Rockwell Hardness Chart, Test Methods, Brinell Chart, etc

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Rockwell Hardness Chart (+PDF)

(aka Hardness Scale Conversion Chart)
Round Correction Factor (+PDF)
Hardness Minimum Thickness (+PDF)

Rockwell Hardness Testing

- Reference Information and Standards -

Rockwell is the most

common
type of hardness
testing.

ASTM Hardness Test Methods (+PDF)

Rockwell Hardness Scales (+PDF)
Brinell Hardness Chart (+PDF)
Vickers Hardness Chart (+PDF)
Rockwell Hardness Testing
Brinell Hardness Testing
Microhardness Testing

The Rockwell test is the most commonly used indention hardness test because the hardness number is always
indicated directly on a dial gage or digital readout. The Rockwell number is based on the additional depth to which a
steel ball or diamond penetrator can be forced by a heavy major load beyond the depth of a previously applied minor
load (Figure 5).
When testing materials such as steel, cooper alloys, aluminum and plastics, a steel ball penetrator that is 1/16-inch,
1/8-inch, -inch, or -inch is used. Materials such as hardened steels and cemented carbides require a diamond
Penetrator.
Rockwell testing is divided into two categories, regular and superficial. With regular Rockwell testing, the minor load
is 10 kilograms and the major load can be 60, 100 or 150 kilograms. Superficial minor loads are 3 kilograms and
major loads are 15, 30 or 45 kilograms. Rockwell hardness numbers are lower the deeper the penetration and they
are usually prefixed by a letter signifying the value of the major load and the type of penetrator. A letter has been
assigned for every possible combination of load and penetrator (Tables II and III).
To select the best combination of load and penetrator, the type of material and the thickness of the specimen
should be considered. Tables such as Table IV have been compiled to suggest which Rockwell method will provide the
most sensitivity and repeatability.
A Rockwell test cold works the area immediately surrounding it. The extent of the area cold-worked depends on the
type of material and its previous work-hardening. The depth of material affected has been found to be about ten
times the depth of the indentation. Therefore, unless the thickness of the material being tested is at least ten times
the depth of the indentation, accurate Rockwell test cannot be expected. A minimum thickness chart has been
compiled using the ten to one approximation and by making actual tests on varying thicknesses of low carbon steels
and hardened and tempered strip steel. See Table V.

If a choice between two or more scales exists, the scale applying the heavier load should be chosen. The heavier load
will produce a larger indentation covering a greater portion of the material; thus, the resulting Rockwell hardness
number will be more representative of the material as a whole. The same principles apply in determining the
hardness of a case hardened part which is of a known depth.
Minimum thickness charts and the ten to one ratio can be used as guides, but a trial test should be made before a
scale is chosen. If a bulge develops on the underside of the test area, the material was not sufficiently thick for the
applied load. This condition, known as the anvil effect, indicates that the Rockwell scale applying the next lighter
load should be used.
Too much force on softer materials of insufficient thickness will result in flow of the material. When the anvil effect
or flow exists, the Rockwell hardness number obtained may not be a true value. The use of several specimens piled
to an adequate thickness is not recommended; the slippage between the contact surfaces will make a true value
impossible to obtain.
If an indentation is placed within an area that has been cold worked by a previous indentation test, accuracy will be
affected. Usually the readings will be higher than they would be for an unworked area. For this reason, the distance
from center to center of indentations should be at least three diameters. Generally, the softer the material, the
more critical the spacing; but the three diameter gage is enough space for most materials.
If the indentation is too close to the edge of the specimen, the material will yield and the
Rockwell hardness number will decrease accordingly. To avoid this factor, the distance from the center of the
indentation to the edge of the specimen should be at least two and one-half diameters.
Slippage or movement of the tested material can also introduce an error factor. The surface being tested must be
near normal to the penetrator tip during the entire test. If there is any movement during indentation, the
displacement will be transferred to the dial gage. A movement of 0.001 inch could cause an error of over ten
Rockwell numbers because one point of hardness represents a depth of only 0.000080 inch. The support which holds
the specimen must b rigid enough to avert such movement and to prevent its own deformation.

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Rockwell Hardness Chart, Test Methods, Brinell Chart, etc

2 of 2

http://www.qs-hardnesstester.com/rockwell-hardness-testing.html

The main disadvantage of the traditional Rockwell instruments is that the accuracy of testing depends to a large
degree on the perfect contact between the work piece and its support, usually called the anvil.
When removing the additional load and returning to the preload, the unique deformation registered by the dial
indicator should be the penetrator displacement.
This can happen only if the work piece is in perfect contact with the anvil; if there is a slight oil coat, some grease
or other, a little movement occurs during load application, when added to the indentation depth, gives a wrong
result, decreasing the hardness value.
Because it is not always possible to work in perfect conditions, for example in heat treat or shop environments, this
is an important consideration. To overcome this problem, most of the Ernst Hardness Testers work according to a
modification to the Rockwell principle, shown in Figure 6.
A support on the test surface gives the penetration depth. Therefore, any movement of the part, elevating screw or
stand, does not influence the test result.
The assembly (a + b) moves down on to test piece and the penetrator moves back producing a resistance equivalent
to the preload value. Zero setting is automatic.
The test load is applied.
The load is removed and the dial indicator shows the penetrators displacement.
In case of movement of the test piece, the relation between a and b stay constant, avoiding the typical error of
the original Rockwell principle. The same method is used also in Superficial Rockwell measurement.
Ernst Hardness Testers have a third component that should not be confused with the penetrator shroud (b). In bench
testers, this component is called the clamping shield. The clamping shield is used for locking of the large work
pieces, avoiding the use of any special support; the clamping shield can be easily removed if needed.

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2/26/2015 12:55 PM