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andGrammarApplied

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AnIntroductiontoClassicalArabic

Lesson4:Thedualandsoundplural

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36

Recapandtodayslesson
Thefeminineending
Typesoffeminineword
Exercises
TodaysLesson
Declensionofnouns:Thethreecases
Preposi+onsinArabic
ExercisesandVocabulary
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AnIntroduc+ontoClassicalArabic:Language
andGrammarApplied

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DeclensioninArabic
TherearethreecasesinArabic.Theseareindicatedbythe

changingofthevowelofthenalconsonantexceptinthecase
ofthe:
DualandsoundMasculine

Whatwemeanbycasesisthatthevowelofthenalconsonant

ofnounsandverbscanchangebasedongramma+cal
posi+oningandthiscanchangeinthreeways.

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Revisitingthenominalsentence
Vowel
ending

Thisisthe
predicateofthe
sentence,i.e.The
newsor
informa+on
regardingthe
subject

Indenite

Predicate

Subject

Vowel
ending

Thisisthesubject
ofthesentence,
i.e.Theperson
beingdiscussed

Arrajuluhdirun
TheManispresent

Denite

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AnIntroduc+ontoClassicalArabic:Language
andGrammarApplied

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Thereare3casesorvowelendinginArabic.

(1)Nomina+ve
Inarabicthisis
called(raf)

(2)Accusa+ve
Inarabicthisis
called(nasb)

(3)Geni+ve
Inarabicthisis
called(jar)

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40

Recognisingcases
Casesarerecognisedbysigns.Thesesignsarethevowelendings.Generallythecaseis
representedbyashortvowelasshownbelow,wecallthistheoriginalsign

Raf

Nasb

Jar

Theoriginal
sign
represen+ng
rafisthe
Dhamma

Theoriginal
sign
represen+ng
nasbisthe
Fatha

Theoriginal
sign
represen+ng
jaristhe
kasra

2008,FaizanalRasoolEduca5onIns5tute

AnIntroduc+ontoClassicalArabic:Language
andGrammarApplied

12/14/08

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Recognisingcases
Some+mesthecaseisrepresentedbyalongvowelasshownbelow,wecallthese
secondarysigns,thisoccursonlyonspecicword.(secondarysignsarerestrictedtowhat
ismen+onedbelow)

Raf

Nasb

Jar

Oneofthe
secondary
signs
represen+ng
rafisthe
wworalif

Oneofthe
secondary
signs
represen+ng
nasbisthe
y

Oneofthe
secondary
signs
represen+ng
jaristhey

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Recognisingcases
Belowarebasicexampleofchange

Raf

Nasb

Jar

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AnIntroduc+ontoClassicalArabic:Language
andGrammarApplied

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Workingwithcases

TheArabscalldeclension

Howdoweknowwhenawordisnomina5ve,accusa5ve

orgeni5ve

Casesarerecognisedbasedontheposi+onofawordina

sentence,sodependingonwherethewordisposi+oned
(gramma+cally)thecasewillchange.

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Basicrules
Somebasicrulesonemustknow:
Subjectsandpredicatesarealwaysnomina5ve

TOBECOVEREDINLATERLESSONS
Objectsarealwaysaccusa5ve
Wordsthatfollowapreposi+onarealwaysgeni5ve

2008,FaizanalRasoolEduca5onIns5tute

AnIntroduc+ontoClassicalArabic:Language
andGrammarApplied

12/14/08

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TheDual
TherearethreenumbersintheArabicLanguage
Singular
Dual
Plural

... forthenomina5vecase

Thedualendingis

... fortheaccusa5veandgeni5vecase(tobe

And

coverednextweek)

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Examples

Twobooks

Twoapples

TwoDeserts

Twoeyes

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AnIntroduc+ontoClassicalArabic:Language
andGrammarApplied

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Dualsandadjectives
Adjec5vesagreeinnumberwithnounstheyqualofyandinthe

dualtheyhavethesameending.

Twoopenbooks

Twotastyapples

Twobigeyes

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Dualsandsentences
Similarlythesubjectandpredicatewillhavethesameending.

Theci+esaregreat

Thetwoteachersareold

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