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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

M.S.O.E.-4
uxjh; lekt'kkL=k
( Urban Sociology )
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

Hkkx&1

iz'u 1- uxjh; lekt'kkL=k dh fo"k;oLrq ,oa {ks=k&foLrkj dh ppkZ dhft,A

mkjuxjh; lekt'kkL=k % fo"k;&oLrq o {ks=k (Urban Sociology : Subject-matter and Scope),fjDlu (Erickson) dk
er gS fd uxjh; lekt'kkL=k lkekU;hdj.k (Generalising) foKku gSA bldk O;kogkfjd ms'; uxj esa ik;s tkus okys lkekftd
O;ogkj osQ fofHkUUk :iksa osQ fu/kZjdksa vkSj ifj.kkeksa dks [kkstuk gSA mlesa bldh Hkwfedk dh liQyrk ls nh xbZ ifjfLFkfr esa laxfBr
lkekftd fozQ;k dk fodYi vkSj blesa ls izR;sd laHkkfor ifj.kke Li"V gksrk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] uxjh; lekt'kkL=k fuEufyf[kr dk v;;u djrk gS
(i) lkekftd fozQ;k dk]
(ii) lkekftd laca/ksas dk]
(iii) lkekftd laLFkk;sa vkSj
(iv) thou;kiu osQ uxjh; lk/ukas ls mRiUUk vkSj mu ij vk/kfjr lH;rkvksa osQ izdkj ij uxjh; thou dk izHkkoA
yqbZ foFkZ (Louis Wirth) us uxjokn ij foLr`r :i ls fy[kk gS rFkk fo"k;&oLrq dh tfVyrk dk o.kZu bl izdkj fd;k gS
(1) uxj ,d fcanq ek=k ugha gS tgk lhfer LFkku esa yksxksa dh cM+h la[;k osQfUnzr gS oju~ ;g mu leLr fof'k"V {ks=kksa] ftuesa
euq"; izk;% ,d&nwljs ls fHkUUkrk j[k ldrk gS] esa tfVy fo"ke tkrh; Hkh gSA
(2) uxj mu lkekftd laLFkkvksa] tks vkfne] nsgkrh vkSj o`Q"kd lekt dgykrk gS] ls lokZf/d vk'p;Ztud fo"kerk dks izdV
djrk gSA
(3) egkuxjh; tula[;k dks le>us osQ fy, ftu lk/uksa dks vuqowQy cuk;k x;k gS] os mu lk/uksa ls fHkUUk gaS] tks vf/d ljy
o vf/d ltkrh; lektksa osQ fy;s mi;qDr gSaA
(4) blls ;g rF; fofnr gksrk gS fd uxj dks le>us osQ iz;kl esa bldh lajpuk djus okys ekuoh; ?kVdksa osQ fu/kZj.k osQ
fy, O;kid lakf[;dh; tkp djuk vko';d gSA
(5) os vU; lektksa dh Hkkfr fyax vkSj vk;q osQ ekeys esa fHkUUk gSa] tSls&tSls ge ,d {ks=k ls nwljs {ks=k esa tkrs gSa] os vk;q
vkSj fyax lewgksa osQ fof'k"V fooj.k osQ ekeyksa esa vkSj Hkh vfkd fHkUUkrk izdV djrs gSaA
(6) Je osQ vf/d O;kid foHkktu] tks fd cktkj osQ fodkl osQ dkj.k gks x;k gS] osQ n`f"Vxr muesa ijLij dkiQh vfkd
is'kkxr fHkUUkrk gksrh gSA
(7) mudh lEink vkSj vk; esa fHkUUkrk gksrh gS] ftlesa oSHko ls ysdj fu/Zurk vkSj vlqj{kk rd fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA
(8) tfVy iwthoknh lH;rk osQ osQUnz esa fLFkr gksus osQ dkj.k uxj dh lhek esa lEiw.kZ fo'o ls fofo/ tkrh; vkSj uLyh; yksx
vk, vkSj U;wukf/d iLij ?kqy&fey x,A mudh fof'k"Vrkvksa dk lfEeJ.k o.kZladjksa dk ,d u;k leqPPk; cu x;kA
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;g ,d txg rks ijLij fefJr gS ij nwljh txg Lo;a dks ,d&nwljs ls vyx dj jgk gSA ,d LFkku ij lg;ksx dj jgk gS
rks nwljs LFkku ij ;q dj jgk gSA ij izR;sd fLFkfr esa laLo`Qfr;ksa dh lal`f"V fufeZr dj jgk gS] tks fd ekuo bfrgkl esa vHkwriwoZ
gSA uxj esa ekuoh; lkefxz;ksa dh ;g fo"ketkrh;rk ,d lkFk fo{kksHk vkSj mkstuk rFkk la?k"kZ vkSj }U} dk lzksr gS tks vk/qfud
lekt dk fof'k"V xq.k gSA
uxjh; lekt'kkL=k o vU; lekt'kkL=kh; {ks=k (Urban Soiology and Other Sociological Areas)uxjh; lekt'kkL=k
leLr lekt'kkL=kh; {ks=kksa esa lokZf/d foLr`r vkSj xzg.k'khy gSA bls bl izdkj Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS
(i) Hkwxksybldh Hkwxksy dh vfrO;kfIr dh izo`fk gSA ;g uxj esa lkekftd laLFkkvksa vkSj lekftd lewgkas osQ HkkSxksfyd
forj.k ij cy nsrk gSA
(ii) jktuhfr 'kkL=kbldh jktuhfr 'kkL=k esa vfrO;kfIr dh izo`fk gSA ;g jktuhfrd O;ogkj] lkk vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh izfozQ;k
dks ego nsrk gSA
(iii) vFkZ'kkL=kbldh vFkZ'kkL=k esa Hkh vfrO;kfIr gS D;ksafd yksduhfr] djk/ku vkSj yksdO;; bldk ifjizs{; gSA
(iv) ekuo&foKkulewgksa dh laLo`Qfr dh n`f"V ls ekuo foKku esa bldh vfrO;kfIr gSA ;g uxjh; lekt'kkL=k esa fo'ks"kK
rFkk ikfjfLFkfrdh foKku dh #fp dLck vkSj uxj ;kstukdkjksa] lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa] f'k{kk] uLyh; laca/ksa] vkoklu vkSj uxjh;
fodkl rFkk iquokZl osQ {ks=k osQ fofHkUu vU; fo'ks"kKksa ls ijLij O;kIr gSA bldh izo`Qfr xzg.k'khy gSA vr% vusd {ks=kksa esa oQbZ vk/
kjHkwr vo/kj.kkvksa dks vkSj vf/d Li"V djus rFkk bls ifjekftZr djus dh vko';drk gS] tSls
(i) leqnk;]
(ii) ikfjfLFkfrdh]
(iii) uxj]
(iv) uxjh;]
(v) uxjokn]
(vi) uxjh; lekt]
(vii) uxjhdj.k]
(viii) vkS|ksfxdhdj.k]
(ix) vk/qfudhdj.kA
vkykspdksa osQ vuqlkj bu vo/kj.kkvksa dh eqDr O;k[;k dh xbZ gS rFkk uxjh; iz?kVuk osQ fo|kFk;ksa }kjk budk iz;ksx cgqr
le>&cw>dj ugha fd;k x;k gSA mi;qZDr fdlh Hkh vo/kj.kk dks ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ ozQe esa gesa Hkh mUghaa dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gS] ftudk lkeuk lekt'kkL=kh dj pqosQ gSaA ,slh lekt'kkL=kh; 'kCnkofy;ksa dh la[;k vR;Yi gS] ftu ij fo'ks"kK
lger gSaA
mi;qZDr vo/kj.kk, Hkh bldk viokn ugha gSaA vc leqnk; vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh dh vo/kj.kk dh ppkZ djuk vko';d gSA
leqnk; (Community)bl 'kCn osQ vusoQ vFkZ gSaA dHkh bldk iz;ksx lk/kj.k vkokl ;k ,d gh {ks=k esa jgs lHkh O;fDr;ksa
dh lef"V osQ vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA
izk;% ;g 'kCn osQoy bykdk ;k blosQ fuoklh dh vis{kk vf/d dk lwpd gSA tSls Msfol us lkekftd laiw.kZrk ij vf/d
cy fn;k gSA
rnuq:i og leqnk; dh ifjHkk"kk lcls NksVs HkwHkkxh; lewg] tks lkekftd thou osQ lHkh inksa] dks xzg.k dj ldrk gS ;g lcls
NksVk lkekftd LFkkuh; lewg gS] tks laiw.kZ lekt gks ldrk gS vkSj cgq/k gS] osQ :i esa djrk gSA
eSdkboj (McIver) vkSj ist (Page) dk bl leL;k osQ izfr fHkUUk n`f"Vdks.k gSA os lkekftd laxBu dh vis{kk laca/ksa ij cy
nsrs gaSA muosQ 'kCnksa esa] leqnk; dh vk/kjHkwr dlkSVh ;g gS fd fdlh O;fDr osQ lHkh lkekftd laca/ blosQ vUnj ik, tk,A oLrqr%
leqnk; osQ lEcU/ esa mlh le; dg ldrs gSa tc ,d lkFk vkokl lHkh fuokfl;ksa ;k de ls de fuokfl;ksa osQ lHkh lewgkas osQ
e; ldkjkRed&HkkoukRed ca/uksa dk l`tu djrk gSA blesa fUkEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk;sa gksrh gSa
(i) viuRo dh Hkkouk vkSj ijLij eS=khHkko dh fo'ks"krk gksrh gSA
(ii) lg;ksx dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk
(iii leqnk; vius lHkh dk;ks dh iwfrZ dj ldrk gSA

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ikfjfLFkfrdh (Ecology)ikfjfLFkfrdh ,d foKku gS] tks ltho inkFkks vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ e; laca/ dk v;;u djrk gSA
fdlh Hkh vU; i;kZoj.k osQ vuq:i uxj fu/kZjd dkjd gksus dh vis{kk vuqowQyu dkjd gSA [kkukcnks'k ekuo thou osQ vfrfjDr
vU; {ks=kksa esa viuk izHkko izdV djrk gSA lekt'kkfL=k;ksa osQ }kjk bl {ks=k esa 'kks/ 'kq: djus ls iwoZ ouLifr'kkfL=k;ksa dks ouLifr
osQ thou ij iM+us okys HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k osQ izHkko dk irk py pqdk FkkA ouLifr vkSj mlosQ i;kZoj.k osQ e; laca/ dk v;;u
djus okyk foKku ^ouLifr ikfjfLFkfrdh* dgykrk gSA bl izdkj lEHkor;k lekt'kkL=k us ;g 'kCn ouLifrfonksa ls xzg.k fd;k
gSA ekuo ikfjfLFkfrdh osQ tud ikoZQ us bl 'kCn dks loZizFke iz;qDr fd;k Fkk] tks 'kh?kz gh dkiQh izpfyr gks x;kA
ikfjfLFkfrdh dh vo/kj.kk dk dkykarj esa eSdosQUth vkSj nwljksa osQ }kjk fodkl fd;k x;kA blosQ vR;Ur cgqewY; ifj.kke
fudysA
ouLifr o ekuo ifjfLFkfrdh (Vegetaion and Human Ecology)oqQN ys[kdksa us ouLifr vkSj ekuo ikfjfLFkfrdh osQ e;
fudV lkn`'; LFkkfir fd;k gSA rFkkfi ;g Lej.kh; gS fd bu nks {ks=kksa osQ e; varj lrgh u gksdj xgu o Li"V gSA gesa ;g fofnr
gksuk pkfg, fd euq"; feV~Vh ij jgrk gS tcfd ouLifr dk thou feV~Vh esa gSA ;g nksuksa osQ e; lw{e rqyuk dks vlaHko cuk
nsrk gS D;ksafd bldh ,d eq[; fo'ks"krk euq"; dh xfr'khyrk gSA lekt'kkL=k osQ vU; {ks=kksa dh Hkkkafr tSfod lkn`';rk ij fuHkZj
djuk mi;qDr ugha gksxkA
fo"k;&{ks=k (Subject-matter)ikfjfLFkfrdh osQ fo"k; {ks=k osQ ckjs esa lgefr dk vHkko gSA fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksa esa lekurk ugha
gSA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,
(1) gkWoyh (Hawley)ekuo ikfjfLFkfrdh dks ,d foKku ekurs gSa] tks leqnk; osQ fodkl vkSj laxBu dk v;;u djrk
gSA
(2) ftLV (Gist) vkSj gkWycVZ (Halbert)blesa uxj esa O;fDr;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa osQ HkkSxksfyd forj.k rFkk forj.k osQ
izfrekuksa dh lajpuk esa lfEefyr izfozQ;kvksa dk v;;u djrs gSaA
ge ikfjfLFkfrdh dks vkokl vkSj ekuo tkfr osQ chp varlca/ osQ flkUr osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSaA
iz'u 2- uxj dh ladYiuk dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft, vkSj blosQ fofok izdkjksa dh lksnkgj.k ppkZ dhft,A
mkjuxj dh vo/kj.kk (Concept of City)uxj dh ifjHkk"kk djus esa vusd dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA eEiQksMZ
(1968) ^baVjus'kuy bulkbDyksihfM;k vkWiQ lks'ky lkbUlst* esa ^flVh % iQkWElZ ,.M iQUD'kUl* ij vius fucU/ esa fy[krk
gS;|fi ekuo clkoV osQ :i uxj mruk gh iqjkuk gS ftruk fd lH;rk] ;g yEcs le; rd fo}kuksfpr tkp&ij[k ls eqDr
jgk vkSj bldh ifjHkk"kk vHkh Hkh fookn osQ ?ksjs esa gSA vusd vU; lekt'kkL=kh; Jsf.k;ksa dh Hkkafr uxj vewrZ gS] fdUrq ftu roksa
ls bldh jpuk gqbZ gS
tSls fuoklh] lajpuk,] ifjogu osQ lk/u] laLFkkiuk, vkfn izo`Qfr osQ Bksl vfLrRo gSaA uxj osQ dk;kZRed roksa osQ ,d lEiw.kZ
esa ,dhdj.k ls bldh jpuk gksrh gSA
uxj vkSj muosQ izdkj (Cities and their Kinds)uxj dk ,d oxhZdj.k ugha gS ftls vUu; dgk tk losQA blosQ vfrfjDr ,d
gh uxj esa vusd izdkj dh fo'ks"krk, ikbZ tkrh gSaA uxjksa dk oxhZdj.k uxj osQ lcls vkkkjHkwr ;k lokZfkd egoiw.kZ vkSj vko';d
i{k osQ vkkkj ij fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] gSnjkckn vkakz izns'k jkT; dk jktkkuh uxj gSA fdarq bldh izfl fo'ks"krk osQ
n`f"Vxr bls jktkkuh uxj dh vis{kk lkWVos;j osQU vfkd ekuk tkrk gSA uks,y ih ftLV vkSj ,y-,- gsYcVZ osQ vuqlkj
fuEufyf[kr izdkj osQ uxj gSa
(i) mRiknu osQU]
(ii) O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; osQU]
(iii) jktkkfu;k vkSj iz'kklfud osQU]
(iv) LokLF; vkSj euksfouksn osQU]
(v) kkfeZd vkSj lkaLfrd osQU]
(vi) fofo/hr uxjA
(i) mRiknu osQU (Production Centre)Hkkjr eas vfkdrj c`gr~ uxj vkS|ksfxd vkSj mRiknu osQU Hkh gSaA mRiknu osQUksa dks
fuEufyf[kr nks O;kid izdkjksa eas oxhZr fd;k tk ldrk gS

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(d) izkFkfed mRiknu osQU]

([k) f}rh;d mRiknu osQUA
(d) izkFkfed mRiknu osQU os gSa tgk ls m|ksxksa osQ fy;s izkFkfed mRikn izkIr fd;s tkrs gSa] tSlsusYyksj] dksykj vkSj cjsyhA
([k) f}rh;d mRiknu osQUksa esa vfkdrj vafre mRikn ;k rS;kj mRikn dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy;s] eqEcbZ] psUubZ]
vyhx<+] Xokfy;j] eqjknkckn vkfnA
(ii) O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; osQU (Trade and Commerce Centre)oqQN uxjksa vkSj dLcksa esa O;kikj rFkk okf.kT; izeq[k
dk;Zdyki gSaA egoiw.kZ iku dkyhdV] dksphu] fo'kk[kkiVue~] dkdhukMk] eqlyhirue] rwrhdksfju] psUubZ bR;kfn gSaA
(iii) jktkkuh vkSj iz'kklfud osQU (Capital and Administrative Centre)bu uxjksa dk ego ogk fo|eku lkk osQU osQ
eas gSA
(iv) LokLF; vkSj euksfouksn osQU (Health and Recreation Centres)vusd dLcs vkSj uxj viuh [kwclwjr vkSj
LokLF;okZd tyok;q osQ fy;s izfl gSaA leqh rV osQ fudV fLFkr dLcs vkSj ioZrh; LFkkiuk fgy LVs'ku] LokLF;] euksfouksn osQU
gSaA
(v) kkfeZd vkSj lkaLfrd osQU (Religious and Cultural Centres)Hkkjr esa vusd dLcs kkfeZd osQ osQU osQ :i eas viuh
izflf osQ dkj.k cM+s uxjksa osQ :i eas fo[;kr rFkk fodflr gks x;s gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy;sbykgkckn ;k iz;kx] dk'kh ;k cukjl
bR;kfnA Hkkjr ,d cgq/ehZ ns'k gSA izR;sd keZ osQ de ls de ,d ;k nks egoiw.kZ kkfeZd osQU gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy;s]
(d) ve`rlj flD[kksa osQ fy;s ifo=k uxj gSA
([k) vtesj eqfLyeksa osQ fy;s rhFkZLFky gSA
(x) fgUnqvksa eas okjk.klh ;k cukjl] dk'kh] gfj}kj] v;ks;kA
(?k) fr#ifr] jkes'oje] iqjh bR;kfn ifo=k LFkku gSA
() cksk x;k ckSksa osQ fy;s ifo=k gSaA
(vi) fofo/hr uxj (Misc. Centres)mi;qZDr oxks esa ls fdlh u fdlh oxZ eas 'kkfey gksus osQ mi;qDr uxjksa osQ vfrfjDr
,sls dLcs Hkh gSa] tks buesa ls fdlh Hkh oxZ eas iw.kZ:is.k ugha vkrs gSaA
oqQN vU; oxhZdj.koSQfeys jksft;j osQ vuqlkj uxjksa osQ nks izeq[k izdkj gSa
(i) izkfrd uxj]
(ii) LFkkfir uxjA
(iii) izkfrd uxj os gSa] ftudk fodkl mudh j.kuhfrd vkSj izkfrd vofLFkfr osQ dkj.k le; osQ lkFk gksrk gSA
(iv) LFkkfir uxj dh LFkkiuk gekjs }kjk oqQN fo'ks"k vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA
le;kof/ osQ vuqlkj oxhZdj.k (Classification on the Basis of Period)Hkkjr eas le;kofk;ksa osQ vuqlkj Hkh uxjksa dk
oxhZdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1- izkphu uxj (Ancient Cities),.Mjlu osQ vuqlkj izkphu uxjksa dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk, gSa
(i) vfkdrj uxj 'kklu osQ osQU FksA ;s uxj lSU; mUeq[kh FksA izkfkdkfj;ksa dk eq[; ljksdkj lsuk vkSj jkT; dh vko';drkvksa
ls FkkA
(ii) vuqowQy f"k n'kk, uxjksa osQ fodkl] izxfr vkSj LFkkiuk osQ fy;s eq[; :i ls mkjnk;h FkhaA
2- e;dkyhu uxj (Medieval Cities)e;dkyhu uxj vkkkjHkwr :i ls O;kikfjd FksA os lkSnkxjksa rFkk kuh O;kikfj;ksa tSls
O;kikfjd leqnk;ksa dk eq[;r;k fgr lkku djrs FksA cM+h la[;k eas bl izdkj osQ dLcksa dk fodkl leqh rV ij gqvk FkkA
e;dkyhu uxj vkSj dLcs viuh fofHkUu vko';drkvksa vkSj iz;kstuksa osQ fy;s eq[;r;k xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ij fuHkZj FksA LFkkuh; 'kklu
izeq[k HkwLokeh FkkA mldh izo`fk vius fdyk eq[;ky; dLcksa eas lkSnkxjksa] f'kYidkjksa] iz'kkldksa vkSj is'ksojksa dks cqykdj clkus dh
gksrh FkhA ;s O;kikjh vkSj is'ksoj Hkwfeghu Fks rFkk viuh j{kk osQ fy, 'kkld ij fuHkZj FksA
3- vkkqfud uxj (Modern Cities)Hkkjr eas vkkqfud uxjksa dk vH;qn; vkSifuosf'kd dky osQ nkSjku gqvkA vkkqfud uxj
okf.kfT;d osQU gSaA muesa fuokZfpr ljdkjsa gSa] ftuosQ vR;Ur fo'ks"k izdk;Z rFkk vR;Ur tfVy laxBu gSaA vkkqfud uxj loZns'kh;
izdkj osQ gSaA vkkqfud uxjksa eas LoSfPNd laxBuksa dh la[;k cgqr vfkd gS tks cM+h la[;k esa yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrs
gSaA vkkqfud uxjksa dh ,d lcls egoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk budh lkekftd xfr'khyrk gSA

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tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj dLcksa vkSj uxjh; leqPp;ksa dk oxhZdj.k

(Urban Agglomerations Classification of Cities and on the basis Census)

Js.kh I (1]00]000 vkSj vfkd tula[;k)

(ii) Js.kh II (50]000 ls 99]999 tula[;k)
(iii) Js.kh III (20]000 ls 49]999 tula[;k)
(iv) Js.kh IV (10]000 ls 19]999 tula[;k)
(v) Js.kh V (5]000 ls 9]999 tula[;k)
(vi) Js.kh VI (5]000 ls de tula[;k)
o"kZ 2001 dh tux.kuk osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa 423 uxj gSaA Hkkjr esa 498 dLcs vkSj uxjh; LFkku gSa tgk dh tula[;k vkcknh
50]000 ls 99]999 osQ e; gSA 1560 dLcksa dh tula[;k 10]000 ls 19]999 osQ e; gSA uxj ftldh tula[;k ,d ls ikp
fefy;u osQ e; gksrh gS] egkuxjh; uxj (esVksikWfyVu flVh) dgykrk gSA bu esVksikWfyVu uxjksa esa ls vfkdrj dks uxjh; leqPp;
(Urban Agglomerations) Hkh dgrs gSaA ,d n'kd osQ vanj vFkkZr 1991 ls 2001 osQ chp uxjksa vkSj uxjh; leqPp;ksa dh la[;k
23 ls c<+dj 35 gks xbZ gSA c`gr~ eqEcbZ lcls cM+k uxjh; leqPp; gS] ftldh tula[;k 16-4 fefy;u gSA
(i)

Hkkx&2
iz'u 6- Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k vkSj uxjh; o`f dh izf;k dk mfpr mnkgj.kksa ls o.kZu dhft,A
mkjHkkjr esa uxjh; o`f % izo`fk;k (Urban Increase in India : Tendencis)fo'o esa uxjhdj.k dh i`"BHkwfe esa Hkkjr
esa uxjhdj.k dk Lrj vHkh Hkh de ekuk tkrk gSA gkykfd LokrU=;kskj dky esa uxjhdj.k us oqQN xfr idM+h gSA 1990 osQ vkdM+ksa
ls ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd nqfu;k dh yxHkx 42-7 izfr'kr tula[;k uxjh; {ks=kksa esa jg jgh FkhA vfkd fodflr {ks=kkas] tgk 72-7
izfr'kr tula[;k uxjksa esa jgrh FkhA de fodflr {ks=kksa tgk osQoy 33-91 izfr'kr tula[;k uxj esa jgrh FkhA
egkns'kksa esa ;wjksi] vksfl;kfu;k vkSj ySfVu vesfjdk esa uxjhdj.k dk Lrj cgqr gh mQij FkkA mudh tula[;k dh e'k%
73-1] 70-9 vkSj 72-3 izfr'kr uxjh; tula[;k FkhA blosQ foijhr vhdk dh tula[;k dk 34-5 izfr'kr uxjh; tula[;k dk ek=k
29-9 izfr'kr uxjh; Fkk] tks fd egkns'kksa esa lcls de uxjhr FksA 1991 dh x.kuk osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dh tula[;k dh ek=k
25-72 izfr'kr uxjh; {ks=kkas esa jg jgh Fkh] tks fd iqu% nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ekud ls de gSA
Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k dh fLFkfr (Position of Urbanization in India)Hkkjr esa uxjh; tula[;k dh okf"kZd o`f nj
1981&91osQ nkSjku 3-1 izfr'kr ls fxjdj 1991&2001 osQ nkSjku 2-7 fr'kr gks x;hA Hkkjr esa 1971&81 osQ n'kd esa lcls vfkd
okf"kZd o`f nj 3-8 izfr'kr ntZ dh x;h Fkh ij xr nks n'kdksa esa o`f njksa esa eanh ntZ dh x;h gSA
uxjh; tula[;k dk izfr'kr 1981 esa 23-73 ls c<+dj 1991 esa 25-72 vkSj varr% 2001 esa 27-78 gks x;k gSA 1980 vkSj
1990 osQ n'kd esa uxjh; tula[;k dh 3&4-4 izfr'kr okf"kZd o`f dk vuqeku fd;k x;k FkkA uxjh; tula[;k dh kheh o`f
osQ Li"Vhdj.k osQ :i esa fo}kuksa dk roZQ gS fd xr o"kks esa u osQoy uxjh; tula[;k dh LokHkkfod o`f nj esa kl gqvk gSS vfirq
iq#"k vkSj L=kh nksuksa dh tula[;k osQ uxj dh vksj izokl dh xfr Hkh ean gqbZ gSA 1983 esa fd, x, ,d v;;u osQ vuqlkj uxjh;
izokl osQ ;ksxnku esa xr n'kdksa esa kl gqvk gSA 1980 osQ n'kd ;g 22-6 izfr'kr FkkA 1991 dh tux.kuk esa uxj dh vksj izokl
nj esa vkSj vfkd kl ntZ fd;k x;kA
?kVd (Components)vferkHk oqQ.Mq us Hkkjr esa uxjh; tula[;k dh o`f osQ fuEufyf[kr pkj ?kVdksa dh igpku dh gS
(d) LokHkkfod o`fA
([k) leqPp;ksa ls ckgj u, dLcksa dh o`fA
(x) dLcksa dk foy; vkSj leqPp;ksa esa {ks=kkfkdkj lEcUkh ifjorZuA
(?k) xzkeh.k&uxjh; izoklA
1971&81 vkSj 1981&91 n'kdksa esa uxjh; tula[;k o`f dk e'k 61-3 izfr'kr] 59-4 izfr'kr LokHkkfod o`f osQ dkj.k
FkkA
vkdkj vkSj uxjhdj.k dh vUrjkRed izo`fk;ksa }kjk dLcksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Towns by the Size and
Internal Tendencies of Urbanization)Hkkjr dh tux.kuk us tula[;k osQ vkdkj osQ vkkkj ij dLcksa dks N% Jsf.k;ksa esa j[kk
gS

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Js.kh
I
dLck 1]00]000 ;k vfkd
Js.kh
II
dLck 50]000 ls 99]999
Js.kh
III
dLck 20]000 ls 49]999
Js.kh
IV
dLck 10]000 ls 19]999
Js.kh
V
dLck 5]000 ls 9]999
Js.kh
VI
dLck 5]000 ls deA
fiNys n'kdksa easa cM+s uxjksa vkSj ea>ksys dLcksa (Js.kh I ls Js.kh II) dh la[;k esa vR;fkd o`f gqbZ gS tcfd Js.kh V vkSj
Js.kh VI esa NksVs dLcksa dh la[;k ;k rks fLFkj jgh gS ;k mlesa kl gqvk gSA Lora=krk kfIr ls iwoZ uxjksa dh la[;k esa o`f vis{kkr
/heh Fkh vkSj LokrU=;kskj vofk esa bl la[;k esa o`f rhoz xfr ls gqbZA
Js.kh I uxjksa dh oqQy uxjh; tula[;k osQ izfr'kr Hkkx esa izpqj o`f gqbZ gSA ;g 1901 esa 26 ls c<+dj 2001 esa 68-67 gks
xbZ gSSA vU; lHkh Jsf.k;ksa osQ dLcksa osQ tula[;k Hkkx esa kl gqvk gSA bl izf;k esa lcls vfkd gkfu Js.kh IV, V vkSj VI dLcksa
dks gqbZ gSA
1981&1991 osQ nkSjku egkuxjksa (Metropolitan) esa o`f vU; dLcksa dh o`f nj 2-83 izfr'kr dh rqyuk esa 3-25 izfr'kr dh
nj ls gqbZA rFkkfi 1991&2001 osQ nkSjku egkuxjksa dh o`f nj kheh gksdj 2-88 izfr'kr gks xbZ] vke dLcksa osQ fy, ;g nj 26 izfr'kr jghA
uxjh; o`f dh o`fk;k (Tendencies of Urban Increase)fo'o esa uxjhdj.k dh i`"BHkwfe esa Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k dk Lrj
vHkh Hkh fuEu ekuk tkrk gS rFkkfi Lokra=;kskj dky esa uxjhdj.k dh xfr esa oqQN rhozrk vkbZ gSA 1990 osQ vkdM+ksa ls ;g Li"V
gS fd fo'o dh yxHkx 42-7 izfr'kr tula[;k uxjh; {ks=kkas esa jg jgh FkhA vfkd fodflr {ks=kksa esa 72-7 izfr'kr tula[;k uxjksa
esa fuokl djrh FkhA de fodflr {ks=kksa esa osQoy 33-91 izfr'kr tula[;k uxj esa jgrh Fkh] buosQ e; uxjhdj.k osQ Lrj esa cgqr
gh vf/d varjky FkkA
egkns'kksa esa ;wjksi] vksfl;kfu;k vkSj ySfVu vesfjdk esa uxjhdj.k dk Lrj mPp FkkA mudh tula[;k dk e'k% 73-1] 70-9 vkSj
72-3 izfr'kr uxjh; tula[;k FkhA blosQ foijhr vhdk dh tula[;k dk osQoy 29-9 izfr'kr uxjh; Fkk] tks fd egkns'kksa esa lcls
de uxjhr FksA blosQ vfrfjDr] ,f'k;kbZ {ks=k esa fLFkfr fuEu izdkj Fkh
(i) if'peh ,f'k;k (58-2 izfr'kr uxjh; {ks=k esa jgus okyh tula[;k osQ lkFkA
(ii) iwohZ ,f'k;k (29-4 izfr'kr)]
(iii) nf{k.kh&iwohZ ,f'k;k (29 izfr'kr)]
(iv) nf{k.k ,f'k;k (27-8 izfr'kr) dh vis{kk vfkd uxjhrA
bl dkj nf{k.k ,f'k;k] Hkkjr ftldk ,d Hkkx gS] fo'o osQ lcls de uxjhr {ks=kksa esa ,d gSA 1991 dh tux.kuk osQ
vuqlkj Hkkjr dh tula[;k dk osQoy 25-72 izfr'kr uxjh; {ks=kksa esa jg jgk FkkA ;g nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ekud ls fuEufyf[kr gSA
Hkkjr esa uxjh; tula[;k dh okf"kZd o`f nj 1981&2001 dh vofk esa 3-1 izfr'kr ls fxjdj 1991&2001 osQ nkSjku
2-7 izfr'kr gks x;h gSA Hkkjr esa 1971&81 osQ n'kd esa lokZfkd okf"kZd o`f nj 3-8 izfr'kr ntZ dh x;h] ij xr nks n'kdksa esa
o`f njksa esa kl gqvkA
uxjh; tula[;k dk izfr'kr 1981 esa 23-73 ls c<+dj 1991 esa 25-72 vkSj var 2001 esa 27-78 gks x;k gSA Hkkjr esa uxjh;
tula[;k esa kheh o`f ^uxjh; foLiQksV* osQ yksdfiz; Hkkoksa osQ fo# gSA fuEu us 1980 vkSj 1990 osQ n'kd esa uxjh; tula[;k
dh okf"kZd o`f dk vuqeku fd;k Fkk
(i) ;kstuk vk;ksx (1983)A
(ii) vkBoha ;kstuk osQ fy, tula[;k iwokZuqekuksa osQ fy, fo'ks"kK lfefrA
(iii) ;w-,u- LVMh vkWiQ oYMZ vcZukbts'ku izkWLisDVl (1995&2001)A
mudk vuqeku Fkk fd ;g 3-44 izfr'kr gksxkA o"kZ 2000&10 osQ nkSjku 3-2 izfr'kr o`f dk la;qDr jk"V dk iwokZuqeku lp fl
ugha gks ik jgk gSA bl rF; osQ n`f"Vxr fd oqQy tula[;k dh o`f nj la;qDr jk"V iwokZuqeku osQ vuqlkj 1 izfr'kr ls de jgus
dk vuqeku gS] uxjhdj.k osQ iwokZuqekfur Lrj dks iwjk djus osQ fy, xzkeh.k&uxjh; izokl dh nj dk dkiQh mQpk cuk jguk vko';d
gSA

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uxjh; tula[;k dh kheh o`f osQ dkj.k fxukrs gq, fo}kuksa dk roZQ gS fd xr o"kks esa uxjh; tula[;k dh LokHkkfod o`f
nj esa kl gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk iq#"k vkSj L=kh nksuksa dh tula[;k osQ uxj dh vksj izokl dh xfr Hkh ean gqbZ gSA
1983 osQ ,d v;;u osQ vuqlkj uxjh; izokl osQ ;ksxnku esa xr n'kdksa esa kl gqvk gSA 1980 osQ n'kd esa ;g 22-6 izfr'kr
FkkA
1971&81 dh vofk esa uxjh; {ks=kksa esa varjk tux.kuh; izokfl;ksa osQ izfr'kr esa deh gksdj ;g 18-5 ls ?kVdj 16-9 gks x;kA
thou dky izokfl;ksa (iq#"k) dk izfr'kr 33-6 ls ?kVdj 32-4 jg x;kA
vkthou varjjkT; izokfl;ksa dk Hkkx 11-2 FkkA vc ;g ?kVdj 10-0 izfr'kr gks x;kA
1991 dh tux.kuk esa uxj dh vksj izokl nj esa vkSj Hkh fxjkoV gqbZA 1981&91 osQ n'kd esa n'kdh;] thou dky vkSj
vUrj&jkT; izokl nj e'k% 11-7] 26-0 vkSj 8-0 FkhA uxjh; {ks=kksa dh vksj efgyk izokl] tks izeq[k :i ls lkekftd vkSj lkaLfrd
dkjdksa ls gksrk gS] bl n'kd osQ nkSjku f'kfFky gks x;kA
?kVd (Components)vferkHk oqQ.Mq us Hkkjr esa uxjh; tula[;k dh o`f osQ pkj ?kVdksa dh igpku fuEu izdkj dh gS
(d)LOkkHkkfod o`fA
([k)leqPp;ksa ls ckgj u, dLcksa dh o`fA
(x) dLcksa dk foy; vkSj leqPp;ksa esa {ks=kkfkdkj lEcUkh ifjorZuA
(?k) xzkeh.k&uxjh; izoklA
vkdM+kas ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd 1971&81 vkSj 1981&91 osQ n'kdksa esa uxjh; tula[;k esa oqQy o`f dk e'k% 61-3 izfr'kr
vkSj 59-4 izfr'kr LokHkkfod o`f osQ dkj.k FkkA
1991&2001 osQ n'kd esa Hkh uxjh; tula[;k dh LokHkkfod o`f nj esa kl gqvkA uxjh; tula[;k esa oqQy ;ksx esa ?kVd
([k) dk Hkkx 1980 osQ n'kd esa 9-4 izfr'kr ls ?kVdj 1990 osQ n'kd esa 6-2 izfr'kr jg x;kA Li"V gS fd fo|eku leqPp;ksa
vkSj uxjhr {ks=kksa osQ ckgj uxjh; o`f dh xfr foxr n'kdksa esa kheh gks xbZ gSA 1960] 1970] 1980 osQ n'kdksa esa fuEu dks uxjh;
tula[;k dh o`f esa vYi ;ksxnku ekuk x;k
(i) rhljk ?kVd vFkkZr uxjikfydk lhekvksa dk foLrkjA
(ii) fo|eku uxjh; leqPp;ksa esa iqjkus dLcksa dk foy;A
(iii) u, dLcksa dk lekos'kA
fo|eku iM+kslh dLcksa esa yhu gksus okys uxjksa dh la[;k 2001 esa 221 Fkh] 1991 esa ;g la[;k vkkh Fkh ij uxjh; tula[;k
dh o`f esa bl dkjd dk Hkkx 1991 esa 7-6 izfr'kr ls c<+dj 2001 esa 13 izfr'kr gks x;kA
pkSFks dkjd dk ;ksxnku 1990 osQ n'kd esa 21 izfr'kr gksus dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k FkkA ;g xr n'kd osQ vkdM+s dh rqyuk
esa FkksM+k de FkkA
iz'u 9- D;k Hkkjr esa uxjh; fukZurk xzkeh.k fukZurk ls tqM+k gS\ ppkZ dhft,A
mkjuxjh; fukZurk (Urban Poverty)% fukZurk dh fLFkfr (Position of Poverty)LorU=krk izkfIr osQ mijkUr fukZurk
dh fLFkfr ij fodklkRed uhfr us egoiw.kZ izHkko MkykA fu/Zurk js[kk osQ uhps tula[;k dk izfr'kr xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh rqyuk esa
uxjh; {ks=kksa esa lnSo de jgk gSA o"kZ 1973&74 esa ;g xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 56-44 izfr'kr Fkk] tks fd uxjh; {ks=kksa ls 7-43 izfr'kr vfkd
FkkA izk;% eksVs rkSj ij ;gh fLFkfr cuh jgh gSA varj osQoy ;g vk;k gS fd foxr n'kdksa esa bl varjky esa deh gqbZ gSA
fukZurk dk vuqeku % izf;k (Speculation of Poverty Process)oLrqr% fdlh Hkh o"kZ esa fukZurk dk vuqeku 1973&74
dh fukZurk js[kk dks v|ru djosQ fd;k tkrk gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx bldh x.kuk xzkeh.k vkSj uxjh; {ks=kksa esa fofHkUu dSyksjh ekunaMksa
osQ vkkkj ij djrk gSA
xzkeh.k vkSj uxjh; {ks=kksa osQ fy, e'k% 2400 dSyksjh vkSj 2100 dSyksjh osQ izfr O;fDr ekunaM ij fopkj djrs gq, 56-6 #i;s
vkSj 49-0 #i;s dh x.kuk dh xbZ FkhA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh vis{kk uxjh; {ks=kksa dh vko';drk dks bl vkkkj ij mfpr Bgjk;k x;k
fd muesa jkstxkj dh izfr rFkk 'kkjhfjd Je osQ fu;kstu esa fHkUurk FkhA
bl ckr dh vko';drk gS fd vLlh vkSj uCcs osQ n'kd esa vusd jkT;ksa esa uxjh; fukZurk esa deh vkSj dqN vU; jkT;ksa esa
muosQ fLFkfr LFkkiu dh xaHkhj tkp dh tk;sA
jk"Vh; izfrn'kZ losZ{k.k osQ vuqlkj 1999&2000 esa vkUkz izns'k] osQjy] e; izns'k rFkk jktLFkku vkfn de fodflr jkT;ksa esa

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uxjh; fu/Zurk dk mPp Lrj FkkA fodflr jkT;ksadukZVd] gfj;k.kk vkSj xqtjkr esa Hkh lkkkj.k varj osQ lkFk ,slh gh fLFkfr FkhA
ftu jkT;ksa us uxjh; {ks=k dh rqyuk esa cgqr vfkd xzkeh.k fukZurk iznf'kZr dh] muesa fiNM+s jkT;ksa esa vle] fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk
rFkk fodflr jkT;ksa esa egkjk"V gSA
vUrjjkT;h; fo'ys"k.k (Interstate Analysis) varjjkT;h; fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd gky osQ o"kks esa xzkeh.k vkSj
uxjh; nksuksa {ks=kksa esa fukZurk Lrjksa esa vlekurk esa o`f gqbZ gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa fu/Zurk esa vleku deh vkbZ
gSA fukZurk ij izgkj djus esa fukZu jkT;ksa dh vis{kk fodflr jkT; vfkd liQy jgsA blus ns'k esa c<+rh gqbZ {ks=kh; fo"kerk mRiUu
dhA
;g roZQ fn;k tk ldrk gS fd xr nks n'kdksa esa jkT;ksa osQ uxjh; {ks=kksa esa fodkl dh xfr bl izdkj jgh gS fd rhoz vkfFkZd
o`f osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fukZurk esa rnuq:ih deh ugha vkbZ gSA bl izdkj uxjh; fukZurk xzkeh.k fukZurk dh vis{kk vfkd tfVy
iz?kVuk osQ :i esa izdV gksrh gSA ns'k osQ dqN fiNM+s jkT;ksa esa dLcksa vkSj uxjksa esa fukZurk dk Lrj pk gSA vusd fodflr jkT;ksa
dh Hkh ;gh fLFkfr gSA e; izns'k] vkUkz izns'k vkSj mM+hlk vkfn jkT;ksa esa tgk uxjh; fukZurk dk dkj.k vYi fodkl crk;k tk
ldrk gS] dukZVd] egkjk"V vkSj rfeyukMq tSls nwljs jkT;ksa esa Lo;a fodkl bldk dkj.k gks ldrk gS] tks fd fukZuksa dk dY;k.k
djus esa vliQy jgrk gSA
fodkl dh izxfr] ftlosQ dkj.k Je cy dk uSfekhdj.k gqvk rFkk misf{kr gks x;sA bu vis{kkr vkS|ksxhr jkT;ksa esa fukZurk
osQ mPp Lrj osQ ihNs dkjd gks ldrs gSaA nks jkT;ksa us cM+s iSekus ij dkWjiksjsV {ks=k fuos'k dks vk"V fd;k gSA ogk vk; esa rhoz
o`f ns[kh xbZ] rFkkfi mu jkT;ksa osQ uxjksa vkSj dLcksa esa 1993&94 esa fukZurk dk mPp Lrj ;Fkkor~ cuk jgkA xqtjkr rhoz xfr ls
fodklksUeq[k jkT; gSA ;gk Hkh 1987&88 vkSj 1993&94 esa cM+s iSekus ij uxjh; fukZurk crkbZ xbZ FkhA blesa uCcs osQ n'kd esa kl
gqvk ij vHkh Hkh uxjh; fukZurk xzkeh.k fukZurk ls ij cuh gqbZ gSA blh izdkj fcgkj] mM+hlk vkSj mkj izns'k esa uxjh; fukZurk
esa ekewyh deh vFkok dksbZ deh ugha vkbZ gSA xzkeh.k fu/Zurk esa mYys[kuh; deh vkbZ gSA
;g fLFkfr fdl izdkj gqbZ ;g vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa vkSj lekt'kkfL=k;ksa osQ fy, tkp dk fo"k; gSA
xzkeh.k fukZurk esa LFkkfud fofHkUurk ,d Li"V iSVuZ izdV djrh gSA mu jkT;ksa] ftUgksaus f"k mRiknu esa mPp o`f izkIr dh
tSlsif'pe caxky] rfeyukMq] vkakz izns'k] jktLFkku bR;kfn us vLlh vkSj uCcs osQ n'kdksa esa fukZurk esa egoiw.kZ kl iznf'kZr
fd;kA lkj vkSj vLlh osQ n'kdksa esa vkkkjHkwr lajpuk vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl osQ e; vUruHkZjrk osQ iSVuZ dk fo'ys"k.k djus gsrq
fd;k x;k ,d v;;u ;g izdV djrk gS fd xzkeh.k fu/Zurk esa fodkl osQ lkFk fufoZ?u deh vkrh gS] ij nqHkkZX; ls uxjh;
fukZurk osQ lEcUk esa ,slk ugha gksrk gSA
lajpukRed ifjorZuksa dk Roj.k vkSj fukZurk fo'ys"k.k ls ;g izdV gS fd uxjh; fukZurk dk Lrj vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ;k uxjhdj.k
ls lEcfUkr fof'k"V lwpdksa dh vis{kk vkfFkZd fodkl osQ lexz lwpdksa ls vfkd lw{e :i ls tqM+k gqvk gSA oLrqr% xzkeh.k fukZurk
osQ Lrj osQ lkFk fudV lglacak ;g izdV djrk gS fd nksuksa dks i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q :i ls ugha ns[kk tk ldrk gSA uxjh; dY;k.k osQ
Lrj esa o`f osQ lkFk gh ;fn xkoksa esa fLFkfr [kjkc gS rks xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls vkSj vfkd jkstxkj pkgus okys] uxj pys vkrs gSaA blosQ
foijhr] xzkeh.k le`f vis{kkr uxjh; le`f dks gh izfrfcfEcr djrh gSA dkj.k ;g gS fd uxjh; dk;Zdykiksa osQ l`tu ls ekx
esa o`f gksrh gSA xzkeh.k fukZurk esa fofHkUurk uxjh; fukZurk dh vis{kk vfkd gSA
uxjh; dk;Zdyki LoNUn gksrs gSauxjh; Je cktkj xzkeh.k Je cktkjksa dh vis{kk vfkd jk"Vh; pfj=k okys gksrs gSaA blosQ
vfrfjDr xzkeh.k mRikndrk dh tM+sa vfkd Li"V :i ls vpy lEifk;ksa (tehu) esa gSaA vr,o jkT;ksa osQ e; vfkd fofHkUurk
osQ izfr de izo.k gSA jkstxkj lajpuk esa ifjorZu dh nj mRiknu vkSj ewY; laokZu dh vis{kk dkiQh ihNs jgh gSA fofuekZ.k
dk;Zdykiksa esa rhoz xfr ls o`f gqbZ gSA ij ;g xfr i;kZIr ugha FkhA ;g yksdfiz; fo'okl Fkk fd r`rh;d (lsok) {ks=k ugha oju~
lcls rhoz xfr fofuekZ.k jkstxkj ls o`f djus okyk {ks=k gSA blosQ foijhr jkstxkj lajpuk esa Hkh rhoz xfr ls ifjorZu gksus osQ Li"V
izek.k gSaA lEHkor;k 1970 osQ e; rd vkS|ksfxd fNrjko dh vfkd izo`fk FkhA oLrqr% ;g roZQ ugha fn;k tk ldrk fd vkS|ksfxd
fNrjko dk uxjh; fukZurk mUewyu ij dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkko iM+k Fkk] ;|fi uxjh; fukZurk vkSj fofuekZ.k dk;Z&dyki osQ lglEcUk
lkekU;r;k lgh fn'kk esa gksrs gSaA n`f"Vxkspj gksus okyk egRoiw.kZ {ks=kh; iSVuZ okLro esa iwoZ&if'pe foHkktu gSA ftu jkT;ksa esa lrr
:i ls xzkeh.k vkSj uxjh; nksuksa fukZurk Lrj ij gSa] muesa fcgkj] e; izns'k] mM+hlk] mkj izns'k vkSj rfeyukMq gSaA
mUur jkT; if'pe caxky vkSj egkjk"V esa Hkh xzkeh.k fu/Zurk dk mPp Lrj FkkA
bl izdkj rhu ijEijkxr vkS|ksfxd :i ls vxz.kh jkT;if'pe caxky] egkjk"V vkSj rfeyukMq lcus xzkeh.k fukZurk dk mPp

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Lrj izdV fd;kA ifj.kker% mudh uxjh; fukZurk dk Lrj Hkh mruk uhps ugha Fkk tSlh fd vis{kk dh xbZ gksxhA gfj;k.kk vkSj iatkc
lHkh {ks=kksa esa lokZfkd liQy jgs gSA ;g miyfCk cM+s iSekus ij vkS|ksfxd fuos'k osQ fcuk gh izkIr gqbZA rFkkfi bu jkT;ksa esa fofuekZ.k
jkstxkj esa o`f lokZfkd jgh] x`gLFkh (Household) m|ksxksa esa Hkh o`f jgh ij vU;=k blesa fxjkoV vkbZA bu jkT;ksa esa uxjh; fukZurk
dk Lrj Hkh fuEure Fkk vkSj bldk dkj.k xzkeh.k rFkk uxjh; nksuksa {ks=kksa esa xSj&f"k jkstxkj FkkA
mi;qZDr leLr ifjorZuksa osQ lkFk uxjhdj.k dh xfr Hkh bu jkT;ksa esa rhoz gqbZA blfy, uxjh; fukZurk osQ fuokj.k esa egoiw.kZ
dkjd f"kxr o`f gSA f"k mRikndrk esa lqkkj osQ vHkko esa fofuekZ.k dk;Zdyki vkSj jkstxkj esa mPp o`f nj dks cuk, j[kuk
dfBu gSA okLro esa xzkeh.k fukZurk osQ fuokj.k gsrq ftl ifjek.k esa xSj&f"k jkstxkj o`f dh vko';drk gS] og osQoy mlh le;
gks ldrk gS tc f"k mRikndrk esa i;kZIr o`f gksA iqjkus vkS|ksxhr jkT;ksa osQ izek.k fcYdqy gh Li"V gSaA bu jkT;ksa esa fukZurk
fuokj.k dh >yd vkS|ksfxdhdj.k vkSj uxjhdj.k osQ mPp Lrjksa osQ ckotwn Hkh fiNM+ jgs vkarfjd {ks=kksa (xzkeh.k) esa feyrh gSA
Rofjr f"k o`f dk izHkko lokZfkd xzkeh.k {ks=kksa vkSj mlosQ vfrfjDr NksVs rFkk e;e dLcksa] ftudk eq[; dk;Z vius vkarfjd
HkwHkkxksa dks lsok iznku djuk gS] nksuksa esa xSj&f"k dk;Z&dykiksa osQ l`tu esa vfkdre vuqHko fd;k tk;sxkA
bl izdkj cM+s uxj Je cktkj osQ izpkyu osQ ek;e ls rFkk NksVs e;e dLcksa ls muosQ mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ fy, c<+h
gqbZ ekx osQ ek;e ls ijks{k :i ls izHkkfor gksrs gSaA iwohZ {ks=k dk kl fodVre leL;k osQ :i esa mHkjrk gSA iwohZ vkSj e;orhZ
jkT;ksa esa Hkkjh m|ksxksa dks vofLFkr djus dh j.kuhfr dk fukZurk fuokj.k dh n`f"V ls dksbZ fo'ks"k ykHk ugha igqpk gSA fcgkj] e;
izns'k] mM+hlk] mkj izns'k] vkUkz izns'k vkSj dukZVd esa fo'kky HkwHkkx vR;fkd fuEu mRikndrk okys f"k {ks=k gSaA uxjhdj.k vkSj
vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dk mudk Lrj nqfu;k esa fuEure Lrjksa esa lfEefyr gSA lkFk gh fukZurk osQ mPpre lwpdkadksa esa Hkh budk LFkku
gSA f"k mRikndrk ij egoiw.kZ :i ls izR;{k izgkj fd, fcuk gh vkS|ksfxd izlkj dk bu {ks=kksa esa uxjh; ;k xzkeh.k fu/Zurk de
djus ij vR;Yi izHkko iM+sxkA
mijksDr izek.kksa ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjr esa fukZurk esa vfr kheh xfr ls deh vkus osQ izeq[k dkj.k lexz jkstxkj lajpuk
esa ifjorZu dk dkiQh khek jguk gSA bl izdkj izFke] fuos'k j.kuhfr =kqfViw.kZ jgh gSA f}rh;] blesa f"k vkSj gYosQ m|ksxksa dh vis{kk
Hkkjh vkSj cM+s m|ksx osQ izlkj ij vfkd ;ku osQfUnzr fd;k x;k FkkA
uxjh; vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa fukZurk fuokj.k dh Loiks"k.kh; ;kstuk osQ izHkkoh gksus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd fuos'k j.kuhfr
xSj&f"k jkstxkj osQ vR;fkd Rofjr l`tu dh vksj mUeq[k gksA
iz'u 10- uxjh; fu;kstu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bldh izfr ,oa {ks=k&foLrkj dk o.kZu dhft,A
mkjfu;kstu dk vFkZ (Meaning of Planning)fu;kstu Hkkoh dkjZokbZ dh rS;kjh gSA ;g fdlh fuf'pr ms'; dh iwfrZ gsrq
dkjZokbZ osQ mke iFk dk p;u djus rFkk fodkl dh psru izf;k gSA
ysfol eEiQksMZ osQ vuqlkj] uxj fu;kstu LFkku] dk;Z vkSj yksxksa osQ ckjs esa Kkr rF;kas osQ vk/kj ij le; vkSj LFkku esa ekuoh;
dk;Zdykiksa ij fopkj.k gSA blesa leqnk; osQ izfr mudh lsokvksa dks c<+kus osQ iz;kstu ls laiw.kZ i;kZoj.k osQ fofHkUu roksa dh mikUrj
vkSj iquLFkkZiuk djuk lafyIr gS vkSj ;g leqnk; osQ dk;Zdykiksa dks vkJ; nsus osQ fy;s mi;qDr lajpuk] fuoklksa] vkS|ksfxd la;a=kksa]
cktkjksa] okVjoDlZ (ty&dy)] ck/ksa] iqyksa] xkoksa] uxjksa osQ fuekZ.k dk vkg~oku djrk gS] ftlls fd le; ij vkSj O;ofLFkr jhfr
ls blosQ lHkh vko';d R;ksa osQ dk;Z fu"iknu esa lgk;rk dh tk losQA
fu;kstu dk Lo:i (Nature of Planning)
(i) uxjh; fu;kstu ,d izf;k gSA blosQ }kjk Hkwfe osQ mi;ksx dks fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g uxjh; {ks=kksa osQ laxBu] fodkl
rFkk mn~Hko esa ;ksxnku djrk gSA
(ii) ;g lkoZtfud dY;k.k vkSj i;kZoj.k dh xq.kokk dks izksRlkfgr djus osQ e esa vkfFkZd] dkuwuh vkSj lkSan;Z ladYiukvksa
rFkk n'kkvksa osQ vk/kj ij muosQ ifjos'kksa osQ uxjhdj.k esa ;ksxnku djrk gSA
(iii) ;g uxjh; LFkku esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh LFkkfud ?kVuk ls lacaf/r gSA
fu;kstu osQ y{k.k (Objectives of Planning)fu;kstu osQ y{; nks izdkj osQ gSa&
1- lkekftd n`f"V ls liQy fu;kstu dh izo`fk fuEu izdkj dh gS
(i) yksxksa osQ thou dks le` cukukA
(ii) lkekftd vUr;k dks lqxe cukukA
(iii) n`'; :i ls vkd"kZd gksukA

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bl {ks=k esa leqnk;ksa osQ e; mi;qDr LFkkfud laca/ vkSj dLck osQ la?kVd Hkkxkas] fodkl dh lqlEcrk vkSj lapkj dh oqQ'ky
O;oLFkk osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fu"ikfnr ekuoh; dk;Zdyki dh fo'ks"krk, bl izdkj gksuh pkfg;s
(i) vf/d n{krkiwoZd fd, tkrs gSa]
(ii) blesa de ls de viO;; gksrk gS vkSj
(iii) bl izdkj lEink dk l`tu gksrk gSA
uxjksa esa xfrfof/;k (Activities in Towns)dLcksa ;k uxjksa esa cM+h la[;k esa xfrfof/;k py jgh gSaA pkgs dksbZ mUgsa fn'kk
funsZf'kr djs ;k ughaA
(i) ?kjksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] (ii) nqdkusa [kqyrh gSa] (iii) cktkj iQyrs&iQwyrs gSa] (iv) Ldwyksa vkSj vLirkyksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk
gS rFkk (v) lM+dksa dks pkSM+k fd;k tkrk gS ;k (vi) ubZ lM+osaQ cukbZ tkrh gSaA
mi;qZDr lHkh dk;Zdyki pysaxs pkgs dLcksa dk fu;kstu gks ;k ughaA ;fn dksbZ fu;kstu ugha gksxk rks lEHko gS fd lM+dksa osQ
fuekZ.k ls igys ?kjksa dk fuekZ.k dj fy;k tk, vkSj tykiwfrZ rFkk ty&ey O;;u dh lqfo/k, iznku djus ls igys ?kjksa esa yksx
jgus vk tk,A
uxjh; fu;kstu osQ dk;Z (Functions of Town Planning)uxjh; fu;kstu vkSj dLck fu;kstu fuEu dkj dk;Z djrk
gS(1) R;sd lq/kj ij fopkj djrk gSA (2) mUgsa leqnk; ls vkSj ,d laiw.kZ bdkbZ osQ :i esa uxj ls tksM+rk gS vkSj (3) ;g
ns[kus dk ;kl djrk gS fd vklUu Hkfo"; osQ lkFk&lkFk ,d yach le;kof/ esa D;k gksus okyk gSA
uxjh; fu;kstu {ks=k (Town Planning Scope)uxjh; fu;kstu dk laca/ fo|eku dLcksa vkSj uxjksa rFkk Hkfo"; esa LFkkfir gksus
okys uxjksa esa c<+rh gqbZ uxjh; tula[;k osQ fy, fofHkUu eqksa vkSj fuEufyf[kr leL;kvksa ls gS] tSls
(i) i;kZIr vkokl lqfo/k, miyC/ djkus dh leL;k]
(ii) jkstxkj]
(iii) Ldwy]
(iv) ikoZQ]
(v) [ksy osQ eSnku]
(vi) vPNh ifjogu lqfo/k, miyC/ djkus dh lqfo/k, vkSj
(vii) ty lqfo/kvksa rFkk lsokvksa ls gSA
bu leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku gsrq fofHkUu Lrjksa ij [kaM&[kaM esa fu;kstu u dj fujarj rFkk lrr fu;kstu vko';d gSA
uxjh; fu;kstu % fo'ks"krk, (Town Planning: Characteristics)iwjs {ks=k ls lEcfU/r uxjh; fu;kstu i`Fko~Q ls ugha ns[kk
tk ldrk gSA uxjh; fu;kstu dh leL;k dk lEcU/ iwjs {ks=k ls gksrk gSA bl izdkj uxjh; fu;kstu dh {ks=kh; n`f"Vdks.k j[kus dh
vko';drk gS
(1) larqfyr {ks=k dk vfHkUu Hkkx cukus osQ fy, dLcksa vkSj uxjksa osQ Hkkoh fodkl osQ vfrfjDr xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ fodkl dk
leUo; LFkkfir djuk vko';d gSA
(2) {ks=kh; n`f"Vdks.k dk iz;kl uxjh; vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa osQ e; vkSj ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxsa osQ e; lkekftd&vkfFkZd
vlarqyu dks de djuk gSA
(3) dLcksa vkSj uxjksa osQ fy, ekLVj Iyku rS;kj djus osQ vfrfjDr {ks=kh; fodkl ;kstuk, Hkh cuk;h tk,A
(4) {ks=kh; vkSj uxjh; fu;kstu dk ijLij fudV lac/
a gSA
(5) {ks=kh; fu;kstu ewy :i ls dLcksa uxjksa rFkk nsgkrksa dh HkkSfrd fu;kstu ij fopkj djrk gSA
bldk iz;ksx dLck fu;kstu osQ foLrkj osQ lanHkZ esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa lalk/uksa dk lkekU; fu;kstu Hkh lfEefyr gks
ldrk gSA
lkekftd fu;kstu iwoZ&vko';drk (Social Planning Pre-requisites)iSfVd xsMsl vkSj ysfol eEiQksMZ us lkekftd fu;kstu
;k dLck fu;kstu osQ fy, iwoZ vko';drk osQ :i esa {ks=kh; fu;kstu vkSj fodkl osQ lEcU/ esa fy[kk gSA
{ks=k{ks=k 'kCn dk rkRi;Z ,slk bykdk gS] ftldh fuf'pr fo'ks"krk gksrh gS] tks izk;% ,d fuf'pr vkdkj gh gksrk gS] ftlosQ
dkj.k ;g O;kikj vkSj iz'kklu osQ fdlh fo'ks"k iz;kstu osQ fy, mi;qDr bdkbZ osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,slk {ks=k Hkh

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gS] tks fd lac n'kkvksa osQ oqQN fo'ks"k lsV dh n`f"V ls ln`'k gSA pkgs ;g fuEufyf[kr esa ls oqQN Hkh gks&
(i) Hkwfe dh n'kk;sa] ;k
(ii) yksxksa dh n'kk;sa] tSls
(v)m|ksx]
(c) [ksrh]
(l) tula[;k dk forj.k]
(n) okf.kT; ;k
(;) uxj osQ izHkko dk lkekU; {ks=kA
,d dLck ;kstukdkj osQ fy;s Hkwfe iz;ksx fu;kstu osQ {ks=k esa fo'ks"k gksuk vko';d gSA mls dLcksa osQ izlkj osQ fy, vko';d
Hkwfe dk U;wure lhek rd iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A bl izdkj cgqewY; Hkwfe dk fdlh vU; iz;kstu osQ fy, laj{k.k djuk pkfg,A {ks=kh;
v;;u ls ;kstukdkjksa dks {ks=k eas fdlh Hkh dLck ;k uxj osQ fodkl osQ fy, fu;kstu esa mldh lhekvksa osQ laca/ esa ;s lgk;rk
feysxhA
orZeku le; dk dLCkk ;kstukdkj nks izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks >syrk gS
1- ,d vksj og fuEufyf[kr leL;kvksa ls tw> jgk gS
(i) vfrfjDr vkoklksa dh leL;k]
(ii) m|ksxksa dh leL;k]
(iii) lkoZtfud Hkouksa dh leL;k vkSj
(iv) euksjatu lqfo/kvksa dks vofLFkr djus osQ fy, uxjksa osQ foLrkj dh leL;k lsA
2- nwljh vksj og fuEufyf[kr leL;kvksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gS
(i) f"k dh Hkwfe dh deh dh leL;k]
(ii) ouksa dh dVkbZ osQ nq"izHkkokas dh leL;k]
(iii) jktekxks osQ lkFk iV~Vh dk fodkl]
(iv) xzkeh.k vkSj uxjh; thou eas vlarqyu vkfn dh leL;kA
mls fdlh Hkh fo|eku dLck vFkok uxj dk foLrkj djus gsrq igy djus ls igys ;k fdlh fo'ks"k {ks=k esa dksbZ dLck clkus
ls igys mls {ks=kh; vk/kj ij bl leL;k dks ns[kuk gksxkA
O;kid ladYiuk (Wide Concept)Li"Vr;k uxjh; fu;kstu ,d vR;ar O;kid ladYiuk gSA blesa osQoy lM+dksa] ?kjksa vkSj
ukxfjd Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k gh lekfgr ugha gSA dLck fu;kstu dks izHkko'kkyh rFkk l`tukRed gksus osQ fy;s bls fuEufyf[kr dk;Z
djuk gS&
(i) xko ls 'kq: djuk gS vkSj
(ii) iwjs ns'k dks lfEefyr djuk gSA
uxj osQ Lrj ij dLck ;kstukdkj u osQoy ,d leqnk; ;k ,d dLck oju~ vusd leqnk;ksa dk vosQys vkSj ,d&nwljs osQ lkFk
laca/ dh n`f"V ls fgr lk/u djrk gSA og ml {ks=k osQ leLr leqnk;ksa }kjk Hkwfe osQ b"Vre mi;ksx osQ loksZke ykHk gsrq uxj osQ
lalk/uksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
uxjh; fu;kstu osQ y{k.k

(Features of Town Planning)

(1) uxjh; fu;kstu jk"Vh;

lajpuk osQ varxZr dk;kZfUor gksrk gSA fu;kstu dks fo/ku vkSj fofu;eksa esa lfEefyr djus ls tks
fof/d ra=k dk vax cu tkrk gS vkSj tks i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q ns'kksa esa vyx&vyx gks ldrk gS] ls 'kfDr izkIr gksrh gSA
(2) fu;kstu dk dk;kZUo;u iz'kklfud ifr osQ ek;e ls gksrk gS] tks iqu% nqfu;k osQ fHkUu&fHkUu ns'kksa esa dkiQh i`Fko~Q gSA
(3) uxjh; fu;kstu dks jktuhfr vkSj lkekftd o lkaLfrd n`f"V osQ lkFk&lkFk i;kZoj.kh;] vkFkd] izkS|ksfxdh;] HkkSfrd]
jktdks"kh; vkSj vk/kjHkwr lajpuk dh n`f"V ls Hkh O;ogk;Z gksuk pkfg;sA
uxj vkSj bldk i;kZoj.k uxjh; tula[;k rFkk ekuoh; dk;Zdyki dh o`f osQ leku ugha c<+rk gSA vr% uxjh; fu;kstu
vfuok;Z gSA
=kqfViw.kZ fu;kstu osQ y{k.k (Features of Faulty Planning)uxjh; {ks=kksa esa =kqfViw.kZ fu;kstu osQ oqQN y{k.k fuEu izdkj gaS
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(i) ?kjksa esa vR;f/d HkhM+&HkkM+ vkSj txg dh deh]
(ii) fu/Zurk vkSj csjkstxkjh]
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