxide and the
air or nitrogen concentration. Follow both lines until they intersect. If they intersect within the shaded area, the
mixture is flammable.
Figure 5-1
5.3
Fire Suppression
Lyondell Chemical Company has determined that

propylene oxide fires are extremely difficult to
extinguish. Alcoseal, a film forming fluoroprotein foam
[FFFP] manufactured by Angus Fire, Ltd, has superior
extinguishing properties under test conditions. Other
foams may be effective. However, the manufacturer
should be contacted to check their foams effectiveness in
fighting propylene oxide fires. A 6% solution of
Alcoseal applied at a rate of 0.25 gallons per minute per
square foot of fire surface through an NFPAII type 2
foam applicator is appropriate. Foam applied directly to
open surface fires will require a higher concentration
26
and/or a higher application rate. Due to propylene oxides

low flash point and high vapor pressure, propylene oxide
may reignite from hot surfaces.
To determine the amount and locations of extinguishing
equipment necessary to extinguish a propylene oxide fire,
an evaluation of a worst case fire scenario is necessary.
Calculations to determine the quantities of Alcoseal that
should be available should use 0.25 gallons of Alcoseal
per minute per square foot of the storage area.
Propylene oxide is soluble in water and the resulting
solution requires substantial dilution to control the PO
vapor above the mixture. In confined spaces, such as
FIRE SAFETY
sumps or sewers, a dilution greater than 150 to 1, or less

than 0.75% propylene oxide, maybe necessary to prevent
PO vapor concentrations above 20% LEL.
Portable fire extinguishers should be placed in the
vicinity where propylene oxide is handled or stored and
in areas where the potential for spills or leaks exists.
Class B dry chemical or foam extinguishers should be
used when fighting small propylene oxide fires. NFPA
10 contains guidelines for the correct selection, use,
distribution, inspection, maintenance, and recharging of
portable fire extinguishers and should be referred to when
designing a work area.
5.4
Fire Fighting
If a facility relies on community fire companies for fire

response, information regarding propylene oxide
operations and storage should be provided. Information
should include facility layouts indicating the storage
locations and quantities of propylene oxide. Drills should
be conducted periodically with the fire company and
facility information updated on a regular basis.
If a facility chooses the option of an internal fire brigade
for structural firefighting, then compliance with the
OSHA Fire Brigade Standard is required. These
requirements as defined in 29 CFR 1910.156 include the
organization of a fire brigade, the personal firefighting
equipment and training requirements.
Fire fighters should use full protective clothing and

equipment, including National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health/Mine Safety and Health Administration (NIOSH/MSHA)-approved self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA) with full facemask operated in the
pressure demand mode (see Sections 3.3 and 3.4). Water
spray can be used to disperse vapors to protect the fire
fighters who may be attempting to stop a leak.
If a fire is controllable or propylene oxide containers are
not exposed to direct flame, an evacuation zone with a
minimum radius of 1,500 feet may be needed. If the fire
becomes uncontrollable or propylene oxide containers are
exposed to direct flame, a evacuation zone with a
minimum radius of 5,000 feet may be required.
In some instances, depending on specific facility hazards,
it may be prudent to allow a propylene oxide fire to burn
itself out. A qualified fire fighting expert should make
this decision.
After a fire has been extinguished, residual propylene

oxide contamination may occur. This may require a
cleanup of the liquid. Individuals who engage in such a
cleanup should be thoroughly trained in proper
techniques and have received training in accordance with
the OSHA Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency
Response (HazWOpER) standard, 29 CFR 1910.120 (see
Section 7).
27
6. HAZARD COMMUNICATION
6.1
OSHA Hazard
Communication
Under Hazard Communication and Worker Right to

Know laws, employees should be informed of the
potential hazards of chemicals in the workplace. At the
federal level, the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication
Standard 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
1910.1200 (see Appendix V for citations) requires that
employers who use hazardous chemicals in their
workplace, including propylene oxide, develop written
programs and train employees on the potential hazards
and protective measures.
6.1.1
Worker Training
As a user of propylene oxide, an employer should provide

information and training to employees on its hazards, the
methods for detecting releases and methods of protection
from exposure. This information should be included in
your Hazard Communication Training Program. To assist
you in this effort, the following summary information is
provided.
6.1.1.1 Hazards
Propylene oxide is a flammable liquid with a low boiling
point and a high vapor pressure. Propylene oxide vapors
are heavier than air and may travel long distances along
the ground. These vapors are flammable and will burn or
explode.
Exposure to propylene oxide can occur through any route
of exposure but most commonly occurs through
inhalation, skin or eye contact. If inhaled, short-term
exposure to propylene oxide in high concentrations will
cause pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs and may cause
narcotic effects.
Skin contact with propylene oxide can result in irritation
or chemical burns, depending on the concentration of the
liquid and the duration of skin contact.
Eye contact with liquid propylene oxide may result in
chemical burns. High vapor concentrations may cause
eye irritation.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer

(IARC), the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH), the National Toxicology Program
(NTP) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
consider propylene oxide a possible human carcinogen
based on animal studies. For a complete discussion of the
health effects of propylene oxide see Section 2.
6.1.1.2 Methods of Detection

Propylene oxide cannot be detected by odor or irritation
response at concentrations below 200 ppm and is,
therefore, considered to have poor warning properties.
Above 200 ppm propylene oxide has a sweet ether-like
odor. In the event of sensory detection of propylene
oxide, recommended exposure guidelines may have been
exceeded.
To determine propylene oxide concentrations in air,
measurements can be made using air sampling
equipment. A variety of instruments are available to
provide instantaneous or continuous monitoring of
propylene oxide concentrations in air.
Direct reading instruments including combustible gas

indicators, infrared spectrophotometer, flame and
photoionization detectors, and colorometric detector
tubes (see Section 3.5) can be used to monitor for
propylene oxide. When assessing worker exposure to
propylene oxide, personal breathing zone samples should
be collected to determine compliance with the established
exposure limits (see Section 3.6).
6.1.1.3 Methods of Protection

Hazard Communication Training should include
information on methods of protection that can be used by
employees handling propylene oxide. This should include
the engineering and administrative controls employed, as
well as the personal protective clothing and equipment
(PPE) to be worn (see Sections 3.3 and 3.4).
6.1.2
Labeling
All incoming containers of this product are accompanied

by a product label providing health and safety
information. The product label is a primary source of
29
H A Z A R D C O M M U N I C AT I O N
information for safe handling of this material. Lyondell

Chemical Company product labels contain the material
identification, principal hazards, and Lyondell Chemical
Companys name, address and telephone number (see
Figure 6-1).
Containers of propylene oxide or mixtures containing
propylene oxide in concentrations greater than or equal to
0.1% must be labeled in accordance with the OSHA
Hazard Communication Standard. Department of
Transportation (DOT) labeling requirements for
propylene oxide are presented in Section 11.2.
Each vessel into which propylene oxide is transferred
should be clearly identified as to its contents and the
hazards of the materials it contains. Many firms elect to
employ the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
704, Standard System for the Identification of the Fire
Hazards of Materials (Hazard Diamond) as a means of inplant communication to workers, contractors and
firefighters. The appropriate numerical hazard
classifications for propylene oxide are as follows:
Health (Blue): 2
Fire (Red): 4
Reactivity (Yellow): 2
6.1.3
Material Safety Data Sheets
An Lyondell Chemical Company material safety data sheet

(MSDS) is provided to customers with the first order of
the new year and with the first order after any change or
revision to the MSDS. Material Safety Data Sheets are
the primary means of providing information regarding the
safe storage, handling, use and ultimate disposal of
Lyondell Chemical Company products. While the product
MSDS is an invaluable source of health and safety
information, it may not supply information specific to the
actual uses of the product. When the information
provided does not adequately fulfill your needs, contact
Lyondell Chemical Company through customer service at
1-888-777-0232.
Lyondell Chemical Company material safety data sheets
are available in several languages and formats. While the
additional downstream sales of this product, or materials
containing this product, are the responsibility of the
distributor, Lyondell Chemical Company will support your
hazard communication efforts.
30
6.2
SARA Title III
The Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know

Act of 1986 , also referred to as the Superfund
Amendment and Reauthorization Act or SARA Title III,
requires facilities which use or store propylene oxide to
notify their state emergency response commissions and
work with local authorities to develop emergency
response plans. Users of propylene oxide should read the
SARA Title III regulations and familiarize themselves
with its requirements.
Since propylene oxide is a potentially hazardous
chemical, facilities should submit to their local
emergency planning committee (LEPC) a copy of their
MSDS or their chemical inventory list. If a facility uses
or stores more than the threshold planning quantity (TPQ)
of 10,000 pounds of propylene oxide in a year, the
facility should submit an annual Tier I or Tier II Report
to state and local agencies. This inventory listing should
include all mixtures of propylene oxide in excess of 0.1%
concentration.
6.3
State Regulations
State or local regulations, while patterned after the

federal legislation, may have different or contain more
stringent requirements. Specific state regulations should
be reviewed in order to assess the applicability of these
regulations to the use of propylene oxide.
6.3.1
New Jersey Right To Know
New Jersey has adopted the SARA regulations as an

amendment to the New Jersey Worker and Community
Right To Know Act (NJSA34:5A1). With these
regulations New Jersey has established a zero threshold
for reporting of propylene oxide to state and local
agencies. This law also requires that the Chemical
Abstract Services (CAS) numbers appear on all
containers which contain propylene oxide in
concentrations of 0.1% or greater in the workplace.
6.3.2
Pennsylvania Right To Know
The Pennsylvania Worker and Community Right to

Know Act classifies propylene oxide as an
environmental hazard and as a special hazard. The
Pennsylvania regulations are similar to the federal
regulations. However, these regulations require additional
MSDS No. P000012-1-OSHA-AE
PROPYLENE OXIDE LABEL INFORMATION

Manufacturer:
Lyondell CHEMICAL COMPANY

1221 McKinney Street
Houston, TX 77010
Other Company Names:

Use Statement:
Physical Hazards:
Health Hazards:
Precautionary Measures:
DOT Information:
DOT Hazard Class:
DOT RQ (based on Material):
DOT Hazardous Material
Proper Shipping Name:
Instructions:
First Aid:
Inhalation:
Telephone Numbers
EMERGENCY
800/424-9300 CHEMTREC
800/245-4532 LYONDELL CHEM
CUSTOMER SERVICE
888/777-0232 INFO ONLY
PO
For industrial use only
Keep out of reach of children
Extremely flammable
Signal Word: DANGER
Highly reactive
Severe eye irritant
Severe skin irritant
Inhalation hazard
Ingestion hazard
Skin contact hazard
Causes cancer in lab animals
Do not handle near heat, sparks, or open flame
Do not store near combustible materials
Keep container tightly closed when not in use
Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing
Avoid prolonged or repeated breathing of gases, vapors or mists
Use only with adequate ventilation/personal protection
Prevent contact with food, chewing, or smoking materials
Wash thoroughly with soap and water
Do not take internally
UN/NA ID No.: UN 1280 DOT Packing Group: 1
3 (flammable liquid)
100 lbs.
Propylene Oxide
Component Name
Propylene Oxide
CAS no.
75.56-9
Composition Amount (Wt.)

AP 100
%
RQ
100 lbs.
In case of fire, use: Alcohol type foam; Dry chemical; Polydol foam
If overcome by exposure, remove victim to fresh air immediately. Give oxygen or artificial
respiration as needed. Obtain emergency medical attention. Prompt action is essential.
Eye Contact: In case of eye contact, immediately rinse with clean water for 20-30 minutes. Retract
eyelids often. Obtain emergency medical attention.
Skin Contact: Immediately remove contaminated clothing. Wash skin thoroughly with mild soap and
water. Flush with lukewarm water for 15 minutes. If sticky, use waterless cleaner first.
Obtain emergency medical attention.
Ingestion: If swallowed, give lukewarm water (pint/ 1/2 liter) if victim completely conscious/alert. DO
NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Risk of damage to lungs exceeds poisoning risk. Obtain
emergency medical attention.
In case of spill: Extremely flammable liquid. Release causes immediate fire/explosion hazard. Extinguish
all ignition sources. Impound/recover large land spill; soak up small spill with inert solids.
On water, may biodegrade. Contain/collect rapidly to minimize dispersion. Report per
regulatory requirements.
Protective Equipment:
Respiratory: Use only U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)/U.S. Mine
Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) approved supplied air or self-contained
breathing apparatus operated in a positive pressure mode.
Eye: Both chemical splash goggles and face shield must be worn.
Skin: Impervious protective suit with integral or tight-fitting gloves, boots, and full head and
face protection must be worn.
Label No.: LP000012
Version No.: 1 Date: 1 September 1993
Figure 6-1
31
information through use of labels, MSDSs, and

workplace inventories.
6.3.3
California Proposition 65
Californias Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement

Act of 1986 (Proposition 65) requires that warnings must
be provided to individuals if there is a potential for
exposure to propylene oxide.
32
7. ENVIRONMENTAL
Aqueous solutions of propylene oxide degrade and
convert to propylene glycol with an average half-life of
13 days, through hydrolysis in fresh water, and to
chloropropanol in sea water in only 2 days. The length of
time for propylene oxide degradation will vary based on
the conditions of the aquatic medium. Aquatic organisms
metabolize propylene glycol. Both propylene glycol and
chloropropanol are readily biodegraded.
Propylene oxide may contaminate the soil from
accidental spills and uncontrolled rainwater runoff from
contaminated areas. Degradation in wet soil occurs
through hydrolysis, as discussed previously. In dry soil
propylene oxide will evaporate into the air. Propylene
oxide tends to be very mobile in the soil.
Studies indicate that propylene oxide, based on its water
solubility and conversion to propylene glycol and
chloropropanol, will not accumulate in aquatic or
terrestrial life forms.
7.1
Spills and Leaks
Facilities involved in the storage and/or handling of

propylene oxide should be designed to contain and/or
control spills from process areas and loading and
unloading operations. Soil and groundwater
contamination from an accidental spill of propylene oxide
can be minimized by installation of curbs, sumps and
impervious containment areas.
Concrete curbing with a minimum one percent slope or
earth diking with a minimum two percent slope from the
point of the potential spill to a collection basin or sump
should be used to retain propylene oxide within the
containment area, thus minimizing worker exposure and
overall environmental impact. The total volume of the
containment area should be adequate to handle a worst
case release of propylene oxide. For storage tanks the
capacity of the containment area is generally the volume
of the largest storage tank in the diked area. Design of the
diking or curbing should also provide an allowance for
accumulated rainfall.
Pumps, piping and equipment, designed to operate within
potential spill areas, should be compatible with propylene
oxide (see Section 4) and free of potential ignition
sources.
If possible, all pumps and ancillary equipment should be

located outside the primary containment area and should
be provided with curbing to collect drips, leaks and minor
spills. Drain valves may be installed at the low point of
the containment area or sump. During normal operations
all drain valves should be in a closed position.
To minimize soil and ground water contamination in the
event of a propylene oxide spill, the containment areas
should be designed and constructed of impermeable
materials such as concrete, synthetic liners or compacted
clay. Since concrete is not totally impervious, other
measures should be taken to prevent soil and groundwater
contamination. Use only compatible sealants on cracks
and concrete joints because propylene oxide may degrade
certain epoxy resins.
In the event of a propylene oxide release to the
environment equal to or greater than 100 pounds, the
National Response Center must be notified. The
telephone number of the National Response Center is 1800-424-8802. This reporting requirement is a provision
of Sections 103(a) and (b) of the Comprehensive
Emergency Response Compensation and Liability Act of
1980 (CERCLA), as amended. The reportable quantity
(RQ) for propylene oxide is 100 pounds. Reportable
quantities are listed in 40 Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) Part 302, Table 302.4 (see Appendix VI for
citations).
In addition to the above reporting requirement,

Section 304 of the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) requires that a
release to the environment of hazardous substances in
quantities equal to or greater than their RQs be reported
to state and local authorities. These agencies are location
specific and should be included in the facilitys
emergency response plan.
Any accidental discharge of propylene oxide or waste
containing propylene oxide into the municipal sewer
system should be reported immediately to local
authorities. The discharge should be diluted with copious
quantities of water to reduce the fire and explosion
hazard. National Pretreatment Standards, 40 CFR 403.5,
prohibit the discharge of pollutants that may create a fire
or explosion hazard in the sewer system or publicly
owned treatment works (POTW).
33
E N V I R O N M E N TA L
In the event of a spill of propylene oxide, all nonessential personnel should be evacuated. All ignition
sources must be extinguished immediately. After donning
the appropriate personal protective equipment (see
Section 3), the spill should be covered with Alcoseal
FFFP foam or equivalent (see Section 5.3) to minimize
potential fire hazard from vaporization of the propylene
oxide. Depending on the volume and location of the spill,
it can be recovered by vacuum truck or absorbed with
solid sorbent (see Section 4.10) and placed in drums for
disposal. Residual propylene oxide in the containment
area should be flushed with water into a sump or
collection area for subsequent treatment or disposal.
If propylene oxide process waste is treated biologically at

a POTW, the local authority should be consulted to
determine appropriate requirements. If propylene oxide is
biologically treated onsite and then discharged to surface
waters, the treatment plan effluent should comply with
federal and state discharge permit provisions.
7.2
Testing of process waste streams and spilled material is

recommended to determine the applicability of these
regulations. Acceptable methods for disposal of RCRA
hazardous wastes containing propylene oxide are
combustion in a RCRA permitted incinerator or a boiler
that is in compliance with the RCRA burner and
industrial furnace (BIF) regulations found in 40 CFR 266.
In addition, the treatment of all hazardous wastes,
including wastewaters, contaminated soils, and sludges
may be subject to the RCRA Land Disposal Restrictions
(LDR) found in 40 CFR 268.
Waste Disposal
Propylene oxide is an extremely flammable liquid and is

hazardous when discharged to the environment. In areas
where propylene oxide may be released or handled,
access should be limited to required personnel only.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
regulation 29 CFR 1910.120 applies to the handling of
spills of propylene oxide waste. This regulation applies to
personnel engaged in the following: hazardous waste
response under CERCLA, cleanup operations under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
operations involving hazardous waste storage, hazardous
waste sites and emergency response.
Aqueous solutions, containing low concentrations of

propylene oxide, can be treated biologically in a waste
treatment plant. Biological treatment can also be
considered for disposal of minor spills provided that the
system is acclimated to propylene oxide and propylene
glycol, and the treatment system has obtained any
required permit approvals.
Discharge of aqueous solutions of propylene oxide from
minor spills into a municipal treatment system must be
approved by the regulating authority prior to discharge.
Incineration of contaminated soil and liquid propylene
oxide is also an acceptable disposal alternative.
34
Propylene oxide and solutions of propylene oxide and

water may exhibit a closed cup flash point less than 140
F. As a result, these materials are considered ignitable
hazardous wastes. The RCRA, as amended, provides
criteria that define a hazardous waste (40 CFR 261) and
lists of chemicals specifically covered by regulation.
Hazardous waste may be held onsite for up to 90 days

without a RCRA permit, provided that the waste is placed
in approved containers (40 CFR 262). State regulations
may specify design requirements for temporary
hazardous and non-hazardous waste accumulation areas.
7.3
Container Disposal
Empty propylene oxide containers are considered nonhazardous waste. Lyondell Chemical Company
recommends that empty propylene oxide containers be
rinsed with water to remove residual product prior to
disposal. Container disposal should be in accordance with
applicable federal and state regulations.
Empty containers which have not been water washed
should be considered a potential fire/explosion risk due to
residual propylene oxide vapor. These containers should
not be cut, burned, soldered, or welded.
8. PRODUCT STORAGE
Considerations in the design and construction of
propylene oxide storage and handling facilities are
flammability, environmental contamination and worker
exposure. The specific requirements for receiving and
storage facilities and for handling of propylene oxide will
depend on several factors, including volumes stored or
handled, container type, mode of transportation,
processes utilized at the facility and proximity to other
hazardous materials. The proper design and construction
of storage and handling facilities requires the consultation
with competent professional engineers.
8.1
Storage Tanks
Requirements for atmospheric tank storage, including

secondary containment, are presented in NFPA 30. This
code requires that storage of propylene oxide in an
unprotected facility should be situated at least 3 times the
distances from a property line presented in Table 8-1
below. A protected storage facility, should be at least 112
times the distances presented in the table.
Considerations in site selection and tank spacing include
proximity to other flammable material storage facilities,
nearby sources of ignition, accessibility for fire fighting,

and impact of a vapor cloud explosion on nearby areas.
Installations should comply with NFPA 30 and NFPA 70
regarding these issues. Note that according to NFPA and
OSHA, propylene oxide is a Class 1A flammable liquid.
Propylene oxide tanks should be designed and
constructed at twice the absolute vapor pressure of
propylene oxide at the planned operating temperature.
Atmospheric propylene oxide storage tanks (see Figure 81) should be designed and constructed in accordance with
NFPA 30 as it applies to Class 1A liquids. This standard
is intended to ensure that tanks possess sufficient
structural strength and pressure relief systems to prevent
catastrophic loss of contents in either normal service or
under fire conditions (see Section 4).
American Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 620,
Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of
Large, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks should be applied to
the design and construction of propylene oxide storage
tanks at low pressures. A typical pressure storage tank
(ASME Pressure Vessel) for propylene oxide can be seen
in Figure 8-2.
Table 8-1
Capacity
Tank
Gallons
Minimum Distance in Feet

from Property Line
Which is or Can be Built
Upon, Including the Opposite
Side of a Public Way
Minimum Distance in Feet

from Nearest Side of
Any public Way or from
Nearest Important Building
on the Same Property
275 or less
276 to 750
10
751 to 12,000
15
12,001 to 30,000
20
30,001 to 50,000
30
10
50,001 to 100,000
50
15
100,001 to 500,000
80
25
500,001 to 1,000,000
100
35
1,000,001 to 2,000,000
135
45
2,000,001 to 3,000,000
165
55
3,000,001 or more
175
60
35
36
17
This figure illustrates a typical configuration, and is not intended to be used as

a design specification. Qualified professionals must exercise engineering
judgment to establish site specifications that meet applicable requirements
6. LEVEL INDICATION
5. EMERGENCY RELIEF DEVICE
4. CONSERVATION VENT
3. MANWAY
13
TI
2. TEMPERATURE INDICATION
1. CONTAINMENT DIKE
FROM TANK CAR

(Figure 9-1)
OR TRUCK
13
(Figure 9-4)
12 13
8
14
4
18
13
19
13
14
11
13
12 13
TO PROCESS
13. BLOCK VALVE
12. CHECK VALVE
11. PRESSURE GAUGE W/DIAPHRAGM SEAL
10. PUMP
19. PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE
18. PRESSURE GAUGE
17. MIXING EDUCTOR
(IF REQUIRED)
16. APPROVED LEAK DETECTION
10
12
15. N.F.P.A. IDENTIFICATION CODE
14
13
LT 7
13
REFRIGERATION
SYSTEM
9. FILTER
13
13
LI
13
NITROGEN SUPPLY
14. APPROVED GROUND
8. PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE
16
12
MAXIMUM FLOW CAPACITY OF

PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE (8)
SHALL NOT EXCEED RELIEF CAPACITY
OF CONSERVATION VENT (4)
7. LEVEL TRANSMITTER
15
PROPYLENE OXIDE
TO CONTAINMENT DEVICE
P RO D U C T S TO R AG E
Typical Atmospheric Storage Tank Configuration
Figure 8-1
TI
16
15
15
TO PROCESS
18. TEMPERATURE INDICATION
12. PRESSURE CONTROLLER (SPLIT RANGE)
W/OUTPUT GAUGE
17. CONTAINMENT DIKE
5. MANWAY

16. CHECK VALVE
10. PUMP
4. SAFETY RAILING
15. BLOCK VALVE
15
11
14. N.F.P.A. IDENTIFICATION CODE
17
10
9. FILTER
8. APPROVED GROUND
15
LT LI
3. TANK DRAIN
15
2. TANK SUPPORT
15
REFRIGERATION
SYSTEM
15
15
15
FROM TANK CAR

(see Figure 9-1)
OR TRUCK
(see Figure 9-4)
7. OUTLET LINE
17
14
PC
12
13
MAXIMUM FLOW CAPACITY OF

PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE (13)
SHALL NOT EXCEED RELIEF CAPACITY
OF PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE (1)
1. PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE
18
LT
19
PROPYLENE OXIDE
13
DIP TUBE
TO SHUTDOWN
INTERLOCKS
AND ALARMS (H & L)
NITROGEN SUPPLY
RECYCLE
Typical Pressure Storage Tank Configuration
Figure 8-2
37
Storage tanks should be situated within containment

systems which are capable of providing detection and
control of an accidental release of propylene oxide.
Containment system design and operation should
conform with NFPA 30. Tank venting systems should
comply with API RP2000, Venting Atmospheric and
Low-Pressure Storage Tanks. These standards require, at
a minimum, that instrumentation at the loading station
warns the operator of the potential for overfilling and that
a totally independent device shuts off flow whenever
overfill is imminent. Neither device is to be used as a
regular operating tool for determining tank level.
Bulk storage tanks should be vented to a containment
device which eliminates discharges of propylene oxide
vapors to the atmosphere. The containment device should
be designed to prevent the passage of a flame from one
container to another.
Refrigeration units may be used to keep storage temp
below 70F to minimize polypropylene oxide formation.
The National Electric Code (NFPA 70) outlines electrical
requirements for the handling, transport, and storage of
propylene oxide and other Class 1, Group B* flammable
liquids. It also requires that whenever flammable liquids
are stored or transferred, their containers should be
effectively bonded and grounded to prevent static
electricity.
8.2
Off-Loading Station
The installation for off-loading tank cars and tank trucks

of propylene oxide should be designed, maintained and
operated to meet current standards for fire protection,
worker safety and environmental protection.
Loading racks should be located at least 150 feet from all
equipment and tanks. Electrical wiring and devices
should comply with the requirements of NFPA 70. Piping
throughout the installation should comply with NFPA 30
or with American Society of Mechanical
Engineers/American National Standards Institute
(ASME/ANSI) B31.3.
Collection systems should be large enough to contain the
worst credible accidental release of propylene oxide, plus
an additional volume for flush water and rain water. The
unloading area should be curbed to divert spillage into
the drainage system and prevent run-off into the
38
surrounding areas. Adjacent unloading areas should be

segregated by curbing. At a minimum, the surface of the
unloading area under and around the bulk transport vessel
should be constructed of concrete or ballast installed over
a synthetic impermeable barrier suitable for the retention
of propylene oxide. The drainage surfaces should be
pitched with a grade of at least 1% towards the collection
basin or sump.
The sump or catchbasin should have fire seals and be
equipped with instruments that will detect liquid levels
and the presence of propylene oxide vapor. Rain water
and spilled liquids trapped inside the containment area
are to be disposed of through the sump or catchbasin.
Discharge valves from the collection area should be
closed under normal conditions. Accumulated liquids
should be disposed of by a trained operator, after
determining the liquids composition.
Lighting adequate for nighttime unloading operations
should be provided, unless it is certain that only daytime
unloading is to be performed.
A suitable method of discharging container contents
should be provided. Acceptable methods include gravity
flow, pumping from top via a dip pipe or pressurization
with nitrogen. If nitrogen is used, the facility shall be
designed to avoid overpressurization of the vessel.
Furthermore, a means of collection and environmentally
acceptable treatment of the vapor (for example, flaring or
scrubbing) should be provided. Vapor containment
systems should be designed to remove or recover vapor
(see Section 4).
8.3
Workplace Location
Processing operations utilizing propylene oxide should be

located and operated to minimize the potential risk of fire
and explosion.
The minimum distance of a processing vessel to any
adjoining property or building is based on the stability of
the chemical (NFPA 30). Where a vessel is located in a
building and the exterior wall facing the vessel is more
than 25 feet away and has a 2-hour fire rating, these
distance requirements may not apply. When a 4-hour or
greater fire resistant wall is provided, there are no
distance requirements. In the case of propylene oxide, the
wall must also be explosion resistant.
Processing equipment, such as pumps, heaters and filters,

should be kept at least 25 feet from the property line or
should be separated by a wall which has a 2-hour fire
rating and is explosion resistant. The operating facility
should be accessible from at least one side for fire
fighting.
Facilities storing or using propylene oxide should be
provided with either a gravity or continuous mechanical
exhaust ventilation system. If propylene oxide is
dispensed within the room, mechanical ventilation is

required.
If air is mechanically exhausted, the system should be
designed to provide a minimum of 1 cubic foot per
minute (CFM) of exhaust per square foot of floor area,
but not less than 150 CFM. The ventilation system in any
dispensing area should be equipped with an audible alarm
to warn of equipment failure. The ventilation system
should be designed to maintain the area below 25% of the
lower explosive limit for propylene oxide or 6,000 ppm.
39
9. TRANSFER OPERATIONS
Propylene oxide should be transferred and handled
following written operating procedures developed for the
specific facility. This section provides guidelines used by
Lyondell Chemical Company in our handling of propylene
oxide. Operating procedures should include the hazards
associated with this product (see Section 6) and the
selection of personal protective clothing and equipment
(see Section 3). Only workers properly trained in these
operating procedures should handle propylene oxide.
9.1
Tank Cars
9.1.1
The following procedures have been developed to assist

in the safe offloading of propylene oxide. A suggested
unloading checklist is also provided (see Figure 9-2).
1. Center the tank car with the unloading station.
2.
Set brakes and chock wheels on tank car.
3.
Connect ground cable to car and check for

continuity of connections.
4.
Be sure blue flag and derailer are in place.
5.
Locate metal caution signs in front of and/or behind

the tank car. An additional sign should be located at
the rail siding switch. These signs (minimum 12 x
15 inches) should read STOPTANK CAR
CONNECTED.
6.
Remove the housing cover pin and lift pressure

dome cover. This will expose all valves and fittings
which are required for unloading and sampling (see
Figure 9-3).
7.
Inspect for leakage around valves and fittings in the

pressure dome area by pouring soapy water on the
connections only and checking for bubbles. If leaks
are detected, stop work and make repairs.
8.
Sample tank car to confirm contents. The procedure

is as follows:
During unloading, the tank car should be connected to a

vapor balance or equalizing system or blanketed with an
inert gas, such as nitrogen gas, depending on the
unloading system design (see Figure 9-1).
Piping systems and track rails should be connected to a
common earth ground. The tank car should be bonded to
the discharge system. Continuity of ground should be
checked prior to off loading.
All fixed components of the unloading system must be
outside an area of 22.5 feet above the rails and 8.75 feet
on each side of the track center line. Electrical
equipment, telephone and intercom systems in the area
should comply with Class 1, Group B*.
An automatic deluge sprinkler system should protect the
loading facility and dome area of the tank car. It should
provide for both cooling and dilution in a ratio of 150
parts water to one part propylene oxide. A fire- water
monitor should be located near the tank car dome and
should have an unobstructed path to the target. A 3050
pound dry-powder fire extinguisher should be present.
Eyewash and safety shower stations should be located on
both ground and platform levels at the tank car rack.
There should be emergency block valves or shut-off
switches in the liquid and vapor line permanent piping
that can be operated locally and remotely. If a pump is
used, there should be a switch at a remote location to shut
the pump down. Workers should identify all pipelines so
that proper alignment can be made.
Tank cars will be unloaded in accordance with 49 CFR
174 Subpart C.
Work Preparation
Sample the tank car through the sample line, which

is located in the pressure dome area (see Figure 9-3).
Fill the sample bottle leaving approximately 20%
vapor space to allow for expansion. If closed
sampling system is not employed, proper personal
protective equipment should be used.
9.
Determine the available storage tank capacity and

the liquid level in the tank car before transfer.
9.1.2
Unloading Procedures
The unloading sequence is as follows:

1. Attach nitrogen line to the vapor valve.
2.
Attach flexible hoses to the liquid unloading valves.

Stainless steel double-braided accordion-type hoses
with two-way shutoff quick-disconnect couplings
are recommended. If dry disconnect couplings are
not used, purge all lines and connections with
nitrogen before transferring propylene oxide.
3.
Pressure tank car to 60 psig and hold for one minute.

If pressure cannot be maintained, use a soap and
41
T R A N S F E R O P E R AT I O N S
water solution to identify leak. After the leak has

been corrected, proceed to Step 4.
4.
Open vapor valve and use a regulator to adjust the

nitrogen pressure to equalize that of the tank car.
This will force liquid propylene oxide into the pump
and keep the vapor phase of the tank car out of the
flammable limits.
CAUTION: Do not let nitrogen pressure exceed 90% of

the rated relief valve pressure.
5.
Open the liquid unloading valve and allow

propylene oxide to fill the pump. This valve must be
opened slowly to avoid activating the excess flow
valve. Start pump and begin pumping propylene
oxide to the storage tank.
CAUTION: A positive pressure should be maintained on

the tank car to keep the pump from pulling a vacuum
on the car; monitor this closely.
6.
Monitor liquid level on storage tank to identify when

the transfer is complete. A density gauge or a bulls
eye in the transfer line can also be used.
7.
When the tank car is empty, shut down the pump.

Clear transfer line using nitrogen. Close the
unloading line valve to the storage tank and the
storage tank vent. Close the tank car vapor valve and
the tank car liquid unloading valve. Vent transfer
line of pressure. Pressurize tank car to 15 psig with
nitrogen for return trip. Disconnect transfer, nitrogen
and storage tank vent lines.
8.
9.
Test for leakage by pouring soapy water over the

valves. If no bubbles are detected, close and secure
dome cover. If bubbles are detected, retighten all
valves and retest. If leaks are still detected, stop
work make repairs.
Disconnect the ground cable. Remove the wheel
chocks, derailer, blue flag and caution signs.
10. Reverse tank car placards to Residue for return

trip.
The tank truck unloading facility should be in a relatively

remote, level location distant from general activity and
ignition sources. Use of road barriers and warning lights
is recommended to restrict traffic or other operations
from the unloading area.
Workers who are properly trained should use only nonsparking tools during unloading of the tank truck. The
tank truck should be grounded. All electrical equipment,
including telephone and intercom systems, should be
Class 1, Group B*.
Workers should use either steel pipe and swing joints for
truck liquid and vent connections or flexible stainless
steel hoses to connect the units fixed piping to the truck
connections. Since these hoses are probably the most
vulnerable part of the unloading process, workers should
inspect and pressure test them frequently and store them
in a protected location.
There should be emergency block valves in the liquid and
vapor line permanent piping that can be operated locally
and remotely. If a pump is used, there should be a switch
at a remote location to shut the pump down. Workers
should identify all pipelines so that proper alignment can
be made.
9.2.1
Work Preparation
The following procedures have been developed to assist

in the safe offloading of propylene oxide. Also, provided
in Figure 9-5 is a suggested unloading checklist.
1. Chock both sides of one tank truck wheel; set
brakes.
2.
Connect ground cable and check for continuity.
11. Leave the car brakes engaged for the railroad crews
to release.
3.
Check bill of lading and verify sample to confirm

contents.
12. If there were any mechanical problems with the tank

car, advise Lyondell Chemical Company Customer
Service (1-888-777-0232).
4.
To prevent truck movement during unloading, the

driver is not to remain in the cab.
5.
Inspect hoses, pump and valves for cleanliness,

leaks and other defects.
9.2
Tank Trucks
Propylene oxide is shipped in Department of

Transportation (DOT) MC331 steel tank trucks, 20 to 25
psig, with a capacity of up to 7,000 gallons. After filling,
42
tank trucks are pressurized with nitrogen before

shipment. The unloading valve is located at the rear of
the truck (see Figure 9-4).
9.2.2
1.
Unloading Procedures
Connect storage tank vapor recovery line to tank

truck.
15. PUMP
7. FILTER

14. NITROGEN HIGH POINT PURGE W/BLOCK VALVE
6. APPROVED GROUND CLAMP
23. DOT CLASSIFICATION NO.
22. PRESSURE GAUGE
21. DERAILER
W/2" NPT CONNECTIONS
13. DRY DISCONNECT & FLEX. HOSE ASSEMBLY
5. WHEEL CHOCKS
19. HANDRAIL
20. HAND BRAKE WHEEL
12. FLEX. HOSE ASSEMBLY W/2" NPT CONN.
21
11. BLOCK VALVE
17
TO STORAGE
See Figure 8-1 and 8-2
10 11
4. PLACARD (Figure 11-2 & 11-3)

(ALL 4 SIDES)
19
15
11
3. LIQUID VALVE
20
11
16
17. APPROVED GROUND
18. CHEMTREC EMERGENCY NUMBER 800/424-9300
DOT 105J
23
17
NITROGEN SUPPLY
PROPYLENE OXIDE
FROM SHUTDOWN
INTERLOCKS
9. PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE (N2)
18
CHEMTREC 800/424-9300
11
10. CHECK VALVE
1. VAPOR VALVE
13
11
10
14
ATM
2. MANWAY (see Figure 9-3)
19
12
11
11
22
Typical Tank Car Configuration
Figure 9-1
43
PROPYLENE OXIDE
UNLOADING CHECKLIST
Tank Car Number:
Date:
Operator:
Time:
Prior to Unloading Tank Car
Yes
No
Wheels chocked and hand brakes engaged .................................................................
Blue flag and derailer in place ........................................................................................
Metal caution signs located in front of and behind tank car...........................................
Eyebath and safety shower flushed and ready...............................................................
Ground cable connected to car and checked for continuity ..........................................
Pressure dome inspected for leakage around valves and fittings..................................
Bill of lading checked and sample verified.....................................................................
Storage tank capacity and tank car liquid level determined before filling......................
Load and vent-back lines connected, purged and tested for leaks...............................
Proper piping alignment made and checked .................................................................
Open transfer lines and monitor liquid level ...................................................................
Qualified operator in attendance during transfer............................................................
After Unloading Tank Car
AM/PM
Yes No
When tank car is empty, shut down the pump................................................................
Transfer line blown clear of Propylene Oxide..................................................................
Unloading line valve closed to the storage tank and the storage vent...........................
Tank car vapor valve and liquid unloading valve closed ................................................
Transfer line vented of pressure......................................................................................
Tank car pressured to 15 psig with N2 for return trip.......................................................
Transfer, nitrogen and storage tank vent lines disconnected .........................................
Test for leakage and secure dome cover........................................................................
Ground cable disconnected ...........................................................................................
Tank car placards reversed to Residue .......................................................................
Blue flag, metal caution signs and derailer device removed..........................................
Wheel chocks removed...................................................................................................
Figure 9-2
44
Typical Tank Car Dome Configuration
NITROGEN
LIQUID
LIQUID
LIQUID
1
LIQUID
1
2
B
C
NITROGEN
6
A
C
1
1
LIQUID
LIQUID
2
C
6
SECTION "C-C"
NITROGEN OR VAPOR
BALANCE LINE
B
2
MANWAY BONNET
3
(ACCESS TO VALVES)
SECTION "B-B"
1.
2.
3.
4.
SIDE COVER
STRAIGHT BALL VALVE

GAUGING DEVICE
SAFETY VALVE 225#
EDUCTION PIPE
5. SUPPORT
6. THERMOWELL
7. SAMPLE LINE
SECTION "A-A"

Figure 9-3
45
46
9. WHEEL CHOCKS
10. CERTIFICATION DATE
4. THERMOMETER AND PRESSURE GAUGE
5. PLACARD (Figure 11-4, 11-5, 11-6)

11. PRESSURE GAUGE
8. REAR END PROTECTION
3. ROTARY GAUGE (LIQUID LEVEL)
(ALL 4 SIDES)
7. GROUND WIRE
6. APPROVED GROUND CLAMP
2. DOT CLASSIFICATION NO.
1. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
CHEMTREC 800/424-9300
22
10
ATM
W/DIAPHRAGM SEAL
16. PRESSURE GAUGE
15. CHECK VALVE
14. PUMP
13. BLOCK VALVE
12. FILTER
ATM
MC-331
2
13
21
12
18
13
13
17
14
18. FLEX. HOSE ASSEMBLY
13
22. CHEMTREC EMERGENCY NUMBER 800/424-9300
21. FLEX. HOSE ASSEMBLY
20. GLOBE VALVE
19. GLOBE VALVE
15
TO
STORAGE:
See Figures 8-1
& 8-2
13
16
FROM SHUTDOWN
INTERLOCKS
NITROGEN SUPPLY OR
VAPOR BALANCE LINE
20
19 15
11
ATM
Typical Tank Truck Configuration
Figure 9-4
2.
3.
4.
Connect transfer line to liquid unloading valve and

nitrogen line to vapor valve. Stainless steel doublebraided accordion-type hoses with two-way shutoff
quick-disconnect couplings are recommended. If dry
disconnect couplings are not used, purge all lines
and connections with nitrogen before transferring
propylene oxide.
Pressure tank truck to 60 psig and hold for one
minute. If pressure cannot be maintained, use a soap
and water solution to identify leak. After the leak
has been corrected, proceed to Step 4.
Confirm that the vent-back and liquid inlet valves at
the storage tank are open. Slowly equalize the
pressure on the truck and the storage tank. Maintain
nitrogen pressure below 20 psig on tank truck.
5.
Nitrogen pressure and/or a pump may be used to

unload tank truck.
6.
The unloading valve must be opened slowly to avoid

activating the excess flow valve.
CAUTION: A positive pressure of at least 10 psig
should be maintained on the tank truck to keep from
pulling a vacuum on the truck; monitor this closely.
7.
Open the valves in the liquid line on the tank truck

at the emergency block valve and at the pump
suction and discharge. Start the unloading pump.
Check for leaks and for proper operation.
8.
Shut down the pump when the tank truck is empty.

Blow transfer lines clear of propylene oxide by
using an inert gas. Close all valves and vents. Vent
transfer lines of pressure by blowing back into truck
with nitrogen. Disconnect transfer, nitrogen and
storage tank vent lines.
9.
Check to ensure placards meet DOT requirements.
10. Disconnect ground cable and remove wheel chocks.
9.3
Iso Tanks
Propylene oxide is shipped in DOT 51 and intermodal

tank type IM 101. These tanks contain approximately
6,000 gallons of propylene oxide under a nitrogen blanket
of between 15 to 25 psig. The unloading valve is located
at the rear of the tank (see Figure 9-6).
The iso tank work preparation and unloading procedures
are the same as the tank truck procedures located in
Section 9.2.
47
PROPYLENE OXIDE
UNLOADING CHECKLIST
Tank Truck Number:
Date:
Operator:
Time:
Prior to Unloading Tank Truck
Yes No
Wheels chocked and parking brakes engaged..............................................................
Ground cable to trailer connected and checked for continuity ......................................
Check billing of lading ....................................................................................................
Eyebath and safety shower flushed and ready...............................................................
Placard placed on windshield.........................................................................................
Inspected for leakage around valves and fittings...........................................................
Verify sample to confirm contents...................................................................................
Storage tank capacity and tank truck liquid level determined before filling...................
Load and vent-back lines connected, purged and tested for leaks...............................
Proper piping alignment made and checked .................................................................
Qualified operator in attendance during transfer............................................................
After Unloading Tank Truck
AM/PM
Yes No
When tank truck is empty, shut down the pump .............................................................
Transfer line blown clear of Propylene Oxide..................................................................
Unloading line valve closed to the storage tank and the storage vent...........................
Tank truck vapor valve and liquid unloading valve closed .............................................
Transfer line vented of pressure......................................................................................
Tank truck pressured to 15 psig with N2 for return trip....................................................
Transfer, nitrogen and Storage Tank Vent lines disconnected ........................................
Inspected for leakage around valves and fittings...........................................................
Ground cable disconnected ...........................................................................................
Placards proper for shipment .........................................................................................
Placard removed from windshield...................................................................................
Wheel chocks removed...................................................................................................
Figure 9-5
48
800/424-9300
27
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
9
(2)

1. TANK FRAME
2. TANK SHELL IN STAINLESS STEEL
WITH INSULATION AND ALUMINUM
CLADDING PROTECTION
3. MALE BOTTOM DISCHARGE
4. DATA PLATE
5. LADDER
6. WALKWAY
7. STEAM HEATING
(NOT USED FOR P.O. SERVICE)
8. THERMOMETER
CHEMTREC
26
PROPYLENE OXIDE
10
21
12
13
16
ATM
17
18
28
IM-101
24
7
3
22
19
15
20
22
16 16
TO
STORAGE
15 See Figure 8-1 and 8-2
21
FROM SHUTDOWN INTERLOCKS
PUMP
PRESSURE GAUGE W/DIAPHRAGM SEAL
GROUND WIRE
FLEXIBLE HOSE ASSEMBLY
DOT CLASSIFICATION NO.
PRESSURE GAUGE
DOT PLACARD (Figure 11-2)
ALL 4 SIDES
27. CHEMTREC EMERGENCY NUMBER
800/424-9300
28. CARRIERS NAME
CONTAINER OWNER/LESSORS NAME
CERTIFICATION DECALS
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
23
NITROGEN SUPPLY
OR VAPOR BALANCE LINE
SAFETY RELIEF VALVES (2) W/TANK

MANHOLE
NITROGEN INLET
PROVISION FOR FILLING/DRAIN SYSTEM
BALL VALVE
FLEX HOSE ASSEMBLY
BLOCK VALVE
CHECK VALVE
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE
FILTER
15
11
14
15
25
Typical IMO Tank Configuration
Figure 9-6
49
10. TANK CLEANING AND EQUIPMENT

REPAIR
10.1
Work Preparation
The proper preparation for tank cleaning and equipment

repair is necessary to prevent exposure to hazardous
chemicals. Preparation should include a clear definition
of the tasks to be performed, an identification of
hazardous materials and related hazardous conditions. A
hazardous work permit system should be used to identify
the job related hazards and plan for the safe completion
of this work. Employee protection should include the use
of engineering controls and the selection of personal
protective equipment (PPE) (see Section 3).
Tanks and equipment that contained propylene oxide
vapor or liquid should be cleared of residual material
before starting cleaning and/or repair. Liquids should be
removed from a low point. Residual liquid and vapor
should be either flushed with water or another suitable
material, and vapor should be purged with nitrogen.
Only workers properly trained should be involved in the
cleaning and repair of tanks and equipment that have
previously held propylene oxide (see Section 3).
Eyewash and safety showers should be located near the
work operation. Appropriate fire extinguishing equipment
should be present (see Section 5.3).
10.2
Control of Hazardous
Energy
A facility must have procedures for controlling hazardous

energy sources that comply with the requirements of 29
CFR1910.147. The procedures protect workers in areas
where propylene oxide vessels or equipment are cleaned,
maintained, or entered. After system is purged, ensure
that all potential sources of propylene oxide or hazardous
energy are physically tagged and/or locked out, and
affected persons notified.
10.3
Appropriate respiratory protection for propylene oxide

vapor exposures (see section 3.3) may also be required.
10.4
Equipment Cleanout
If a new tank is to be put into service, it is critical that it

be clean of all rust, dirt, grease and water. Soap or
detergents and water should be used to remove grease and
oils. The cleaned surface should be rinsed with water
until a neutral pH is obtained. No solvents containing
organic or inorganic chlorides should be used. If a grease
must be used in a tank, a totally fluorinated lubricant
must be used.
Iron oxide is a catalyst for propylene oxide
polymerization. To eliminate loose rust (iron oxide) and
scale from inside a tank, a high pressure fresh water blast
is effective. Acidic or basic cleaning or pickling systems
should be avoided because their residues can cause
vigorous reaction of propylene oxide. After this step, the
tank walls should be dried and the bottom cleaned of all
solids and water. The tank should then be purged with
nitrogen gas down to a 3% concentration of residual
oxygen (see Figure 5-1). This will provide a safety factor
greater than 3 in case any air pockets remain during
purging. After out of service equipment has been padded
with nitrogen gas, the manways should be marked as
follows: DANGER DO NOT ENTER PADDED
WITH N2.
10.5
Maintenance and
Inspection
Preventive maintenance and inspection of containers,

hoses, pumps, fittings, fire protection equipment and
refrigeration units used for propylene oxide should be
conducted. An adequate supply of spare parts for
refrigeration units should be maintained. Overpressure
and overfill detectors and combustible gas detectors
should be maintained and calibrated regularly.
10
Confined Space Entry
OSHA (29 CFR 1910.146) establishes requirements for

entry into confined spaces.
Some insulating materials reduce the auto ignition

temperature of propylene oxide. New insulating materials
should be tested prior to use.
For confined spaces that typically contain propylene

oxide, a lower flammability limit of 1.7 volume percent
should be used to determine permit requirements.
The inspection program should also include daily

inspection of equipment, storage areas, and monitoring of
ventilation systems.
51
TA N K C L E A N I N G
AND
E Q U I P M E N T R E PA I R
Preventive maintenance schedules should be developed

for critical equipment such as fire fighting equipment,
combustible gas detectors, pumps, safety relief valves,
gaskets and emission control equipment.
10
52
11. TRANSPORTATION REGULATORY

REQUIREMENTS
The Distribution Safety Program of Lyondell Chemical
Company has been implemented in accordance with the
Chemical Manufacturers Associations Responsible Care
Distribution Code of Management Practices.
Not every authorized U.S. Department of Transportation
(DOT), International Maritime Organization (IMO),
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) or
International Air Transport Association (IATA)
packaging is addressed in this chapter. Lyondell Chemical
Company has selected transport routes and modes in
concert with packaging configurations to develop and
implement risk reduction alternatives.
The U.S. DOT Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR)
codified in Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
were reauthorized by The Hazardous Materials
Transportation and Uniform Safety Act (see Appendix VI
for citations) in November, 1990. A simplified summary
of the effective dates for provisions of various
promulgating HMR Final Rules can be found in 49 CFR
171.14.
The Department of Transportation recognizes that the
implementing systems will be unavoidably mixed during
the transition period. Shippers are encouraged to use
either Implementing Final Rules or the current DOT
system as consistently as possible.
Federal regulations describe authorized procedures to
properly package, mark, label, placard and manifest
shipments. These procedures depend upon the quantity
and type of hazardous material and the method of
transport of the substance. If one plans to transport
hazardous material internationally by air, then the
requirements of the IATA and ICAO must be met.
Shipment by water requires compliance with the IMO
regulations.
Special training in Classification, Marking, Labeling,
Placarding and Packaging is required to offer PO for
transport. The required training is defined in
49 CFR 172.700.
A Canadian shipment or package of propylene oxide may
be transported by tank car or tank truck within the United
States if it is in compliance with the requirements of DOT
49 CFR 171 or the regulations of Transport Canada and
the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act, Part IV. A

transborder consignment of propylene oxide from the
U.S. to Canada may also be made under the same
provisions. Per the Transport Dangerous Goods
Regulations, a Canadian approved emergency response
plan for PO will be assigned a registration number which
must appear on the shipping papers before a shipment in
Canada can take place.
11.1
Classification
Propylene oxide is listed in the Hazardous Materials

Table (49 CFR 172 Subpart B); therefore, it is designated
as a hazardous material for transportation purposes.
Propylene oxide is assigned a hazard classification of 3
with a packaging group (PG) designation of I. The
designation PG I implies that the degree of danger
present is great. The identification number is UN1280.
The DOT shipping requirement is Propylene oxide, 3,
UN1280, PG I, RQ (49 CFR 172 Subpart C).
11.2
Marking, Labeling and

Placarding
General and specific requirements concerning marking,

labeling, placarding and the preparation of shipping
papers are found in 49 CFR 172 and depend on the
transport mode, packaging configuration and quantity of
hazardous material being transported. Markings are
placed on opposing sides of bulk packagings (less than
1,000 gallons capacity) and on each side and each end for
a greater capacity (bulk) packaging.
Marking, labeling and placarding requirements are
detailed in 49 CFR 172 Subparts D, E and F respectively.
Subparts E and F have pictorials of labels and placards.
A flammable liquid label and flammable placard are
required (see Figures 11-1 and 11-2). Each bulk
packaging, other than a tank car, that is required to be
placarded when it contains a hazardous material must
remain placarded when it is emptied, unless it meets the
special requirements of Subpart F. Special placarding
provisions for rail apply for residues (see Figure 11-3).
11.3
11
Packaging
Packaging exemptions are not permitted. Special

provisions are included in the Hazardous Materials Table
53
T R A N S P O R TAT I O N R E G U L AT O R Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S
BL
ED
AC
FLAMMABLE LIQUID
AC
BL
49 CFR 172.101. For combination packagings in limited

quantities, if glass inner packagings (including ampoules)
are used, they must be packed with absorbent material in
tightly closed metal receptacles before packing in outer
packagings. Aluminum construction materials are not
authorized for any part of a packaging which is normally
in contact with the propylene oxide. If Intermodal (IM)
101 portable tanks are used, the minimum test pressure is
6 bars (1 bar=14.5 psig). Bottom outlets and pressure
relief devices of IM 101 portable tanks will conform to
49 CFR 173 Subpart B and 49 CFR 178 Subpart H,
respectively. Propylene oxide transported in IM portable
tank must be completely covered with an inert gas.
Lyondell Chemical Company uses nitrogen. Non-bulk
packaging is specified in Part 173, Subpart E, while bulk
packaging is addressed in 49 CFR 173, Subpart F.
Figure 11-1
11.3.1 Tank Trucks

W
H
IT
IT
H
W
ED
BLACK
1280
WHITE
ED
Lyondell Chemical Company ships propylene oxide in

DOT Specification MC 331 cargo tank trucks. These
tanks have a capacity of up to 7,000 gallons. Once filled
with propylene oxide, the cargo tank truck is pressurized
to 2025 pounds per square inch gauge (psig) with a
nitrogen pad. The pressure relief system will meet the
requirements in 49 CFR 178 Subpart J. Bottom outlets of
the cargo tank are equipped with internal self-closing
stop-valves meeting the requirements of Subpart J. See
49 CFR 173 Subpart B for limitations on the use of
pressure unloading. Requirements for the test and
inspection of cargo tanks, minimum qualifications for
inspectors and testers, test and inspection markings, and
reporting and record retention requirements can be found
in 49 CFR 180 Subpart E. These regulations should be
reviewed in detail to establish inspection protocols for
tank trucks used in the transport of propylene oxide.
Figure 11-2
W
H
IT
R
ED
For your convenience sample tank truck unloading

procedures can be found in Section 9.2.
ED
K
AC
BL
IT
H
RESIDUE
W
11
1280
BLACK
Tank cars used to transport propylene oxide are

cylindrical and constructed of steel. While there are
various types of cars authorized, with its increased safety
features Lyondell Chemical Company uses a Specification
DOT 105 insulated and pressurized tank car with a
thermal protection system and full head shields.
WHITE
11.3.2 Tank Cars
Figure 11-3
54
Propylene oxide may be transported by rail if it is

originally consigned or subsequently reconsigned to a
party having a private track (49 CFR 171.8) or to a party
using railroad siding facilities which are equipped for
piping the propylene oxide from the tank car to
permanent storage. When unloading at a railroad siding
facility, the delivery and complete unloading of the tank
car must be made to permanent storage tanks of sufficient
capacity to receive the entire contents of the car (see 49
CFR 174 Subpart G).
Tank cars will be unloaded in accordance with 49 CFR
174 Subpart C (see Section 9.1).
While other tank cars are authorized in 49 CFR 173
Subpart F, Lyondell Chemical Company uses DOT
Specification 105J tank cars. Per the same Subpart,
riveted tank cars are not authorized. Placarding will be in
accordance with 49 CFR 172 Subpart F. The red
Flammable placard (see Figure 11-2) will be used.
When a tank car is emptied to the maximum extent
practicable, the FLAMMABLE placard is replaced
with a RESIDUE placard (see Figure 11-3).
11.3.3 ISO Tanks

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
tanks are a specific class of Intermodal (IM) tanks
designed and constructed to permit their use
interchangeably in two or more modes of transport.
Lyondell Chemical Company uses DOT Intermodal 101 or
IMO Type I portable tanks. These tanks contain
approximately 6,000 gallons of propylene oxide under a
nitrogen blanket of 1525 psig. Another steel portable
tank is Specification DOT 51. However, it is for domestic
use only.
Specification requirements for IM 101 steel portable
tanks which are authorized to carry propylene oxide are
delineated in 49 CFR 178 Subpart H. The IM 101 tank
is transported only on a drop-chassis trailer with a
resulting lower center of gravity. Periodic inspections of
the chassis should be made.
Intermodal portable tanks with a capacity of at least 5,000
liters (1,900 gallons) may not be loaded to a filling
density of less than 80 percent by volume (see 49 CFR
173 Subpart B).
11.3.4 Marine Transportation

The transport of propylene oxide on passenger vessels is
forbidden. For cargo vessels the U.S. DOT specification
and UN Standard packaging is constructed of materials
that will not react dangerously with or be decomposed by
the propylene oxide (see Section 1.5).
49 CFR 176 defines the requirements for shipment of
flammable liquids such as propylene oxide over water.
Lyondell Chemical Company transports propylene oxide in
packagings such as ISO tanks on container ships or
barges.
Vessel/barge owners must comply with 46 CFR 153,
Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships
Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (the BCH Code),
and Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious
Liquid Substances in Bulk. There are Coast Guard and
IMO regulations governing vessel/barge operation and
construction. The application and maintenance of a
nitrogen blanket for propylene oxide in an ISO tank is
detailed in 46 CFR 153.500. An independent inspector is
employed for quality and quantity measurements to
insure that the propylene oxide is loaded in
uncontaminated tanks.
11.3.5 Air Transportation

Propylene oxide may be transported domestically and
internationally by air in specific packagings and
quantities. These specific requirements should be
reviewed thoroughly prior to offering propylene oxide for
international air transport.
The IATA and ICAO requirements must be met for
international shipment. However, they have generally
been incorporated in 49 CFR. Propylene oxide is
authorized to be prepared for air transport and to be
transported by motor vehicle prior to international air
shipment (49 CFR 171).
11.4
Transportation
Emergencies
11
Lyondell Chemical Company markets its products in a

manner which is considerate of the health and safety of
customers, transporters and the general public. However,
even with the best of preparations, emergencies can
occur.
55
All Lyondell Chemical Company Material Safety Data

Sheets (MSDS) contain a 24 hour telephone number for
the CHEMical TRansportation Emergency Center
(CHEMTREC). The CHEMTREC numbers are (800)
424-9300 or call collect (202) 483-7616. These numbers
are staffed 24 hours a day.
11.4.1 Reporting Requirements

The response and reporting requirements which may be
necessary in the event of a transportation incident
involving propylene oxide are detailed in 49 CFR 171.
These requirements, which vary with the severity of the
incident, require immediate notification to the DOT and
11
56
the filing of a detailed hazardous materials incident report

by the carrier.
11.4.2 Transport of Propylene Oxide

Residue
If a discharge of propylene oxide occurs during transport,
an official of the federal, state or local government may
require immediate removal to prevent further
consequences, according to 49 CFR. This may be
accomplished without preparation of a manifest, and the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) does not require
the freight carrier to have an EPA identification number.
If a hazardous waste transporter is used, they must have
an EPA identification number (40 CFR).
APPENDIX I
CONVERSION FACTORS
Symbols for Abbreviations of Units
R
in
ft
yd
mi
gal
bbl
h
Rankine temperature (R = 9/5Kelvin)

inch
foot
yard
mile
U.S. gallon
barrel
hour
lb
oz
lb-mol
Btu
hp
m
g
Pa
pound (av)
ounce (av)
pound mole
British thermal unit
horsepower
meter
gram
Pascal
To convert the numerical value of a property expressed in one of the units in the left-hand column of the following tables
to the numerical value of the same property expressed in one of the units in the top row of the same table, multiply the
original value by the factor in the block common to both units. The SI unit is listed first in each table. Factors with less
than seven significant digits are exact as written.
Units of Mass
kg
1 kg
1
1g
1x10 3
1 metric ton
1000.
1 ton (US)
907.1847
1 lb
0.45359237
1 oz
0.02834952
metric ton
ton (US)
lb
1000.
1
1x10 6
9.071847x10 5
453.59237
28.34952
1x10 3
1x10 6
1
0.9071847
4.5359237.10 4
2.834952x10 5
1.102311x10 3
1.102311x10 6
1.102311
1
0.0005
3.200x10 5
2.204623
2.204623x10 3
2204.623
2000.
1
0.0625
oz
35.27396
0.03527396
35273.96
32000.
16.
1
(1 Liter = 1 dm 3)
Units of Volume
m
1m3
1 dm 3
1 cm 3
1 yd 3
1 ft 3
1 in 3
1 gal
1 bbl
1
1x10 3
1x10 6
0.7645549
0.02831685
1.638706x10 5
3.785412x10 3
0.1589873
in
1m
1 dm 3
1 cm 3
1 yd 3
1 ft 3
1 in 3
1 gal
1 bbl
3
dm
6.102374x10
61.02374
0.06102374
46656.
1728
1
231.
9702.
cm
1000.
1
1x10 3
764.5549
28.31685
0.01638706
3.785412
158.9873
1x10 6
1000.
1
7.645549x10 5
28.31685x10 3
16.38706
3785.412
1.589873x10 5
gal
bbl
264.1721
0.2641721
2.641721x10 4
201.9740
7.480519
4.329004x10 3
1
42.
6.289812
6.289812x10 3
6.289812x10 6
4.808905
0.1781076
1.030715x10 4
0.02380952
1
yd
1.307950
1.307950x10 3
1.307950x10 6
1
0.03703704
2.143347x10 5
4.951132x10 3
0.2079475
ft
35.31467
0.03531467
3.531467x10 5
27.
1
5.787037x10 4
0.1336806
5.614558
(1 Liter = 1 dm 3)
57
C O N V E R S I O N FA C T O R S
Units of Density
kg m
1 kg m 3
1 g cm 3
1 lb ft 3
1 lb in 3
1 lb gal 1
g cm
1
1000.
16.01847
27679.91
119.8264
lb ft
0.001
1
0.01601847
27.67991
0.1198264
lb in
0.06242795
62.42795
1
1728.
7.480519
lb gal
3.612728x10 5 8.345403x10 3
0.03612728
8.345403
5.7870370x10 4
0.1336806
1
231.
4.3290043x10 3
1
(1 g dm 3 = 1 kg m 3)
Units of Pressure
1 Pa
1 bar
1 dyne cm 2
1 kg(wt) cm 2
1 atm
1 torr
1 lb in 2
1 in Hg(60F)
1 in H2O(60F)
Pa
bar
1
1x10 5
0.1
98066.5
101325.0
133.3224
6894.757
3376.85
248.835
1x10
1
1x10 6
0.980665
1.013250
1.333224x10 3
0.06894757
0.0337685
2.48835x10 3
lb in
7.500617x10
750.0617
7.500617x10 4
735.5592
760.
1
51.71493
25.3285
1.86642
3
kg(wt) cm
10.
1x10 6
1
980665.
1013250.
1333.224
68947.57
33768.5
2488.35
torr
1 Pa
1 bar
1 dyne cm 2
1 kg(wt) cm 2
1 atm
1 torr
1 lb in 2
1 in Hg(60F)
1 in H2O(60F)
dyne cm
1.450377x10
14.50377
1.450377x10 5
14.22334
14.69595
0.01933678
1
0.489757
0.0360895
4
atm
1.019716x10
1.019716
1.019716x10 6
1
1.033227
1.359510x10 3
0.07030696
0.0344343
2.53741x10 3
9.869233x10 6
0.9869233
0.9869233x10 8
0.9678411
1
1.315789x10 3
0.06804596
0.0333269
2.45581x10 3
in Hg(60F)
in H2O(60F)
2.961340x10
29.61340
2.961340x10 5
29.0408
30.0058
0.0394812
2.04183
1
0.0736885
4.01872x10 3
401.872
4.01872x10 4
394.103
407.197
0.535786
27.7089
13.5706
1
Units of Dynamic Viscosity

Pa s
1 Pa s
1 kgf s m 2
1 poise
1 cP
1 lbf s in 2
1 lbf s ft 2
kgf s m
1
9.80665
0.1
0.001
6894.758
47.88026
poise
cP
10
98.0665
1
0.01
68947.58
478.8026
1000.
9806.65
100.
1
6894758.
47880.26
0.1019716
1
0.01019716
1.019716x10 4
703.0697
4.882428
lbf s in
lbf s ft
1.450377x10 4
1.422334x10 3
1.450377x10 5
1.450377x10 7
1
6.944444x10 3
0.02088543
0.2048161
2.085543x10 3
2.088543x10 5
144.
1
Units of Thermal Conductivity

Wm K
1
1 W m 1 K 1
1
1 cal s 1 cm 1 K 1
418.4
1 cal/hr cm 1 K 1 0.1162222
1 Btu s 1 ft 1 R 1 6230.646
1 Btu hr 1 ft 1 R 1 1.730735
I
58
cal s 1 cm 1 K 1
cal/hr cm 1 K 1
Btu s 1 ft 1 R 1
Btu hr 1 ft 1 R 1
2.390057x10 3
1
2.777778x10 4
14.89160
4.136555x10 3
8.604205
3600.
1
53609.77
14.89160
1.604970x10 4
0.06715194
1.865332x10 5
1
2.777778x10 4
0.5777892
241.7471
0.06715197
3600.
1
APPENDIX II
WORLDWIDE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS
PROPYLENE OXIDE
TWA 8*
Country
STEL*
(mg/m3)
(ppm)
Austria
120
50
Belgium
240
100
Denmark
12
Finland
12
France
50
20
Germany
2.5
Indonesia
240
100
Italy
240
100
Japan
50
20
Korea
50
20
Mexico
240
100
Netherlands
240
100
Norway
Romania
100
42
200
85 Maximum ceiling concentration
Sweden
Switzerland
2.5
United Kingdom
50
20
United States/America
240
100
(mg/m3)
(ppm)
25
10
240
100
360
150
Taiwan
CIS (Formerly USSR)

1
Skin Irritant
360
Venezuela
240
100
Yugoslavia
240
100
150
* Note: Refer to documents of the appropriate country for up-do-date information.
I
59
APPENDIX III
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF MANUFACTURERS
Fire Fighting Foam
FFFP
Combustible Gas Detectors

TLV Sniffer
Explosimeter
Infrared Spectrophotometer
MIRAN 1B2
MIRAN 1BX
MIRAN 101
MIRAN 103
MIRAN 1B
MIRAN 1A
Flame Ionization Detectors
Century OVA 128
Century OVA 108
Photoionization Detectors
Photovacs TIP
HNU Model P101
Armour Ltd.
7235 Standard Drive
Dorsey, Maryland 21076
(301) 796-8836
Bacharach
625 Alpha Drive
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238
(412) 963-2000
MSA
P.O. Box 426
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230
1-800-MSA-2222
The Foxboro Company
Foxboro, Massachusetts 02035
(203) 853-1616
The Foxboro Company

Foxboro, Massachusetts 02035
(203) 853-1616
Photovac International Corp.
739B Park Avenue
Huntington, New York 11743
1-800-387-5700
Hnu Systems Inc.
160 Charlemont Street
Newtown Highland, Michigan 02161
(617) 964-6690
II
61
NAMES
AND
ADDRESSES
Colorometric Detector Tubes

Propylene Oxide (use Ethylene Oxide
Nos. 163 or 163L)
Propylene Oxide (use Ethylene Oxide

No. 67 28241
III
62
OF
M A N U FA C T U R E R S
Sensidyne
16333 Bay Vista Drive
Clearwater, Florida 34620
1-800-451-9444
Drager
Vendor: Protech Safety Equipment Inc.
P.O. Box 4280
37 East 21st Street
Linden, New Jersey 07036
1-800-526-4121
APPENDIX IV
NIOSH METHOD 1612
PROPYLENE OXIDE
C3H60
MW: 58.08
METHOD: 1612, Issue 2
CAS: 75-56-9
EVALUATION: Partial
OSHA: 100 ppm

NIOSH: lowest feasible (carcinogen);
Group 1 Pesticide
ACGIH: 20 ppm
(1 ppm = 2.37 mg/m3 @ NTP)
SYNONYMS:
RTECS: TZ2975000
PROPERTIES:
Issue 1: 15 May 1985

Issue 2: 15 August 1994
liquid: d 0.8287 g/mL @ 20C
BP 34C: MP - 104C;
VP 59 kPa (442 mm Hg; 58% v/v)
@ 20C: explosive range 1.7 to 37%
(v/v) in air
1,2-epoxypropane: methyloxirane
SAMPLING
MEASUREMENT
SAMPLER: solid sorbent tube
TECHNIQUE: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, FID
(coconut shell charcoal, 100 mg/50 mg)
ANALYTE: propylene oxide
FLOW RATE: 0.01 to 0.2 L/min
DESORPTION: 1 mL CS2; stand 30 min
VOL
- MIN: 0.5 L @ 100 ppm
INJECTION VOLUME: 5 L
- MAX: 5 L
TEMPERATURE -INJECTION: 190C
SHIPMENT: refrigerated
-DETECTOR: 255C
SAMPLE STABILITY: not determined
-COLUMN:
FIELD BLANKS: 2 to 10 field blanks per set
40C, 6 min;
50C/min to 250C
CARRIER GAS: N2, 1 mL/min; makeup 29 mL/min

ACCURACY
RANGE STUDIED: 121 to 482 mg/m# [1] (5-L samples)

BIAS: - 1.8%
OVERALL PRECISION (S^rT): 0.085 [1]
ACCURACY: 11.9%
COLUMN: 30 m x 0.32-mm fused silica capillary

column, 1.0 m DB-5 [2]
CALIBRATION: propylene oxide in CS2
RANGE: 0.03 to 3 mg per sample [2]
ESTIMATED LOD: 0.01 mg per sample
PRECISION (Sr): 0.029 @ 0.6 to 2.4 mg per sample [1]
APPLICABILITY:
The working range is 8 to 295 ppm (20 to 700 mg/m3) for 5-L air sample [1].
INTERFERENCES:
None found
OTHER METHODS: This revises method S75 [3].

REAGENTS:
1. Propylene oxide (PrO), reagent grade.*
2. Carbon disulfide (CS2), chromatographic quality.*
3. Hexane, reagent grade.*
4. Calibration stock solution, 10 mg/ml in carbon disulfide.
I
63
NIOSH METHOD 1612
5.
6.
7.
8.
Desorption efficiency (DE) stock solution, 150 mg/mL, in hexane.

Nitrogen, purified.
Hydrogen, purified.
Air, compressed, filtered.
* See Special Precautions

EQUIPMENT:
1. Sampler: glass tube, 7 cm long, 6-mm OD, 4 mm ID, flame-sealed ends with plastic caps, containing two sections
activated (600C) coconut shell charcoal (front + 100 mg; back = 50 mg) separated by a 2-mm urethane foam plug. A
silylated glass wool plug precedes front section and a 3-mm urethane plug follows the back section. Pressure drop
across the tube at 1L/min airflow must be less than 3.4 kPa. Tubes commercially available.
2. Personal sampling pump, 0.01 to 0.2 L/min, with flexible connecting tubing.
3. Shipping container, with bagged refrigerant.
4. Gas chromatograph, FID, integrator, and column (page 1612-1).
5. Vials, 2-mL PTFE-lined caps.
6. Syringes, 10 L readable to 0.1 L and other convenient sizes for preparing standards.
7. Volumetric flasks, 10-mL.
8. Pipet, 1-mL.
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS: Carbon disulfide is toxic and a dangerous fire and explosion hazard (flash point = -30C).
Propylene oxide is a suspect carcinogen and is extremely flammable (flash point = -37C) [4]. Hexane is extremely
flammable. Work with these only in a hood.
SAMPLING:
1. Calibrate each personal sampling pump with a representative sampler in line.
2. Break the ends of the sampler immediately before sampling. Attach sampler to personal sampling pump with flexible
tubing.
3. Sample at an accurately known flow rate between 0.01 and 0.2 L/min for a total sample size of 0.5 to 5 L.
4. Cap the samplers and pack securely for shipment in an insulated container with bagged refrigerant. Refrigerate upon
receipt.
SAMPLE PREPARATION:
5. Place the front and back sorbent sections of the sampler tube in separate vials. Discard the glass wool and foam
plugs.
6. Add 1.0 mL CS2 in each vial. Attach cap to each vial.
7. Allow to stand 30 min with occasional agitation.
IV
64
CALIBRATION AND QUALITY CONTROL:

8. Calibrate daily with at least six working standards over the range 0.01 to 3 mg propylene oxide (PrO) per sample.
a. Add known amounts of PrO or calibration stock solution to CS2 in 10-mL volumetric flasks and dilute to the
mark.
b. Analyze together with samples and blanks (steps 11 and 12).
c. Prepare calibration graph (peak area vs. mg PrO).
9. Determine desorption efficiency (DE) at least once for each lot of charcoal used for sampling in the calibration range
(step 8). Prepare three tubes at each of five levels plus three media blanks.
a. Remove and discard back sorbent section of a media blank sampler.
b. Inject a known amount (1 to 20 L) of DE stock solution directly onto front sorbent section with a microliter
syringe.
c. Cap the tube. Allow to stand overnight.
d. Desorb (steps 5 through 7) and analyze together with working standards (steps 11 and 12).
NIOSH METHOD 1612
e. Prepare a graph of DE vs. mg PrO recovered.

10. Analyze three quality control blind spikes and three analyst spikes to ensure that the calibration graph and DE graph
are in control.
MEASUREMENT:
11. Set gas chromatograph according to manufacturers recommendations and to conditions given on page 63. Inject
sample aliquot manually using solvent flush technique or with autosampler.
NOTE: If peak area is above the linear range of the working standards, dilute with CS2, reanalyze, and apply the
appropriate dilution factor in calculations.
12. Measure peak areas.
CALCULATIONS:
13. Determine the mass, mg (corrected for DE) of PrO found in the sample front (Wf) and back (Wb) sorbent sections,
and in the average media blank front (Bf) and back (Bb) sorbent sections.
NOTE: If @Wb > Wf /10, report breakthrough and possible sample loss.
14. Calculate concentration, C, of PrO in the air volume sampled, V (L):
(Wf + Wb - Wf - Wb) 103
C = ____________________, mg /m3
V
EVALUATION OF METHOD:
Method S75 was issued on February 14, 1975 [3], and validated over the range 121 to 482 mg/m3 at 24C and 766 mm Hg
using a 5-L sample [1]. Overall precision, S^rT, was 0.085, with an average recovery of 94.4% at the OSHA standard level.
Desorption efficiencies averaged 0.88, 0.95, and 0.96 at 0.6, 1.2, and 2.4 mg propylene oxide per sample, respectively.
Breakthrough (5% on back section) occurred at 45 min when sampling an atmosphere of propylene oxide containing 484
mg/m3 in dry air at 0.185 L/min. At this time, the front section contained 4 mg propylene oxide. Breakthrough in humid
air and storage stability were not determined.
REFERENCES:
[1] Documentation of the NIOSH Validation Tests, S75, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Publ.
(NIOSH) 77-185 (1977), available as GPO Stock #017-033-00231-2 from Superintendent of Documents,
Washington, DC 20402.
[2] DataChem. Inc., NIOSH Sequences #65 99, 6722, 6723 (unpublished, 1989).
[3] NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 2nd Ed., Vol. 2 S75 U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, Publ.
(NIOSH) 77-157-B (1977).
[4] NIOSH/OSHA Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards, U.S. Department of Health Human Services,
Publ. (NIOSH) 81-123 (1931), available as GPO Stock #017-033-00337-8 from Superintendent of Documents,
Washington, DC 20402
METHOD REVISED BY: George Williamson, NIOSH/DPSE.
I
65
APPENDIX V
ACC-FUNDED METHOD PASSIVE DOSIMETER
ISSUED:
FORMULA:
M.W.:
OSHA:
ACGIH:
December 28, 1994

C3H60
58.08
100 ppm
20 ppm
PROPERTIES:
Liquid, d 0.8287 g/mL;

BP 34C;
MP -112C
SYNONYMS: 1,2-epoxypropane; methyloxirane; CAS #75-56-9

SAMPLING
MEASUREMENT
SAMPLER: Charcoal badge, (3M 3520 passive sampler)
TECHNIQUE: Gas Chromatography, FID
FLOW RATE: NA
ANALYTE: propylene oxide
TIME
-MIN: 15 min at 0.2 ppm
DESORPTION: 1.5 mL carbon disulfide
-MAX: 8 hours
INJECTION VOLUME: 1 L
SHIPMENT: routine
TEMPERATURE -INJECTION: 150C
SAMPLE STABILITY: >7 days at 20C
-DETECTOR: 300C
FIELD BLANKS: 10% of samples, minimum of 2
-OVEN:
ACCURACY
60C for 8 min,

10/min to 120C,
30/min to 180C
for 1.5 min
RANGE STUDIED: 0.4 to 37 ppm (8 hour samples)
CARRIER GAS: He2, 4 psi
BIAS: not significant; average recovery = 107.3%

(n = 20)
COLUMN: Restek Rtx-5, 30 m x 0.53, 5.0 m film
OVERALL PRECISION: (Sr) 0.056
CALIBRATION: propylene oxide in carbon disulfide,

n-heptane internal standard
RANGE: 0.5 to 2000 g per sample
ESTIMATED LOD: 0.3 g
PRECISION: (Sr) 0.056 at 10 to 2000 g per sample
APPLICABILITY: The working range is 0.04 to 37 ppm for an 8 hour sample.

INTERFERENCES:
None known
OTHER METHODS:
NIOSH 1612
REAGENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Solvent: carbon disulfide, chromatographic quality. n-Heptane is used as an internal standard. The solution is made
about 50 g/mL in n-heptane by adding about 5 mg per 100 mL. The same batch of solvent should be used to prepare
standards and extract samples for the entire sample set.
Propylene oxide, high purity for standard preparation.
Calibration standards: accurately weigh about 20 mg propylene oxide into a 10 mL volumetric flask containing the
solvent. Dissolve in the solvent prepared as described above and dilute to the mark. Make serial dilutions down to a
concentration of about 1 g/mL.
Helium, high purity.
Hydrogen, high purity.
Compressed air, high purity.
V
67
AC C - F U N D E D M E T H O D P A S S I V E D O S I M E T E R
EQUIPMENT
1. Sampler: 3M Passive Charcoal Badge #3520, containing two sections of a charcoal strip collector.
2. Gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector
3. Capillary gas chromatographic column, 95% dimethylpolysiloxane, 5% phenyl, 30 m x 0.53 mm, 5.0 m film
thickness. (Restek Corp. No. rety10154)
4. Vials, 2 mL GC vials.
5. Pipets and volumetric flasks for preparing standards.
6. Analytical balance.
7. Syringe, 10 L.
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS: none
SAMPLING:
1. Immediately before sampling, remove the samplers from the sealed containers and clip on lapel of worker.
2. Sample for an accurately measured period from 15 min to 8 hours.
3. Separate the front and back sections, cap with plastic lids provided with samplers, return to original containers, and
pack securely for shipping. The samples are stable at room temperature for at least 7 days.
SAMPLE PREPARATION:
4. Add 1.5 mL extraction solvent to each section of the samplers and cap immediately.
5. Allow to stand 30 min with occasional agitation.
CALIBRATION AND QUALITY CONTROL:
6. Calibrate daily with at least 4 working standards of propylene oxide over the range of 4 to 500 g/mL.
7. Prepare calibration curve (ratio of peak area of propylene oxide to peak area of n-heptane vs. concentration of
propylene oxide.)
8. Determine the desorption efficiency at least once for each lot of badge used. The method was validated using 3M lot
No. 4122 009. Prepare three badges at each of three levels plus three media blanks.
a. Spiking standards must be made from a batch of solvent that does not contain the internal standard. Otherwise,
prepare as above.
b. Inject a known amount of the appropriate standard directly onto the charcoal strip of a blank sampler with a
microliter syringe.
c. Extract and analyze together with working standards.
d. Prepare a graph of DE vs. mg of propylene oxide recovered.
MEASUREMENT:
9. Set gas chromatograph according to manufacturers recommendations and to conditions given above. Inject aliquot
manually or with auto sampler.
NOTE: If peak area is above highest standard, dilute an aliquot of the sample with the extraction solvent, reanalyze,
and apply the appropriate dilution factor in the calculations.
10. Measure the peak areas. Divide the area of the propylene oxide peak by the area of the n-heptane peak on the same
chromatogram.
CALCULATIONS:
11. Determine the mass, g (corrected for DE) of propylene oxide found in sample front (Wf) and sample back (Wb)
sorbent sections and determine the average mass found in the media blanks.
NOTE: If Wb >Wf /2, report breakthrough and possible sample loss.
V
68
AC C - F U N D E D M E T H O D P A S S I V E D O S I M E T E R
14. Calculate concentration, C, of propylene oxide.

(Wf + Wb Bf Bb )
C, mg/m3 = __________________
V
EVALUATION OF METHOD:
This method was validated at 0.4, 1.0, 2.2, 9.7 and 37.6 ppm. Test atmospheres were generated by delivering propylene
oxide from a syringe pump to an airstream which was diluted in a sampling chamber with humidified air. The
concentration was verified by collecting charcoal tube samples. Twelve samples were collected (8 hours) at each level on
3M 3520 charcoal badges, lot no. 4122 009. Four were analyzed to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the method,
four were analyzed after storage for seven days at room temperature and four after storage for seven days at 4C. The
average recoveries were 113.6, 111.8, 104.8, 106.5, and 99.9% at 0.4, 1.0, 2.2, 9.7 and 37.6 ppm respectively. Relative
standard deviations for the four levels were 5.3%, @.0%, 2.1%, 0.15% 0.15, and 4.7%. There was no detectable sample
loss upon storage for seven days under either condition. The desorption efficiencies were 87.8, 77.0, 80.3, and 75.3% at
10, 41, 413, and 2082 g, respectively.
V
69
APPENDIX VI
REFERENCES
ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
6500 Glenway Avenue, Bldg. D-7
Cincinnati, OH 45211-4438
ACGIH; Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
11 West 42nd Street
New York, New York 10036
ANSI B16.21; Nonmetallic Flat Gasket for Pipe Flanges
ANSI B31; American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping
ANSI Z41.1; Safety Toe Footwear
ANSI Z87.1; Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection
ANSI Z88.2; Practices for Respiratory Protection
ANSI Z89.1; Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers
ANSI Z129.1; Hazardous Industrial Chemicals - Precautionary Labeling
ANSI Z358.1; Emergency Eye Wash and Shower Equipment
API
American Petroleum Institute
1220 L Street, N.W.
API RP-520; Recommended Practice for the Design and Installation of Pressure-Relieving System in Refineries
Part I - Design
API RP-520; Sizing, Selection and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries
Part II - Installation
API 610; Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service
API 620; Recommended Rules for the Design and Construction of Large Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
API 650; Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
API RP-2000; Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
API RP-2028; Flame Arresters in Piping System
API RP-2210; Flame Arresters for Vents of Tanks Storing Petroleum Product
ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineers United Engineering Center
345 East 47th Street
New York, New York 10017
ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1; Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
ASME/ANSI B31; American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping
71
REFERENCES
DOT
400 Seventh Street, S.W.
49 CFR 107; Hazardous Materials Program Procedures
49 CFR 171; General Information, Regulations and Definitions
49 CFR 171.8; Definitions and Abbreviations
49 CFR 171.14; Transitional Provisions for Implementing Requirements Based on UN Recommendation
49 CFR Part 172; Hazardous Materials Table, Special Provisions, Hazardous Materials Communication
Requirements and Emergency Response Information Requirements
49 CFR 172, Subpart C; Shipping Papers
49 CFR 172, Subpart D; Markings
49 CFR 172, Subpart E; Labeling
49 CFR 172, Subpart F; Placarding
49 CFR 172, Subpart G; Emergency Response Information
49 CFR 173; Shippers - General Requirements for Shipments and Packaging
49 CFR 173.11; Shippers Registration Statement; Flammable Cryogenic Liquids
49 CFR 174; Carriage by Rail
49 CFR 176; Carriage by Vessel
49 CFR 178; Specifications for Packagings
49 CFR 179; Specifications for Tank Car Tanks
49 CFR 180, Subpart E; Qualifications and Maintenance of Cargo Tanks
EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
40 CFR 261; Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste
40 CFR 262; Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste
40 CFR 302; Designation, Reportable Quantities and Notification
40 CFR 355; Emergency Planning and Notification
40 CFR 370; Hazardous Chemical Reporting: Community Right-to-Know
40 CFR 403; General Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution
40 CFR 707; Chemicals Imports and Exports
40 CFR 716; Health and Safety Data Reporting
40 CFR 799; Identification of Specific Chemical Substance and Mixture Testing Requirements
FR
VI
72
Office of the Federal Register

National Archives and Records Administration
REFERENCES
IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
49 Sheridan Street
Albany, New York 12210
IATA
International Air Transport Association
1155 Mansfield Street
Montreal 113, P.Q., Canada
IATA; Dangerous Goods Regulations
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
1000 Sherbrooke Street West
Suite 400
Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A, 2R2
ICAO; Technical Instructions for Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods, By Air
IMO
International Maritime Organization
Albert Embankment
London SE, 1
England
IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Codes, Volumes I, II, III, IV, Supplement
IMO; International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk,
IBC Code.
IMO; International Code for the Construction and Equipment of ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, IGC
Code.
MSHA
Mine Safety and Health Administration
5012 Mountaineer Mall
Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
NFPA
National Fire Protection Agency
Batterymarch Park
Quincy, Massachusetts 02269
NFPA 10; Portable Fire Extinguishers
NFPA 11; Foam Extinguishing Systems, Low Expansion and Combined Agent
NFPA 14; Standpipe and Hose Systems
NFPA 30; Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
NFPA 70; National Electrical Code, Article 500 - Hazardous (Classified) Locations
NFPA 77; Static Electricity

NFPA 80; Fire Doors and Windows
NFPA 704; Standard System for the Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials
73
REFERENCES
NIOSH
National Fire Protection Association
Batterymarch Park
Quincy, Massachusetts 02269
NTP
National Toxicology Program
P.O. Box 12233
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
200 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
29 CFR 1910.106; Flammable and Combustible Liquids
29 CFR 1910.107; Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials
29 CFR 1910.120; Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER)
29 CFR 1910.134; Respiratory Protection
29 CFR 1910.147; Sources of Standards
29 CFR 1910.151; Medical Services and First Aid
29 CFR 1910.156; Fire Brigades
29 CFR 1910.1000; Air Contaminants
29 CFR 1910.1200; Hazard Communication
State of California
California Health and Welfare Agency
Office of the Secretary
1600 Ninth Street, Room 450
Sacramento, CA 95814
Proposition 65; Californias Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986
State of New Jersey

New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Occupational and Environmental Health
Department of Health, CN 368
Trenton, NJ 08625
New Jersey Administrative Code, Title 8, Department of Health, Chapter 59; Worker and Community Right to
Know Act
State of Pennsylvania
VI
74
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Department of Labor and Industry
Harrisburg, PA
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Act 1984-159; Worker and Community Right to Know Regulation
REFERENCES
UL
Underwriters Laboratories
333 Pfingston Road
Northbrook, IL 60062
UL 525; Flame Arresters for Use on Vents of Storage Tanks for Petroleum Oil and Gasoline
UN
United Nations
First Avenue and Forty-second Street
New York, NY 10017
Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
US COAST GUARD
US Coast Guard, Headquarters
2100 Second Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20093-0001
46 CFR 153; Ships Carrying Bulk Liquid, Liquified Gas, or Compressed Gas Hazardous Materials
V
75
APPENDIX VII
REGULATORY SUMMARY
PROPYLENE OXIDE
The following summary presents some of the federal, state and international laws and enabling regulations that require
review prior to handling, storage or distribution of propylene oxide. This overview is not and should not be construed as
an all inclusive source of information. In addition, other international, federal, state, and local laws and regulations may be
applicable.
Federal
Clean Air Act
The Clean Air Act required the EPA to set national ambient air quality standards for pollutants determined to be injurious
to health or welfare.
Propylene oxide is listed as a potential human health hazard under Section 111. Specific control technologies are
defined for such hazardous chemicals (40 CFR 60.489).
Amendments to the Clean Air Act enacted in 1990 required EPA to establish technology standards applicable to the
sources of listed pollutants. Listing under Title III, Section 112 requires automatic spill reporting under CERCLA (see
below), 42 U.S.C. 9601(14)).
Propylene oxide is one of the listed pollutants.
Hazardous Organic NESHAP (HON) Synthetic Organic Chemicals (40 CFR 63.100-106)
Under a final rule effective 4/22/94, propylene oxide is listed as a Group I chemical (Table 1). Existing sources
of chemicals in Group I must be in compliance with equipment leak rules (40 CFR 63.160-183) as of 4/24/95.
Propylene oxide also is listed as an organic hazardous air pollutant (Table 2) emitted from synthetic organic
chemical manufacturing industry (SOCMI) processes. Emissions are regulated by 40 CFR 63.100-.182 (subparts F,
G, and H).
Clean Air Act Section 112(r) Risk Management Program for Accidental Release Prevention (40 CFR 68.130).
Propylene oxide is one of the chemicals regulated under this program with a threshold quantity of 10,000 lbs.
Propylene oxide also is on the EHS list if the vapor pressure is 10 mmHg or greater.
Clean Water Act
The Clean Water Act was enacted to ensure the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nations waters by
setting national water standards for publicly owned treatment works and industry and by creating the national Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program. The following sections of the law may be of interest to the user
of propylene oxide:
Section 307 Priority Pollutants (40 CFR 401.15) - not listed.
Section 311 (40 CFR 116.4) List of Chemicals considered hazardous if spilled in navigable waters. Regulations
specify spill procedures to be followed in the event of accidental spillage. Propylene oxide is listed.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, & Liability Act (CERCLA)
CERCLA, more commonly known as Superfund, established a list of more than 700 hazardous substances that, when
released in quantities equal to or exceeding a specified reportable quantity (RQ) must be reported to the National
Response Center. Most CERCLA hazardous substances are subject not only to CERCLA regulations but also to
Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III, Section 304, emergency notification requirements (see
below).
The final RQ for propylene oxide is 100 lbs. or 45.4 kgs. (40 CFR 302).
V
77
R E G U L AT O R Y S U M M A R Y
The National Response Center hotline for reporting spills is 1-800/424-8802.

EPA maintains a RCRA/Superfund hotline for information. This number is 1-800/424-9346; in Washington, D.C., the
number is 202/382-3000.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
The major objectives of RCRA are to protect human health and the environment while conserving valuable material and
energy resources. The Act is concerned with all stages in the hazardous waste management cycle - generation, storage,
transportation, and disposal - and requires notification to EPA within 90 days by anyone who generates, transports, treats,
stores, or disposes of the specific covered wastes.
Process waste streams from propylene oxide manufacturing are not specifically identified as hazardous wastes
(40 CFR 261.31 and 40 CFR 261.32).
Off specification, discarded commercial chemicals product, spill cleanup residue, and containers containing
propylene oxide are not considered listed hazardous wastes (40 CFR 261.33).
Mixtures of propylene oxide and propylene oxide solutions may exhibit flash points less than 140F. and would be
considered ignitable hazardous wastes (40 CFR 261.21).
Under the 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to RCRA, prohibitions were mandated on the land disposal of
hazardous waste and EPA issued a schedule for making land disposal restrictions.
Propylene oxide is not specifically listed as a hazardous waste.
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
The 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act required EPA to establish a priority list of contaminants which are
known or anticipated to occur in public water systems and which may require regulation under the SDWA.
Propylene oxide does not appear on the priority list of contaminants established by EPA under this law
(56 FR 1473, 1/14/91).
EPAs Safe Drinking Water hotline is 1-800/426-4791; in the Washington, D.C. area, the number is 202/382-5533.
Department of Transportation (DOT)
The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1974 gave the Department of Transportation authority to regulate the
transportation of hazardous materials in interstate commerce. DOT regulates such matters as classification, packaging, and
hazard communication (labeling). DOT also has established spill notification requirements. Regulations governing the
transport of hazardous materials can be found at 49 CFR 106, 107, 116, 130, 171-180, and 397.
Propylene oxide is listed as a DOT hazardous material (49 CFR 172.102), identification #UN1280. It requires a
Flammable Liquid label.
In June 1994, the Research & Special Programs Administration (RSPA), in an action mandated by CERCLA, revised the
List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities (49 CFR 172.101, Appendix A). The final rule became effective
8/29/94. Listed substances require bill of lading annotation so that shippers and carriers can identify CERCLA hazardous
substances and submit required notifications if a discharge/spill occurs.
Propylene oxide is listed with a reportable quantity (RQ) of 100 pounds.
Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
The following OSHA regulations apply to propylene oxide and, where appropriate, are described in more detail in various
sections of this document.
29 CFR 1910.106, Subpart H - Storage of flammable and combustible liquids.
VII
78
29 CFR 1910.155, Subpart I - Fire protection relative to flammable or combustible liquids.

29 CFR 1910.164 - Fire detection systems required when propylene oxide is in use.
29 CFR 1910.1000, Subpart Z, Permissible Exposure Limits
Table Z-1
PEL: 100 ppm; 240 mg/m3
Table Z-1-A
TWA: 20 ppm; 50 mg/m3
OSHA revoked the exposure levels listed in Tables Z-1 and Z-1-A on June 30, 1993 (58 FR 35338) as a result of a
court decision. They remain in this document since the following OSHA state plan states continue to enforce them
and it is Lyondell Chemical Companys intent to abide by either these levels or the ACGIH levels where the latter
provide more protection.
Table Z-1: Arizona, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Wyoming, and Puerto Rico.
Table Z-1-A: Alaska, California, Connecticut, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, Vermont,
Washington, and the Virgin Islands.
29 CFR 1910.1200, Hazard Communication Standard.
Propylene oxide appears on one of the lists specifically cited at 29 CFR 1910.1200 (d)(3). Chemicals on these lists
automatically are considered as hazardous and are subject to HCR requirements.
Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act (SARA)
Sections 302/304 of SARA detail emergency planning and emergency notification requirements under which facilities
must report releases of extremely hazardous substances and CERCLA listed hazardous substances in excess of threshold
planning quantities (TPQ) and reportable quantities (RQs). Facilities also must submit copies of MSDSs (Sections
311/312) and report emissions of toxic chemicals (Section 313).
Propylene oxide is listed as an extremely hazardous substance (Section 302; 40 CFR 355) with a threshold planning
quantity (TPQ) of 10,000 pounds and a reportable quantity (RQ) of 100 lbs.
Lyondell Chemical has classified Propylene oxide as an immediate (acute) health hazard; a delayed (chronic) health
hazard; a fire hazard; and reactive (Sections 311/312).
Propylene oxide is listed as a toxic chemical (Section 313; 40 CFR 372) with a de minimus concentration level of
0.1%.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
The Toxic Substances Control Act gives EPA authority to regulate production, use, labeling, distribution, and/or disposal
of chemical substances and mixtures; to delay production; to ban or restrict manufacturing or marketing of existing or new
chemical substances which present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment; to require testing,
recordkeeping, and reporting. All manufacturers, importers, processors, distributors, and disposers of chemical substances
subject to the law are affected by its provisions and implementing regulations.
Section 4 Test Rules (40 CFR 799.3450) - Propylene oxide testing has been required for health effects.
Section 8(b) Chemical Substances Inventory - Propylene oxide is listed (Vol. 1., page 6, 1985 Edition)
Section 8(d) Health & Safety Data Reporting (40 CFR 716) - Propylene oxide was listed by rule effective 10/4/82;
reporting requirements expired 10/4/92.
Section 12(b) Export Notification (40 CFR 707, Subpart D) - propylene oxide is listed and notice to EPA is
required for the first export or intended export to a particular country (40 CFR 707.65(a)(2)(ii)). Effective
June 19, 1995 (60 FR 31917), the EPA removed propylene oxide from the list of chemicals for which export notice
is required since the required Section 4 testing has been completed. The list of removed chemicals will be codified
at 40 CFR 799.18.
Information on TSCA regulations can be obtained from the TSCA Assistance Office at EPA; 202/554-1404.
V
79
State
California
California Safe Drinking Water & Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65)
Prop. 65 prohibits discharge into drinking water supplies of chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or
reproductive toxicity. An employer must notify all workers of possible exposure to a listed chemical. Facilities also must
provide the state and local agencies with information regarding spills or releases of these chemicals to the environment.
Propylene oxide was listed as a carcinogen as of 10/1/88. Based on U.S. EPA cancer potency value calculations,
California also established no significant risk levels of 3 micrograms/day (oral) and 60 micrograms/day
(inhalation).
Additional information about Prop. 65 can be obtained from the Health and Welfare Agency, State of California, Office of
the Secretary, 1600 Ninth Street, Room 450, Sacramento, CA 95814.
Connecticut
Connecticut Manufacturing Employer Hazardous Materials Notification Act

This law requires any manufacturing employer who uses, produces, or stores any hazardous material to complete a
survey. Hazardous materials are defined by reference to the federal Department of Transportation hazardous material
table. Also included as hazardous materials are federal RCRA hazardous wastes and federal CERCLA hazardous
substances.
Propylene oxide is listed.
The authority for these regulations is Connecticut Gen. Stat. Ann., Section 29-307a.
Florida
Florida Employee Right-to-Know Law

Provisions of this law require employers to give local fire departments a list of plant areas containing toxic substances.
Toxic substances are those recommended by the states Toxic Substances Advisory Council.
Propylene oxide is listed.
The authority for this list is Florida Statutes Annotated, Section 442.101.
Illinois
Illinois Toxic Substances Disclosure to Employees Act

While some provisions of this law have been preempted, Illinois is enforcing certain requirements relative to MSDSs for
defined toxic substances.
Propylene oxide is defined as a toxic substance.
The authority for this list is the Illinois Rev. Statute, Chapter 48, paragraph 1403. Questions may be directed to the Illinois
Department of Labor, Toxic Substances Division, #1 W. Old State Capitol Plaza, Room 300, Springfield, IL. 62701.
Illinois Chemical Safety Act
Under this law, covered businesses using, storing, or manufacturing defined chemical substances must have a written
Chemical Safety Contingency Plan.
Propylene oxide is a covered substance.
The authority for these regulations is Illinois Rev. Statute, Chapter 111 1/2, Paragraph 951.
Louisiana
VII
80
Louisiana Hazardous Materials Information, Development, Preparedness and Response Act

This law subjects covered facilities to two separate reporting requirements: inventory reporting and release reporting.
Covered materials include federal SARA extremely hazardous substances and any hazardous chemicals as defined under
the federal OSHA standard. The inventory form must be submitted annually if the covered substances were present on site
in amounts exceeding the specified threshold quantities (TQs) on any single day.
Propylene oxide is a listed substance (code number 04109); the TQ for inventory reporting is 500 pounds.
The authority for these regulations is Louisiana Admin. Code, Title 33, Part V, Section 10101.
Louisiana Spill Reporting
Louisiana has established reportable quantities (RQs) to determine the need for notification for unauthorized discharges.
The notification requirements are in addition to notification requirements established under the Louisiana right-to-know
requirements. Unauthorized discharges of listed substances (any quantity) which cause an emergency condition must be
reported to the Department of Public Safety by telephone immediately (504) 925-6595 and to the Department of
Environmental Quality in writing within seven days. Unauthorized discharges of listed substances in excess of applicable
reportable quantities (RQs) which do not cause an emergency condition must be reported to the Department of
Environmental Quality by telephone within 24 hours (504) 342-1234 and in writing within seven days.
The RQ for propylene oxide is 100 lbs. into/onto all media within any 24 hours.
Massachusetts
Massachusetts Right-to-Know Law

This law established reporting, labeling, MSDS, recordkeeping, and related regulations for certain toxic or hazardous
substances.
Propylene oxide is listed as a carcinogen and an extraordinary hazardous substance with a 1 ppm threshold.
The authority for this listing is Massachusetts General Laws Annotated, Chapter 11F and Title 105 Massachusetts
Regulations Code, Section 670.000, Appendix A. Questions about the regulations can be directed to The Commonwealth
of Massachusetts, Executive Office of Human Services, Department of Public Health, 150 Tremont Street, Boston,
MA 02111.
Massachusetts Spill Reporting
The Oil and Hazardous Materials List establishes reportable quantities (RQs) for substances which require reporting of
unauthorized discharges.
Propylene oxide is listed with a reportable quantity (RQ) of 10 pounds.
The authority for these regulations is Title 310 Massachusetts Regulations Code Sections 40.30 and 40.900 Appendix I,
Department of Environmental Quality Engineering.
Michigan
Michigan Critical Materials

All Michigan businesses discharging wastewater must file certain required reports with the State. When wastewater
discharge is required to be reported, the use or manufacture of designated critical materials also is required to be
reported.
Propylene oxide has not been designated as a critical material.
Authority for these requirements is contained in Michigan Act 293, P.A. 1972, and 1990 Michigan Public Acts 19,
Section 6B; Michigan Administrative Code r.323.1231.
New Jersey
New Jersey Right-to-Know Act

This law requires facilities containing, distributing or handling a hazardous substance to complete a Right-to-Know
survey. The survey provides workers and the community with information pertaining to the specific hazardous substance.
Propylene oxide is listed on the New Jersey Hazardous Substance List. The New Jersey identification number is
1615; the New Jersey hazardous material (DOT) number is 1280. Propylene oxide also is designated by New Jersey
as a special health hazard subject to restriction of trade secret claims. The Hazard Codes are MU (mutagen); F4
(flammable, 4th degree); and R2 (reactive, 2nd degree).
Regulations are codified in the New Jersey Administrative Code, Title 8, Department of Health Chapter 59. Additional
information about the New Jersey Hazardous Substance List is available from the New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection, Division of Environmental Quality, Bureau of Hazardous Substances Information, 401 E. State
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81
Street, CN 405, Trenton, N. J. 08625-0405. Information about labeling regulations is available from the State of New
Jersey Department of Health, CN 360, Trenton, NJ 0625-0360.
New Jersey Spill Tax
New Jersey has established a list of substances defined as hazardous according to the Spill Compensation and Control Tax
Act (N.J. Statutes, Annotated, Section 58:10-23.11h).
Propylene oxide is a listed substance.
The authority for the listing is N.J. Administrative Code, Section 7:1E-1.3.
Propylene oxide also is listed on New Jerseys Hazardous Substance Sub-List, the New Jersey CERCLA Substance
Sub-List, the New Jersey Environmental Hazard Sub-List, and carries a registration quantity of 7700 lbs. under the
New Jersey Toxic Catastrophe Prevention Act (N.J. Admin. Code Section 7:31-1).
New York
New York Bulk Storage Registration/Release Reporting

New York requires the registration of bulk storage tanks and notification of releases of listed hazardous substances under
the Substances Hazardous or Acutely Hazardous to Public Health, Safety or the Environment Act and the Hazardous
Substances Bulk Storage Act.
Propylene oxide is listed with a reportable quantity (RQ) of 100 lbs. for releases both to air and to land/water.
Authority is found in New York Comp. Codes R & Regulations, Parts 595, 596, and 597.
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Worker & Community Right-to-Know Act

This law creates the states system for communicating information about hazardous substances. A hazardous substance
is defined and listed by Pennsylvania through reference to a number of source lists. The state also classifies certain
substances as environmental hazards and/or special hazardous substances. The law established MSDS, labeling, and
recordkeeping requirements and requires facilities or distributors handling hazardous substances to complete a Hazardous
Substance Survey Form (HSSF) annually, before April 1, for the previous calendar year.
Propylene oxide is listed as a special hazardous substance with a threshold of 0.01% and an environmental hazard
subject to release reporting.
The authority for these regulations is Pennsylvania Code, Title 34, Labor and Industry, Chapter 301-323.
Rhode Island
Rhode Island Hazardous Substance Right-to-Know Act

This law requires employers who use, transport, store, or in any other manner expose employees to toxic or hazardous
substances, as defined by the state, to provide notice, labeling, and training.
Propylene oxide is listed with the hazard code TF (toxic and flammable).
International
Australia
Listed on Australian Inventory

Canada
VII
82
Canadian Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)

WHMIS established requirements for classifying hazardous substances that will be used in the workplace and for
preparing MSDSs and container warning labels. Substances are classified by the manufacturer or importer to determine
whether or not they are controlled products. When a product has been evaluated and is found to be a controlled product,
the ingredient disclosure list (IDL) must be consulted and any ingredient present in a concentration greater than that
specified must be disclosed on the MSDS.
Lyondell Chemical has classified propylene oxide as B (flammable) and D2 (toxic). Propylene oxide is listed on the
IDL as a substance which must be disclosed if the weight-to-weight concentration in the product is 1% or greater.
The WHMIS IDL number is 1365.
Canadian Domestic Substances List
Propylene oxide is listed under the name oxirane, methyl-.
Canadian National Pollutant Release Inventory
Established under Section 16 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), the National Pollutant Release
Inventory (NPRI) established a list of substances required to be reported for toxic release purposes. Supplier notification is
required.
Propylene oxide is listed (127 C. Gaz. 839 Part I (3/27/93).
European Union
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS)

Propylene Oxide is listed on EINECS under the name methyloxirane - Vol. 1, pg. 14; #200 879 2. Listing on
EINECS is accepted by certain other European countries which have adopted EINECS as their base inventory; i.e.,
Switzerland. However, other registration requirements may apply in those countries.
The EU classification number for propylene oxide under EU Directive 67/548/EEC (classification, packaging, and
labeling of dangerous substances), Annex I, is 603-055-00-4. The risk phrases are:
45 (may cause cancer),
12 (extremely flammable),
20/21/22 (harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed), and
36/37/38 (irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin).
Safety phrases are:
53 (avoid exposure) and
45 (in case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately [show the label where possible]).
Symbols required are F+ (extremely flammable) and T (toxic).
Under the EU Dangerous Preparations Directive, propylene oxide is classified as C2 (carcinogen category 2); the danger
classifications are F+ (extremely flammable), Xn (harmful), and Xi (irritant). Under the EU Directive 90/128/EEC
(2/23/90) relating to plastics materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs, propylene oxide is listed
as an authorized monomer or other starting substance. The PM/Ref number is 24010; some restrictions apply.
Japan
Japanese List of Existing & New Chemical Substances (ENCS)

Propylene oxide is listed under the chemical name oxirane, methyl-. The ENCS I.D. number is (2)-219.
Korea
Korean List of Existing Chemicals

Propylene oxide is listed. The Korean listing number is 2-389.
Philippines
Philippines List of Existing Chemicals (Draft)

Propylene oxide has been located on the draft chemical substances inventory in the Philippines. Please note that this
listing has not been finalized.
V
83
Miscellaneous
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Hazard Rating
The NFPA ratings assign a numeric value to specific aspects of each hazard. For propylene oxide, these ratings are as
follows:
Health: 2. Material hazardous to health, but areas may be entered freely with full-faced mask self-contained
breathing apparatus which provides eye protection.
Flammability: 4. Very flammable gases or very volatile liquids. Shut off flow and keep cooling water streams on
exposed tanks or containers.
Reactivity: 2. Materials which (in themselves) are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change
but do not detonate. Includes materials which can undergo chemical change with rapid release of energy at normal
temperatures and pressures or which can undergo violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures.
Also includes those materials which may react violently with water or which may form potentially explosive
mixtures with water. In advanced or massive fires, fire fighting should be done from a safe distance or from a
protected location.
Additional information on the NFPA hazard rating system can be obtained from the National Fire Protection Association,
Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA. 02269; phone 800/344-3555.
VII
84
APPENDIX VIII
GLOSSARY
PROPYLENE OXIDE
ACGIH
American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Confined Space An area that by design has limited

openings for entry and exit. A
confined space has unfavorable
natural ventilation and is not intended
for continuous worker occupancy.
Acute
A single or multiple exposure

occurring within a short timeframe
(less than 24 hours).
AIHA
American Industrial Hygienists

Association
CPC
Chemical Protective Clothing
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
Detoxification
API
American Petroleum Institute
Chemical transformation of a toxic

chemical into a nontoxic chemical.
ASME
American Society of Mechanical

Engineers
Dipole Moment
ASTM
American Society for Testing and

Materials
Molecules that are arranged so that

one part of the molecule has a positive
electrical charge and the other part is
negatively charged.
Biotransformation
Transformation of non nutrient

compounds through the normal
metabolism of an organism.
DOT
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
Flash point
The minimum temperature at which a

liquid gives off vapor in sufficient
concentrations to form an ignitable
mixture with air near the surface of a
liquid.
BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand
Bonding
The connection of two or more

conductive objects by means of a
conductor (most commonly a wire or
metal plate).
GAC
Granular Activated Carbon
CAAA
Clean Air Act Amendments
Grounding
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act
The connection of one or more

conductive objects to the ground; a
specific form of bonding. Grounding
is also referred to as earthing.
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
Half-life
The time required for one half of the

quantity of a substance to be removed.
CHEMTREC
Chemical Transportation Emergency

Center
HAP
Hazardous Air Pollutant
Chock
A wedge or block for steadying a

body or to prevent movement of a
wheel.
HazWOpER
Hazardous Waste Operations and

Emergency Response.
Humectant
Substance that promotes retention of

moisture.
IARC
International Agency for Research on

Cancer
IATA
International Air Transportation

Association
ICAO
International Civil Aviation

Organization
Chronic
Long-term exposure to a chemical.
CMA
Chemical Manufacturing Association
COD
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Combined Agent A fire protection system employing a

System
combination of firefighting methods
(i.e., water and foam).
VI
85
GLOSSARY
IDLH
Immediately Dangerous to Life and

Health: The airborne concentration of
a toxic material from which one could
escape within 30 minutes without any
escape-impairing symptoms or any
irreversible health effects.
NPDES
IM
Intermodal
OPPSD
IMDG
International Maritime Dangerous

Goods
Organic Peroxide Producers Safety

Division
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health

Administration
International Maritime Organization
In vitro
Isolated from the living organism and

artificially maintained, as in a test
tube
Outage
Amount by which a packaging falls

short of being liquid full.
OVA
Organic vapor analyzer
ISO
International Organization of
Standardization
PEL
Permissible Exposure Level
Soil adsorption/mobility; The

partitioning of a chemical between
soil or sediment, usually expressed as
K (the concentration of a chemical in
soil (g/g) to that in water (g/ml) or
as Koc (which is divided by the
organic carbon content of the soil or
sediment.
Permeation Rate
Koc
The rate , usually defined as

centimeters per second, at which a
liquid, vapor or gas travels through a
material.
POTW
Publicly owned treatment works
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
LD50
86
Olfactory Fatigue The temporary decrease or total

inability to smell a substance due to
the over stimulation of the sensory
receptors.
IMO
LC50
VIII
National Pollutant Discharge

Elimination System
Lethal concentration that will kill 50

percent of the test animals within a
specified time.
Dose required to produce the death in
50 percent of the exposed species
within a specified time.
LEPC
Local emergency planning committee
LFL
Lower Flammability Limit
MACT
Maximum achievable control

technology
Protected Storage Facilities that have sprinkler systems

Facilities
installed for fire protection.
ppm
Parts per million
PSIG
Pounds per square inch gauge.
RCRA
Resource Conservation and

Recovery Act
RQ
Reportable Quantity
SARA
Superfund Amendment and

Reauthorization Act
SCBA
Self-contained breathing apparatus
SIP
State Implementation plan
MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheet
SS
Stainless Steel
MSHA
Mine Safety and Health

Administration
STEL
Short term exposure limit
TOC
Total Organic Carbon
Mutagen
A chemical that, with exposure,

causes changes in the genetic material
of the nucleus of a cell in a way that
can be transmitted during cell
division.
TPQ
NEC
National Electrical Code
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
Threshold Planning Quantity - under

the Superfund Amendments
Reauthorization Act (SARA Title
III) Section 302, 304, 311/312, a
chemical specific quantity, in
pounds, that triggers certain
reporting requirements.
NIOSH
National Institute for Occupational

Safety and Health
TSD
Treatment, Storage and Disposal

Facility
GLOSSARY
TWA
Time-weighted average
VOC
Volatile organic compound
UL
Underwriters Laboratory
VZ-STEL
Ullage
Amount by which a packaging falls

short of being liquid full.
UN
United Nations
Lyondell Chemicals established

estimate of concentration of a
substance to which nearly all
individuals can be exposed for a
period and suffer no irreversible
health effects.
Vapor Pressure The pressure exerted by a volatile

liquid while under defined
equilibrium conditions; vapor
pressure is usually measured in
millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
VI
87
INDEX
ACC-funded method passive dosimeter........................67
medical management.....................................................17
air sampling and analysis ..............................................22
names and addresses of manufacturers ....................61-62
bulk storage .......................................................23, 35, 82
NIOSH method 1612 ...............................................63-65
chemical compatibility ............................................14, 24
occupational exposure limits ...................................16, 59
chemical protective clothing ..............................20-21, 85
occupational health ..................................................15-17
classification......................................................53, 78, 83
off-loading station .........................................................38
confined space entry................................................19, 51
OSHA hazard communication .................................29-30
container disposal ..........................................................34
packaging....................................53-55, 72, 78, 83, 86-87
control of hazardous energy ..........................................51
personal safety and health ........................................19-22
conversion factors ....................................................57-58
physical properties...........................................................5
direct reading instruments..................................21-22, 29
piping ....................................23, 38, 41-42, 44, 46-48, 71
electrical area classification...........................................23

engineering.......................................19, 23-24, 35, 51, 71
environmental ................29-30, 33-35, 38, 56, 72, 74, 77,
product identification ......................................................1

product storage ..............................................................35
pump specifications.......................................................23
81-83, 85
reactivity hazards...........................................................14
equipment cleanout........................................................51
references .................................................................71-75
fire and explosion hazard ........................................25, 33

fire fighting......................................20, 27, 35, 39, 61, 84
fire prevention ...............................................................25
regulatory summary .................................................77-84

relief requirements.........................................................23
respiratory protection .............................19-20, 51, 71, 74
fire safety..................................................................25-27
SARA title III ....................................................30, 77, 86
fire suppression..............................................................26
spills and leaks.........................................................20, 33
first aid .........................................................16-17, 19, 31
state regulations.................................................30, 34, 80

storage tanks ..........................................23, 33, 35, 71, 75
general information ....................................................1-14

glossary ....................................................................85-87
tank cars .................................................38, 41, 45, 54-55

tank cleaning and equipment repair...............................51
hazard assessment..........................................................15
hazard communication............................29-32, 74, 78-79
hygiene practices ...........................................................19
tank trucks ...................................................38, 42, 46, 54

transfer operations....................................................41-49
transportation emergencies............................................55
instability hazards....................................................14, 24
transportation regulatory requirements ....................53-56
instrumentation........................................................23, 38
typical values.................................................................14
ISO tanks .................................................................49, 55
vapor containment system .............................................24
leak detection devices....................................................23
waste disposal................................................................34
maintenance and inspection...........................................51
work preparation ................................................41-42, 51
marking, labeling and placarding ..................................53
workplace location ........................................................38
material requirements ....................................................23
worldwide occupational exposure limits.......................59
2710-V2-0504 - supersedes OP188-9510
89

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PRODUCT SAFETY

IN CASE OF A TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY, CALL:

SPILLS AND LEAKS

PERSONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

TANK CLEANING AND EQUIPMENT

FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD

OSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATION

PRODUCT SAFETY BULLETIN

Lyondell Chemical Company uses proprietary technology

The polyurethane industry is the largest consumer of

sucrose, sorbitol, trialkanol amines, and

The second largest use of propylene oxide is the

Lyondell Chemical Technology - Ethylbenzene Route

Lyondell Chemical Technology - Isobutane Route

Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide

CH3 C CH3 + CH3 CH = CH2

CH2 CH CH3 + CH3 C CH3

Humectant (food & tobacco)

UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESINS

MAJOR USES FOR PROPYLENE OXIDE

Printed on Recycled paper

Binders - Board and Pigments

OTHER PROPYLENE OXIDE DERIVATIVES

See Figure 1-9

See Figure 1-10

See Figure 1-5

See Figure 1-11

See Figure 1-6

See Figure 1-12

See Figure 1-13

See Figure 1-7

See Figure 1-14

See Figure 1-8

See Figure 1-15

See Figure 1-16

Flash Point (TCC)

Upper Explo. Limit

Lower Explo. Limit

Sat. Conc. in Air

Density of Saturated Liquid

Density of Saturated Liquid (g/cc)

Density of Vapor @ 1 Atmosphere

Printed on Recycled paper

Table 1-2 Propylene Oxide Density as a Function of Temperature

Table1-3 Propylene Oxide Vapor Pressure as a Function of Temperature

Viscosity of Saturated Liquid

Viscosity of Saturated Liquid (cps)

Viscosity of Vapor @ 1 Atmosphere

Heat of Vaporization (cal/g)

H eat Capacity of Saturated Liquid

Heat Capacity of Saturated Liquid (cal/g C)

Printed on Recycled paper

H e a t Capacity of Vapor (Ideal Gas)

Heat Capacity of Vapor (cal/g C)

E nthalpy of Saturated Vapor

Surface Tension (dynes/cm)

Printed on Recycled paper

Thermal Conductivity of Saturated Liquid

Thermal Conductivity of Saturated Liquid

Thermal Conductivity of Vapor (cal/hr cm

Thermal Conductivity of Vapor @1

Propylene oxide is a stable material

Propylene oxide may react vigorously

PRODUCT SAFETY BULLETIN