Chapter 3 Matrices PDF

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C H A P T E R
3
Matrices
Objectives
To be able to identify when two matrices are equal
To be able to add and subtract matrices of the same dimensions
To be able to perform multiplication of a matrix and a scalar
To be able to identify when the multiplication of two given matrices is possible
To be able to perform multiplication on two suitable matrices
To be able to find the inverse of a 2 2 matrix
To be able to find the determinant of a matrix
To be able to solve linear simultaneous equations in two unknowns using an
inverse matrix
3.1 Introduction to matrices

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. The numbers in the array are called the entries in
the matrix.
The following are examples of matrices:
2 3
1 2
[5]
[2 1 5 6]
3 4
0 0 1
2 0
5 6
Matrices vary in size. The size, or dimension, of the matrix is described by specifying the
number of rows (horizontal lines) and columns (vertical lines) that occur in the matrix.
The dimensions of the above matrices are, in order:
3 2,
1 4,
3 3,
1 1.
The rst number represents the number of rows and the second, the number of columns.
66
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Chapter 3 Matrices
67
Example 1
Write down the dimensions of thefollowing
matrices.
1

2

1
1
2
c 2 2 3
a
b
3
2 1 0
4
Solution
a 23
b 41
c 13
The use of matrices to store information is demonstrated by the following two examples.
Four exporters A, B, C and D sell televisions (t), CD players (c), refrigerators (r) and
washing machines (w). The sales in a particular month can be represented by a 4 4 array of
numbers. This array of numbers is called a matrix.
r
c
w
A 120
95
370
B 430
380
1000
C 60
50
150
D 200
100
470
column 1 column 2 column 3
250 row 1
900
row 2
100 row 3
50 row 4
column 4
From the matrix it can be seen that:

exporter A sold 120 refrigerators, 95 CD players, 370 washing machines and 250
televisions
exporter B sold 430 refrigerators, 380 CD players, 1000 washing machines and 900
televisions.
The entries for the sales of refrigerators are made in column 1.
The entries for the sales of exporter A are made in row 1.
B
The diagram on the right represents a section of a road map.
The number of direct connecting roads between towns can be
represented in matrix form.
A
B
C
D
A B C
0 2 1
2 0 1
1 1 0
1 0 0
1
0
0
0
If A is a matrix, aij will be used to denote the entry that occurs in row i and column j of A.
Thus a 3 4 matrix may be written:
a11 a12 a13 a14
A = a21 a22 a23 a24

a31 a32 a33 a34
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Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS
For B, an m n matrix may be written:
b11 b12 . . . . . b1n
b21 b22 . . . . . b2n
.
.
.
.
B=
.
.
.
.
.
.
bm1 bm2 . . . . . bmn
Matrices provide a format for the storage of data. In this form the data is easily operated on.
Some calculators have a built-in facility to operate on matrices and there are computer
packages which allow the manipulation of data in matrix form.
A car dealer sells three models of a certain make and his business operates through two
showrooms. Each month he summarises the number of each model sold by a sales
matrix S:

s11 s12 s13
S=
s21 s22 s23
where si j is the number of cars of model j sold by showroom i.
So, for example, s12 is the number of sales made by showroom 1, of model 2.
If in January, showroom 1 sold three, six and two cars of models 1, 2 and 3 respectively, and
showroom 2 sold four, two and one car(s) of models 1, 2 and 3 (in that order), the sales matrix
for January would be:

3
S=
4
6
2

2
1
A matrix is, then, a way of recording a set of numbers, arranged in a particular way. As in
Cartesian coordinates, the order of the numbers is signicant, so that although the matrices

1 2
3 4
and
3 4
1 2
have the same numbers and the same number of elements, they are different matrices (just as
(2, 1), (1, 2) are coordinates of different points).
Two matrices A, B are equal, and can be written as A = B when:
each has the same number of rows and the same number of columns
they have the same number or element at corresponding positions.

2 1 1
1 + 1 1 1
=
For example,
6 .
11 1
0 1
3
2
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Chapter 3 Matrices
69
Example 2
If matrices A and B are equal, nd the values of x and y.

2 1
2 1
B=
A=
3 y
x 4
Solution
x = 3 and y = 4
Although a matrix is made from a set of numbers, it is important to think of a matrix as a
single entity, somewhat like a super number.
Example 3
There are four rows of seats of three seats each in a minibus. If 0 is used to indicate a seat is
vacant and 1 is used to indicate a seat is occupied, write down a matrix that represents the
following:
a The 1st and 3rd rows are occupied but the 2nd and 4th rows are vacant.
b Only the seat on the front left corner of the bus is occupied.
Solution
1 1
0 0
a
1 1
0 0
1
0
1
0
1
0
b
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Example 4
There are four clubs in a local football league.
Team A has 2 senior teams and 3 junior teams.
Team B has 2 senior teams and 4 junior teams.
Team C has 1 senior team and 2 junior teams.
Team D has 3 senior teams and 3 junior teams.
Represent this information in a matrix.
Solution
2 3
2 4
1 2
3 3
Note: Rows represent teams A, B, C, D and columns represent the number of senior and junior
teams respectively.
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Exercise 3A

p
q
d

r
s
Example
1 Write down the dimensions of the following matrices.

2 1 1
1 2
c [a b c d ]
b
a
0 1
3
3 4
Example
2 There are 25 seats arranged in ve rows and ve columns. If 0, 1 respectively are used to
indicate whether a seat is vacant or occupied, write down a matrix that represents the
situation when:
a only seats on the two diagonals are occupied
b all seats are occupied.
3 If seating arrangements (as in Question 2) are represented by matrices, consider the matrix
in which the i, j element is 1 if i = j, but 0 if i = j. What seating arrangement does this
matrix represent?
Example
4 At a certain school there are 200 girls and 110 boys in Year 7, 180 girls and 117 boys in
Year 8, 135 and 98 respectively in Year 9, 110 and 89 in Year 10, 56 and 53 in Year 11 and
28 and 33 in Year 12. Summarise this information in matrix form.
Example
5 From the following, select those pairs of matrices that could be equal, and write down the
values of x, y which would make them equal.

a 3 , 0 , [0 x ], [0 4 ]
2
x

4
7
1
2
x
7
b
,
,
, [4 x 1 2]
1 2
4 x
1 2

2
x
4
y
0
4
2
0
4
c
,
,
1 10 3
1 10 3
1 10 3
6 In each of the following nd the values of the pronumerals so that matrices A and B are
equal.

x
3
2 1 1
x 1 1
b A=
B=
a A=
B=
2
y
0 1
3
0 1
y

c A = [3 x] B = [y
4]

1 y
1 2
B=
d A=
4 3
4
x
7 A section of a road map connecting towns A, B, C

and D is shown. Construct the 4 4 matrix that
shows the number of connecting roads between
each pair of towns.
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B
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Chapter 3 Matrices
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8 The statistics for the ve members of a basketball team are recorded as follows.
Player A:
points 21, rebounds 5, assists 5
Player B:
Player C:
Player D:
Player E:
Express this data in a 5 3 matrix.
3.2
Addition, subtraction and multiplication

by a scalar
Addition will be dened for two matrices only when they have the same number of rows and
the same number of columns. In this case the sum of two matrices is found by adding
corresponding elements. For example,

1 0
0 3
1 3
+
=
0 2
4
1
4
3

b11 b12
a11 + b11 a12 + b12
a11 a12

and
a21 a22 + b21 b22 = a21 + b21 a22 + b22
a31 a32
b31 b32
a31 + b31 a32 + b32
Subtraction is dened in a similar way. When the two matrices have the same number of rows
and the same number of columns the difference is found by subtracting corresponding
elements.
Example 5
Find:

1 0
2 1
a
2 0
4
1
Solution

1 0
2 1
1
1
a
=
2 0
4
1
6 1

2 3
2 3
1 4
1 4
b

b

2 3
2 3
0 0
=
1 4
1 4
0 0
It is useful to dene multiplication of a matrix by a real number. If A is an m n matrix,

and k is a real number, then kA is an m n matrix whose elements are k times the
corresponding elements of A. Thus:

2 2
6 6
3
=
0
1
0
3
These denitions have the helpful consequence that if a matrix is added to itself, the result is
twice the matrix, i.e. A + A = 2A. Similarly the sum of n matrices each equal to A is nA
(where n is a natural number).
The m n matrix with all elements equal to zero is called the zero matrix.
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Example 6

2
3
2 0
5 0
X=
,Y =
,A =
,B =
4
6
1 2
2 4
Let
Find X + Y, 2X, 4Y + X, X Y, 3A, 3A + B.

Solution

2
3
5
X+Y=
+
=
4
6
10

2
4
2X = 2
=
4
8

3
2
12
2
14
4Y + X = 4
+
=
+
=
6
4
24
4
28

2
3
1
XY=
=
4
6
2

2 0
6
0
3A = 3
=
1 2
3 6

5 0
1
0
6
0
=
3A + B =
+
1 2
2 4
3 6
Example 7

3 2
0
If A =
and B =
1 1
2

4
, nd matrix X such that 2A + X = B.
8
Solution
If 2A + X = B, then X = B 2A

0 4
3 2
X=
2
2
8
1 1

023
4 2 2
=
2 2 1
821

6 8
=
0
6
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Chapter 3 Matrices
73
Using the TI-Nspire

2 2 matrices are most easily entered using
( +
the 2 2 matrix template,
on the Clickpad), as shown.
Notice that there is also a template for
entering m by n matrices.
The matrix template can also be obtained
using +b >Math Templates

3 6
To enter the matrix A =
, use the
6 7
touchpad arrows to move between the entries
of the 2 2 matrix template and store
) the matrix as a.
(

3 6
Dene the matrix B =
in a
5 6.5
similar way.
Entering matrices directly

To enter matrix A without using the template,
enter the matrix row by row as [[3,6][6,7]]
) the matrix as a.
and store (
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Addition, subtraction and multiplication by a scalar

Once A and B are dened as above, A + B,
A B and kA can easily be determined.
Using the Casio ClassPad

Matrices are accessed in the
menu. Turn on
the keyboard, select the 2D tab and click CALC
in the bottom left to get the screen shown here.
to produce a square matrix or one
Click
of the buttons to the left to create a row or
column matrix. To expand the 2 2 matrix
again.
to a 3 3 matrix, etc., click the
Click into each of the entry boxes to enter the

matrix values. The matrix can be stored as a
variable for later use in operations by clicking
and selecting a variable name
(usually a capital letter).
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Chapter 3 Matrices
75
Once A and B are dened as above, A + B, A B, k A can be determined using the

VAR keyboard to enter the operations.
Note: Variables A and B are now xed with these matrix values unless you store
another value to that variable name or clear the variables.
Exercise 3B

Example

1
3
1 1
4 0
,Y =
,A =
,B =
1 Let X =
2
0
2
3
1 2
Find X + Y, 2X, 4Y + X, X Y, 3A and 3A + B.
2 Each showroom of a car dealer sells exactly twice as many cars of each model in February
as in January. (See example in section 3.1.)

3 6 2
a Given that the sales matrix for January is
, write down the sales matrix for
4 2 1
February.
b If the sales matrices for January and March
(with twiceas many cars of each model

1 0 0
2 1 0
sold in February as January) had been
and
respectively, nd the
4 2 3
6 1 4
sales matrix for the rst quarter of the year.
c Find a matrix to represent the average monthly sales for the rst three months.

1 1
3 Let A =
.
0
2
Find 2A, 3A and 6A.
4 A, B, C are m n matrices. Is it true that:
a A + B = B + A?
b (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)?

3
2
0 3
5 A=
and B =
2 2
4
1
Calculate:
a 2A
b 3B
c 2A + 3B
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1 0
1 1
0 4
6 P=
,Q=
,R=
0 3
2 0
1 1
Calculate:
a P+Q

Example
b P + 3Q
c 2P Q + R

3 1
0 10
7 If A =
and B =
, nd matrices X and Y such that
1 4
2
17
2A 3X = B and 3A + 2Y = 2B.
8 Matrices X and Y show the production of four models a, b, c, d at two automobile factories
P, Q in successive weeks.
b
c
d
b
c
d
a
a
P 150 90 100 50
P 160 90 120 40
X=
Y=
Q 100
0
75
0
Q 100
0
50
0
week 1
week 2
Find X + Y and write what this sum represents.
3.3 Multiplication of matrices

Multiplication of a matrix by a real number has been discussed in the previous section. The
denition for multiplication of matrices is less natural. The procedure for multiplying two
2 2 matrices is shown rst.

1 3
5 1
Let
A=
and B =
4 2
6 3

1 3 5 1
Then
AB =
4 2 6 3

15+36 11+33
=
45+26 41+23

23 10
=
32 10

5 1 1 3
and
BA =
6 3 4 2

51+14 53+12
=
61+34 63+32

9 17
=
18 24
Note that AB = BA.
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Chapter 3 Matrices
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If A is an m n matrix and B is an n r matrix, then the product AB is the m r matrix

whose entries are determined as follows.
To nd the entry in row i and column j of AB, single out row i in matrix A and column j in
matrix B. Multiply the corresponding entries from the row and column and then add up the
resulting products.
Note: The product AB is dened only if the number of columns of A is the same as the number
of rows of B.
Example 8

For A =
2
3
4
6

5
and B =
nd AB.
3
Solution
A is a 2 2 matrix and B is a 2 1 matrix. Therefore AB is dened.
The matrix AB is a 2 1 matrix.

2 4
5
25+43
22
AB =
=
=
3 6
3
35+63
33
Example 9
Matrix X shows the number of cars of models a and b bought by four dealers, A, B, C and D.
Matrix Y shows the cost in dollars of model a and model b.
Find XY and explain what it represents.
A
B
X=
C
D
a
3
2
1
1
1
2
4
1

26 000 a
Y=
32 000 b
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Solution
A
B
XY =
C
D
a
3
2
1
1
1

2
26 000 a
4 32 000 b
1
42
21
The matrix XY is a 4 1 matrix.
3 26 000 + 1 32 000
110 000
2 26 000 + 2 32 000 116 000
XY =
=
1 26 000 + 4 32 000 154 000

1 26 000 + 1 32 000
58 000
The matrix XY shows that:
dealer A spent $110 000
dealer B spent $116 000
dealer C spent $154 000
dealer D spent $58 000.
Example 10

For A =
2
5
3
6
4
4
and B = 1
7
0
2 nd AB.
3
Solution
A is a 2 3 matrix and B is a 3 2 matrix. Therefore AB is a 2 2 matrix.

4 0
2 3 4
AB =
1 2
5 6 7
0 3

24+31+40 20+32+43
=
54+61+70 50+62+73

11 18
=
26 33
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79
Chapter 3 Matrices
Using the TI-Nspire

Multiplication of A =

3 6
B=
.
5 6.5
3
6
6
7
and
The products AB and BA are shown.

Multiplication of

3 6
3
A=
and B =
6 7
5

6
.
6.5
AB and BA are shown.
Exercise 3C

Examples
8,10

2
1
1
1 If X =
,Y =
,A =
1
3
1

2
3
,B =
3
1

2
2
,C =
1
1

1
1
,I =
1
0

0
,
1
nd the products AX, BX, AY, IX, AC, CA, (AC)X, C(BX), AI, IB, AB, BA,
A2 , B2 , A(CA) and A2 C.
2 a Are the following products of matrices given in Question 1 dened?
AY, YA, XY, X2 , CI, XI

2 0
0
b If A =
and B =
0 0
3

0
, nd AB.
2
3 Matrices A and B are 2 2 matrices, and O is the zero 2 2 matrix. Is the following
argument correct?
If AB = O, and A = O, then B = O.
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2
4 If L = [2 1], X =
, nd LX and XL.
3
5 A and B are both m n matrices. Are AB and BA dened and, if so, how many rows and
columns do they have?

a b
d b
1 0
6 Suppose
=
.
c d
c
a
0 1
Show that ad bc = 1. What is the product matrix if the order of multiplication on the
left-hand side is reversed?
7 Using the result of Question
6, write
down a pair of matrices A, B such that
1 0
AB = BA = I, where I =
.
0 1
8 Select any three 2 2 matrices A, B and C.
Calculate A(B + C), AB + AC and (B + C)A.
Example
9 It takes John ve minutes to drink a milkshake that costs $2.50, and 12 minutes to eat a
banana split that costs$3.00.

5
12
1
Calculate the product
and interpret the result in milk bar economics.
2.50 3.00 2
Suppose two
friends join John.

5
12
1 2 0
Calculate
and interpret the result.
2.50
3.00
2 1 1
10 The reading habits of ve students A, B, C, D and E are shown in the rst matrix below
where the columns p, q, r, and s represent four weekly magazines. The second matrix
shows the cost in dollars of each magazine. Find the product of the two matrices and
interpret the result.
A
B
C
D
E
p q
0 0
1 0
1 0
1 1
0 1
r
1
1
0
1
0
s
1
1
1
p
q
r
s
2.00
3.00
2.50
3.50

s11 s12 s13
be the sales matrix for two showrooms selling three models of
11 Let S =
s21 s22 s23
cars. Here sij is the number of cars of model j sold from showroom i. Let the prices of the
three models of cars be $c1 , $c2 , $c3 .

c1

Call the 3 1 matrix, C = c2 the price matrix.
c3

a Find SC.
b What is the practical meaning of SC?
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Chapter 3 Matrices
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c Suppose the car dealer sells both new and used cars and the price of two-year-old used
cars for the three models is $u 1 , $u 2 and $u 3 respectively.
Form a new cost matrix.
c1 u 1
C = c2 u 2
c3 u 3
Find SC and state its meaning.
d Suppose the car dealer makes 30% prot on his selling of new cars and 25% on used
cars.

0.3 0
If V =
, what is the meaning of CV?
0
0.25
3.4
Identities, inverses and determinants

for 2 2 matrices
Identities
A matrix with the same number of rows and columns is called a square matrix. For square
matrices of a given dimension (e.g. 2 2) a multiplicative identity I exists.

1 0
For example, for 2 2 matrices I =
0 1
1 0 0
and for 3 3 matrices

I = 0 1 0
0 0 1

2 3
If A =
, AI = IA = A, and this result holds for any square matrix multiplied by the
1 4
appropriate multiplicative identity.
Inverses
Given a 2 2 matrix A, is there a matrix B such that AB = BA = I?

x y
2 3
Let B =
and A =
u v
1 4

2 3 x y
1 0
Then AB = I implies
=
1 4 u v
0 1

2x + 3u 2y + 3v
1 0
i.e.
=
x + 4u
y + 4v
0 1
2x + 3u = 1 and 2y + 3v = 0
x + 4u = 0
y + 4v = 1
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These simultaneous equations can be solved to nd x, u, y, and v and hence B.

0.8 0.6
B=
0.2
0.4
B is said to be the inverse of A, as AB = BA = I.

a b
x y
Let A be a 2 2 matrix with A =
and let B =
, where B is the inverse of A.
c d
u v

ax + bu ay + bv
1 0
Then AB = I. In full this is written
=
cx + du cy + dv
0 1
Hence ax + bu = 1 ay + bv = 0
cx + du = 0 cy + dv = 1
which form two pairs of simultaneous equations, for x, u and y, v respectively.
Taking the x, u pair and eliminating u, (ad bc)x = d
Similarly, eliminating x,
(bc ad)u = c
These two equations can be solved for x and u respectively, provided ad bc = 0.
x=
c
c
d
and u =
=
ad bc
cb ad
ad bc
In a similar way it can be found that:

a
a
b
and v =
=
ad bc
cb ad
ad bc
d
b
ad bc ad bc
Therefore the inverse = c

.
a
ad bc ad bc
y=
The inverse of a square matrix A, is denoted by A1 . The inverse is unique.

ad bc has a name, the determinant of A. This is denoted det(A).

a b
For example,A =
, det(A) = ad bc.
c d
A 2 2 matrix has an inverse only if det(A) = 0.
A square matrix is said to be regular if its inverse exists. Those square matrices which do
not have an inverse are called singular matrices; for a singular matrix det(A) = 0.
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Chapter 3 Matrices
83
Using the TI-Nspire

The operation of matrix inverse is obtained by
raising the matrix to the power of 1.
The determinant command (b >Matrix
and Vector>Determinant) is used as
shown.

3 6
(a is the matrix A =
dened
6 7
on page 73.)

The operation of matrix inverse is obtained
by entering A -1 in the entry line.
The determinant is obtained by typing

det(A).
Example 11

5
For the matrix A =
3
a det(A)

2
nd:
1
b A1
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Solution
b A1
a det(A) = 5 1 2 3 = 1

1
1 2
=
1 3
5

1
2
=
3 5
Example 12

2
nd:
6
3
For the matrix A =
1
a det(A)
b A
5
c X, if AX =
7
5
d Y, if YA =
7

1
6
b A =
16 1

5 6
d YA =
7 2
Solution
a det(A) = 3 6 2 = 16

5
c AX =
7
6
2
6
2
2
3
6
2
Multiply both sides (from the right) by

A1 .

1
5
6
6
2
YAA1 =
16 7 2 1
3

1 24
8
YI = Y =
16 40 8
3
1
2
2
Y=
5 1
2
2
Multiply both sides (from the left)

by A1 .

5
6
A1 AX = A1
7 2

1
6 2 5 6
IX = X =
16 1
3 7 2

1 16 30
=
16 16 0

1 2
=
1 0
Exercise 3D

Example
11
1 For the matrices A =

a det(A)
2
3
b A1
1
2
2
and B =
3

2
nd:
2
c det(B)
d B1
2 Find the inverse of the following regular matrices ( is any real number, k is any non-zero
real number).

3 1
3 1
1 0
cos sin
a
b
c
d
4 1
2 4
0 k
sin
cos
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Chapter 3 Matrices
Example
12
85

2
1
1 0
3 If A, B are the regular matrices A =
,B =
, nd A1 , B1 .
0 1
3 1
Also nd AB and hence nd, if possible, (AB)1 .
Also, from A1 , B1 , nd the products A1 B1 and B1 A1 . What do you notice?

4 3
4 Let matrix A =
.
2 1

3
4
3
4
a Find A1 .
b If AX =
, nd X.
c If YA =
, nd Y.
1 6
1 6

3 2
4 1
3 4
5 Let A =
,B =
and C =
.
1 6
2
2
2 6
a Find X such that AX + B = C.
b Find Y such that YA + B = C.
6 If A is a 2 2 matrix, a12 = a21 = 0, a11 = 0, a22 = 0, then show that A is regular and
nd A1 .
7 Let A be a regular 2 2 matrix, B a 2 2 matrix and AB = 0. Show that B = 0.
8 Find all 2 2 matrices such that A1 = A.
3.5
Solution of simultaneous equations

using matrices
Inverse matrices can be used to solve certain sets of simultaneous linear equations. Consider
the equations
3x 2y = 5
5x 3y = 9
This can be written as

3 2 x
5
=
5 3 y
9

3 2
If A =
the determinant of A is 3(3) 5(2) = 1
5 3
which is not zero and so A1 exists.

3 2
1
A =
5 3
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3 2
x
5
Multiplying the matrix equation
=
on the left hand side by A1 and using
5 3
y
9
the fact that A1 A = I yields the following:

x
1
1 5
A
=A
A
y
9

x
5
I
= A1
y
9

x
3
3
1 5
=
since A
=
y
2
9
2
This is the solution to the simultaneous equations.
Check by substituting x = 3, y = 2 in the equations.
When dealing with simultaneous linear equations in two variables which represent parallel
straight lines, a singular matrix results.
For example the system
x + 2y = 3
2x 4y = 6
has associated matrix equation

3
1
2
x
=
y
6
2 4

1 2
Note that the determinant of
= 1 4 (2 2) = 0.
2 4
There is no unique solution to the system of equations.
This situation will be considered in Chapter 8.
Example 13

2 1
1
x
If A =
and K =
, solve the system AX = K where X =
.
1 2
2
y
Solution
If AX = K, then X = A1 K

1
2 1
1
0
1
A K=
=
5 1 2
2
1

0
X=
1
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Chapter 3 Matrices
87
Example 14
Solve the following simultaneous equations.
3x 2y = 6
7x + 4y = 7
Solution

3 2 x
6
The matrix equation is
=
.
7 4 y
7

3 2
Let
A=
7 4

1
4
2
Then A1 =
26 7 3

1
1
x
4 2 6
38
and
=
=
26 7 3 7
26 21
y
Using the TI-Nspire

Enter the matrices as shown.
Both the 2 2 matrix template and
the 2 1 matrix template can be found
( +
in the Math Templates,
on the Clickpad).
The matrix template can also be obtained
using +b >Math Templates
Note:
use
It is also possible
to
solve
3
7
2
4
x
6
=
,x
y
7
to nd the values of x and y.

Enter the expression shown
in the entry line.
3 2
Note: If the matrices
and
7
4

6
have already been entered as variables,
7
the variable letters may be used rather than
re-type the matrices.
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Exercise 3E

Example
13
Example
14

3 1
x
1 If A =
, solve the system AX = K, where X =
, and:
4 1
y

1
2
a K=
b K=
2
3

3 1
2 If A =
, solve the system AX = K, where:
2 4

0
2
a K=
b K=
1
0
3 Use matrices to solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations.
a 2x + 4y = 6
3x + y = 1
b x + 2y = 1
x + 4y = 2
c 2x + 5y = 10
y = x +4
d 1.3x + 2.7y = 1.2

4.6y 3.5x = 11.4
4 Use matrices to nd the point of intersection of the lines given by the equations
2x 3y = 7 and 3x + y = 5.
5 Two children spend their pocket money buying books and CDs. One child spends $120 and
buys four books and four CDs. The other child buys three CDs and ve books and spends
$114. Set up a system of simultaneous equations and use matrices to nd the cost of a
single book and a single CD.
6 Consider the system 2x 3y = 3
4x 6y = 6
a Write this system in matrix form as AX = K.
b Is A a regular matrix?
c Can any solutions be found for this system?
d How many pairs does the solution set contain?
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Chapter 3 Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.

Two matrices A and B are equal when:
r each has the same number of rows and the same number of columns, and
r they have the same number or element at corresponding positions.
The size or dimension of a matrix is described by specifying the number of rows (m) and the
number of columns (n). The dimension is written m n.
Addition will be dened for two matrices only when they have the same dimension. The sum
is found by adding corresponding elements.

a b
e f
a+e b+ f
+
=
c d
g h
c+g d +h
Review
Chapter summary
89
Subtraction is dened in a similar way.

If A is an m n matrix and k is a real number, kA is dened to be an m n matrix whose
elements are k times the corresponding element of A.

a b
ka kb
k
=
c d
kc kd
If A is an m n matrix and B is an n r matrix, then the product AB is the m r matrix
whose entries are determined as follows.
To nd the entry in row i and column j of AB, single out row i in matrix A and column j in
matrix B. Multiply the corresponding entries from the row and column and then add up the
resulting products.
The product AB is dened only if the number of columns of A is the same as the number
of rows of B.
If A and B are square matrices of the same dimension and AB = BA = I then A is said to
the inverse of B and B is said to be the inverse of A.
d
b

ad bc ad bc
a b
If A =
then A1 =
c
a
c d
ad bc ad bc
det(A) = ad bc is the determinant of matrix A.
A square matrix is said to be regular if its inverse exists. Those square matrices which do
not have an inverse are called singular matrices.
Simultaneous equations can be solved using inverse matrices, for example
ax + by = c
d x + ey = f

a b
can be written as
d e

1
c
x
c
x
a b
=
and
=
f
y
f
y
d e
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Multiple-choice questions
1 0
2 1
The matrix A =
has dimension
2 3
3 0
A 8
B 42
C 24
D 14
E 34

2 0
1 3
4
If A =
and B =
then A + B =
1 3
1 3 1

3 3
3 4
1 2
2
1
E cannot be determined
A
B
C
D
2
0
2 2
2 3
1 3

1
1 3
1
2 3
and D =
then D C =
If C =
1
0 2
2
3 1

1 0 0
1
0
0
2 6
4
C
B
A
2
0 4
1 3 1
1 3 1

1 6 0
D
1
3 1

4
0
If M =
then M =
2 6

4
0
0 4
4
0
0 4
4 0
A
B
C
D
E
2 6
6 2
2 6
6 2
2 6

0 2
0 4
and N =
then 2M 2N =
If M =
3 0
3 1

0 0
0 2
0 4
0
4
0 2
A
B
C
D
E
9 2
6
1
12
2
12 2
6 1
6 If A and B are both m n matrices, where m = n, then A + B is an

A m n matrix
B m m matrix
C n n matrix
D 2m 2n matrix
7 If P is an m n matrix, and Q is a n p matrix, the dimension of matrix QP is
A nn
B m p C n p D m n
2 2
8 The determinant of matrix A =
is
1 1
A 4
B 0
C
1
9 The inverse of matrix A =
1

2
1
C
A 1 B
1 1
4
D 1
E 2
1
is
2

1
1
1 1
2 1
D
E
1 2
1 2
1 1
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91
Chapter 3 Matrices

0 2
0 2
10 If M =
and N =
then NM =
3 1
3 1

0 4
4 2
0 4
A
B
C
9
1
2 8
9 1

D
6
2
3 5

E
6 2
3 5
Review
Short-answer questions (technology-free)

0 2
1 3
1 If A =
and B =
, nd:
3 4
0 5
a A +B
c AB
b AB

1 0
1 0
2 If A =
and B =
, nd:
2 3
0 1
a (A + B)(A B)
d det(A)
b A 2 B2
e A1

3 4
8
3 Find all possible matrices A which satisfy the equation
A=
.
6 8
16

5

1
2
6

, B = [3 1 2], C =
, D = 2 4 and E = 0 .
4 Let A =
3 1
1
2
a State whether or not each of the following products exist: AB, AC, CD, BE
b Evaluate DA and A1 .

1 4
1 2 1
1 2
If A =
, B = 1 6 and C =
, evaluate AB and C1 .
5
1 2
3 4
3 8

5 6
1 2
Find the 2 2 matrix A such that A
=
.
3 4
12 14
2 0 0
If A = 0 0 2, nd A2 and hence A1 .
0 2 0

1 2
If
is a singular matrix, nd the value of x.
4 x

2 1
a If M =
, nd the value of:
1
3
i MM = M2
ii MMM = M3

x
3
b Find x and y, given that M
=
.
y
5
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Extended-response questions

3
1 A=
1

1
2 1
,B =
4
5
2
a Find:
i A+B
ii A B
iii 2A + 3B
iv C such that 3A + 2C = B
b Find:
iii X such that AX = B
iv Y such that YA = B
i AB
ii A1
1 2
2
2 0
1
2 0
2
2 If A = 2
0 1 , B = 4 2 2 and C = 3 0 1 , nd:
1
3
4
1 3
3
1 3
1
a AB
b AC
d X such that AX = C
f X such that AXC = CB
c BC
e Y such that YA = B
g Y such that CYA = BA
3 a Consider the following system of equations:

2x 3y = 3
4x + y = 5
i Write this system in matrix form, as AX = K.
ii Find detA and A1 .
iii Solve the system of equations.
iv Interpret your solution geometrically.
b Consider the following system of equations:
2x + y = 3
4x + 2y = 8
i Write this system in matrix form, as AX = K.
ii Find detA and explain why A1 does not exist.
c Interpret your ndings in part b geometrically.
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3.1 Introduction to matrices

Cambridge University Press

From the matrix it can be seen that:

a11 a12 a13 a14

A = a21 a22 a23 a24

Cambridge University Press

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

For B, an m n matrix may be written:

b11 b12 . . . . . b1n

b21 b22 . . . . . b2n

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

1 Write down the dimensions of the following matrices.

7 A section of a road map connecting towns A, B, C

Cambridge University Press

Addition, subtraction and multiplication

It is useful to dene multiplication of a matrix by a real number. If A is an m n matrix,

Cambridge University Press

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Find X + Y, 2X, 4Y + X, X Y, 3A, 3A + B.

Cambridge University Press

Using the TI-Nspire

Entering matrices directly

Cambridge University Press

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Addition, subtraction and multiplication by a scalar

Using the Casio ClassPad

Click into each of the entry boxes to enter the

Cambridge University Press

Once A and B are dened as above, A + B, A B, k A can be determined using the

another value to that variable name or clear the variables.

Cambridge University Press

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

Find X + Y and write what this sum represents.

3.3 Multiplication of matrices

Cambridge University Press

If A is an m n matrix and B is an n r matrix, then the product AB is the m r matrix

Cambridge University Press

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

The matrix XY is a 4 1 matrix.

1 26 000 + 4 32 000 154 000

Cambridge University Press

Using the TI-Nspire

The products AB and BA are shown.

Using the Casio ClassPad

AB and BA are shown.

Cambridge University Press

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

b What is the practical meaning of SC?

Cambridge University Press

Identities, inverses and determinants

and for 3 3 matrices

Cambridge University Press

Essential Mathematical Methods 1 & 2 CAS

These simultaneous equations can be solved to nd x, u, y, and v and hence B.

In a similar way it can be found that:

Therefore the inverse = c

The inverse of a square matrix A, is denoted by A1 . The inverse is unique.

Cambridge University Press

Using the TI-Nspire