Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals 2012

Coordinate
Geometry
Fundamentals
2012 Edition
Professor Todd W. Horton, PE, PLS

Engineering Science & Technologies Department
Parkland College
Champaign, Illinois
thorton@parkland.edu
Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals
Table of Contents
Angles & Directions
Triangle Solutions
Inverse Computations
Traverse Computations
Sideshot Computations
Perpendicular Offset Computations
Intersection Computations
Direction Direction
Distance Distance
Direction Distance
Area by Coordinates Computations
Horizontal Curves
Horizontal Curves Tangent Offset
Horizontal Curves Chord Offset
Vertical Curves
Page
4-8
9
10-12
13-22
23-25
26-28
29-32
33-36
37-41
42-45
45-51
52-53
54-55
56-60
Angles & Direction

Angle:
the difference in direction of two lines.
Angular units:
Degrees, minutes, and seconds:

1 degree = 1/360 of a circle
1 minute = 1/60 of a degree
1 second = 1/60 of a minute
Grads: 1 grad = 1/400 of a circle or 0 54 00
Radians: 1 radian = of a circle or 57 17 44.8
Perform as many checks on angular data as possible.
Close the horizon when turning angles in the field.
In a closed traverse, compute the sum of the interior angles.

The sum should equal (n-2)*180, where n is the number of interior angles.
Angular adjustments:
Do not express seconds with decimal fractions unless the instrument used reads to
decimal fractions of a second.
Examine field notes for angles with poor closure and for problems with turning
the angles. Apply excess to these angles.
If unable to view field notes or if no apparent error source exists, then apply
excess of equal adjustment to angles with the shortest sides.
Bearings and azimuths:

Bearing: the acute horizontal angle between a reference meridian (north or south) and a line.
Azimuth: the horizontal angle measured from a north meridian clockwise to a line.
Max. value
Origin
Direction
Letters
Bearing
90
North or South
CW or CCW
Yes
Azimuth
360
North
CW
No
Convert azimuths to bearings

First, determine the proper quadrant letters:
1. For 0 to 90, use NE (quadrant 1 in most software programs).
2. For 90 to 180, use SE (quadrant 2 in most software programs).
3. For 180 to 270, use SW (quadrant 3 in most software programs).
4. For 270 to 360, use NW (quadrant 4 in most software programs).
Then find the numerical value, using the following relationships:
1. NE quadrant: bearing = azimuth
2. SE quadrant: bearing = 180 - azimuth
3. SW quadrant: bearing = azimuth - 180
4. NW quadrant: bearing = 360 - azimuth
Convert from bearing to azimuths

Convert from bearing to azimuths by using these relationships:
1. NE quadrant: azimuth = bearing
2. SE quadrant: azimuth = 180 bearing
3. SW quadrant: azimuth = 180 + bearing
4. NW quadrant: azimuth = 360 - bearing
Reverse Directions
Back azimuth (reverse direction) = azimuth + / - 180
Back bearing (reverse direction) = same numeric value with opposite directions
Find these directions:

Azimuth
Bearing
Line 0-1
Line 0-2
Line 0-3
Line 4-0
Compute the interior angles of this closed traverse.
Traverse loop azimuth computations

1. To compute azimuths in the counterclockwise direction, add the interior angle to the
back azimuth of the previous course.
2. To compute azimuths in the clockwise direction, subtract the interior angle from the
See the Traverse Example Problem for an example of this

computation.
Azimuth computations Practice Problem
Right Triangle Solutions

a
, cos A b , tan A a
c
c
b
Given Required Solutions
a
a, b
A, B, c tan A , c a 2 b2
b
a
a, c
A, B, b sin A cos B , b c a c a
c
a
a
, c
A, a
B, b, c B = 90 - A, b
tan A
sin A
b
A, b
B, a, c B = 90 - A, a b tan A , c
cos A
A, c
B, a, b B = 90 - A, a c sin A , b c cos A
For angle A, sin A
b
Right Triangle
Oblique Triangle Solutions

Given
c
B
a
C
b
Oblique Triangles
c
B
a
C
b
Sine law:
Required Solutions
a sin B
a sin C
, C = 180 - (A+B), c
b
A, B, a
b, c, C
sin A
sin A
b sin A
a sin C
, C = 180 - (A+B), c
A, a, b
B, c, C sin B
a
sin A
a b tan 1 A B
1
2
tan A B
a, b, C
A, B, c
2
ab
a sin C
, A+B = 180 - C
c
sin A
s bs c ,
1
abc
, sin A
s
2
bc
2
a, b, c
A, B, C
s a s c , C = 180 - (A+B)
1
sin B
2
ac
abc
, area ss a s bs c
s
a, b, c
area
2
bc sin A
area
A, b, c
area
2
2
a sin B sin C
A, B, C, c
area
area
2 sin A
sin A sin B sin C
a
b
c
Cosine law:
a 2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
Inverse Computations
Given known coordinates of any two points of a system, the distance and direction
between them can be determined.
1.
Determine latitude (N) and departure (E) between the two points.
a. Subtract origin northings and eastings from destination northings and eastings.
b. Be careful to note the sign (+ or -) of each answer.
Northing Easting
Destination Point 2
N2
E2
- Origin
Point 1
- N1
- E1
N
E
E 2 .
2.
Determine length using c
3.
Determine reference direction: north or south.

E
Determine local angle using tan 1
.
N
Determine line direction.
4.
5.
10
Inverse Example Problem

Inverse from Point J to Point H.
Point J
N 3913.66
E 2207.65
Point H
N 4692.08
E 5909.33
Step 1
Point
Northing
Easting
Destination
4692.08
5909.33
- Origin
- 3913.66
- 2207.65
+ 778.42
N
+ 3701.68
E
Note that both N and E are both positive, thus line JH lies in the northeast quadrant.
Step 2
HD
778.42
3701.68 2 3782.64 ft
Step 3
Since line JH lies in the northeast quadrant, the reference direction is North.
Step 4
3701.68
tan 1
7807'28"
778.42
This is the local angle relative to North.
Step 5
North
00000
+ local angle
+780728
Line direction
780728
Solution:
Line JH, azimuth 780728, length 3782.64 ft.
11
Inverse Practice Problem

Inverse from Point 1 to Point 3.
Point
Northing
Easting
5046.79
6323.23
5615.27
6304.67
12
Traverse Computations
This computation process is dependent on these conditions.
The traverse is a closed loop traverse.

The traverse was measured in a counter-clockwise direction, allowing direct
measurement to the right of interior angles.
The traverse angular closure is within acceptable limits for the accuracy standards
required.
A starting azimuth is known or will be assumed.
A starting coordinate is known or will be assumed.
1. Find the angular closure error.

a. Sum the measured interior angles of the traverse.
b. Compute the theoretical sum of interior angles using the following equation.
angles (n 2)180 where n equals the number of traverse angles (sides).
c. Subtract the theoretical sum of interior angles from the measured sum of interior
angles. This difference is the angular error in the traverse.
2. Adjust the interior traverse angles.
a. Find the total angular correction. The total angular correction equals the
angular error but is opposite in sign.
b. Divide the total angular correction by the number of traverse angles. This
result will be the correction to each individual traverse loop interior angle.
Example:
For a six-sided traverse loop with a -18 error, the correction will be:
- ( -18 / 6 angles ) = + 3 correction per angle
c. Add this correction to each interior angle.
3. Compute the traverse leg azimuths.
To compute azimuths in the counterclockwise direction, add the interior angle to

the back azimuth of the previous course.
13
To compute azimuths in the clockwise direction, subtract the interior angle from
the back azimuth of the previous course.
4. Compute the latitude (N) and departure (E) for each traverse leg.
N HD(cos Az )
E HD(sin Az )
Latitude:
Departure:
where
N equals the change in Northing (latitude)

E equals the change in Easting (departure)
HD equals the measured horizontal distance along the traverse leg
Az equals the computed azimuth of the traverse leg
a. Find errors in latitude and departure, Elat and Edep.
The sum of the latitude and departure columns should be fairly close to 0.00 feet.
b. Find the linear error, Elin. This is the positional closure error of the traverse.
Elin ( Elat Edep )
2
c. Compute the relative error, Erel, in the traverse and check it against the
appropriate standard.
E rel
1
L
Elin
where L equals the total length of the traverse legs
Express the Erel result as a fraction with a numerator of 1.

Round the denominator to the nearest 1000.
This error ratio is the indicator of positional error.
d. If the positional error is acceptable, continue computing the traverse. If the
error is excessive, recheck all your computations. If your computations are error
free, your field work may need to be remeasured.
e. Compute the corrections for latitude and departure.
Balancing Methods:
Least Squares: Based on the theory of probability. Linear and angular
adjustments are made simultaneously. Hand methods are long and complex thus
not often used. Computer applications are commonly used for this procedure.
14
Crandall Method: Used when larger random error exists in distance.

Directional adjustments from balancing are held fixed and distances are balanced
by a weighted least squares procedure.
Transit Rule: Used when larger errors occur in distance than in direction.
Seldom used today.
Compass Rule: (Bowditch Rule) Used when accuracy of angles and distances
are equal. Most commonly used method today.
For the Compass Rule, corrections are defined as follows.
HD
Clat
Elat
L
HD
C dep
E dep
L
where
Clat equals the latitude correction for a traverse leg
Cdep equals the departure correction for a traverse leg
HD equals the measured horizontal distance along the traverse leg
L equals the total length of the traverse legs
The sum of all latitude corrections Clat should equal and be opposite in sign to Elat.
The sum of all departure corrections Cdep should equal and be opposite in sign to Edep.
f. For each traverse leg, add the latitude (departure) and the latitude
(departure) correction to produce the balanced latitude (departure).
g. Sum the balanced latitudes and sum balanced departures. Each sum should
equal zero since all errors have been corrected.
5. Compute traverse point coordinates.
a. Starting at a point of known or assumed coordinates, add the latitude and
departure of the next traverse leg to the starting coordinate to find the next
point coordinates.
b. Using the newly computed coordinate as a new starting point, add the next
latitude and departure to find the next point coordinates.
c. Repeat this process until all latitudes and departures have been properly
applied.
d. When all is complete, the ending coordinates should match the starting
coordinates.
15
American Congress On Surveying And Mapping

Minimum Angle, Distance And Closure Requirements For Survey Measurements
Which Control Land Boundaries For ALTA/ACSM Land Title Surveys
(Note 1)
Dir. Reading
of
Instrument
Instrument
Reading
Estimated
Number
of Observations Per
Station
(Note 4)
Spread From
Mean of
D&R
Not To
Exceed
(Note 5)
Angle
Closure
Where
N=No. of
Stations
Not To
Exceed
(Note 2)
(Note 3)
20" <1'> 10"
5" <0.1'> N.A.
2 D&R
5"<0.1'> 5"
10" N
Linear
Closure
Distance
Measurement
Minimum
Length of
Measurements
(Note 6)
(Note 7)
(Notes 8,
9, 10)
EDM or
Doubletape
with Steel
Tape
(8) 81m,
(9) 153m,
(10) 20m
1:15,000
Note (1) All requirements of each class must be satisfied in order to qualify for that particular class of
survey. The use of a more precise instrument
does not change the other requirements, such as number of angles turned, etc.
Note (2) Instrument must have a direct reading of at least the amount specified (not an estimated reading),
i.e.: 20" = Micrometer reading theodolite,
<1'> = Scale reading theodolite, 10" = Electronic reading theodolite.
Note (3) Instrument must have the capability of allowing an estimated reading below the direct reading to
the specified reading.
Note (4) D & R means the Direct and Reverse positions of the instrument telescope, i.e., Urban Surveys
require that two angles in the direct and two
angles in the reverse position to be measured and meaned.
Note (5) Any angle measured that exceeds the specified amount from the mean must be rejected and the set
of angles re-measured.
Note (6) Ratio of closure after angles are balanced and closure calculated.
Note (7) All distance measurements must be made with a properly calibrated EDM or Steel tape, applying
atmospheric, temperature, sag, tension,
slope, scale factor and sea level corrections as necessary.
Note (8) EDM having an error of 5 mm, independent of distance measured (Manufacturer's specifications).
Note (9) EDM having an error of 10 mm, independent of distance measured (Manufacturer's
specifications).
Note (10) Calibrated steel tape.
Excerpted from MINIMUM STANDARD DETAIL REQUIREMENTS for ALTA/ACSM LAND
TITLE SURVEYS as adopted by American Land Title Association
American Congress on Surveying and Mapping and National Society of Professional Surveyors,1999
http://www.acsm.net/alta.html
16
Traverse Example Problem

Find the coordinates of points R, S, T and P.
Adjust the angles, balance the traverse, and compute coordinates for this traverse.
Vertex
Q
P
N
Angle
75 01 24"
Line
Distance
Direction
QP
1170.73
N 76 32 44 E
PN
458.39
NM
339.25
ML
868.95
LQ
428.09
Position
5000.00, 5000.00
41 19 20"
251 04 40"
54 06 24"
118 27 52"
17
Adjust interior angles:
Field measured
angle
75 01 24
+0 0 04
Adjusted
angle
75 01 28
41 19 20
+0 0 04
41 19 24
251 04 40
+0 0 04
251 04 44
54 06 24
+0 0 04
54 06 28
118 27 52
+0 0 04
118 27 56
Sum
539 59 40
Vertex
adjustment
540 00 00
- 540
error
-0 0 20
-(- 20) / 5 angles = +4 / angle
adjustment
Traverse loop azimuth computations:

3. To compute azimuths in the counterclockwise direction, add the interior angle to the
4. To compute azimuths in the clockwise direction, subtract the interior angle from the
18
Azimuth computations:
76 32 44
azimuth QP
This is the starting direction.
+ 180
256 32 44
back azimuth QP
+ 41 19 24
interior angle P
297 52 08
azimuth PN
- 180
117 52 08
back azimuth PN
+ 251 04 44
interior angle N
368 56 52
- 360
8 56 52
azimuth NM
+ 180
188 56 52
back azimuth NM
+ 54 06 28
interior angle M
243 03 20
azimuth ML
- 180
63 03 20
back azimuth ML
+ 118 27 56
interior angle L
181 31 16
azimuth LQ
- 180
1 31 16
back azimuth LQ
+ 75 01 28
interior angle Q
76 32 44
azimuth QP
This was the last remaining unknown azimuth.

Use the adjusted closing traverse angle to
check your computations.
OK: This checks with the starting value.
19
20
Traverse Practice Problem

Adjust the angles, balance the traverse, and compute coordinates for this traverse.
Vertex
Angle
87 53 02
189 29 34
78 48 29
118 22 27
E
F
Line Distance
Direction
Position
N 2000.00, E 4000.00
AB
186.63
BC
206.92
CD
198.15
DE
187.93
EF
214.57
FA
201.51
S 42 15 33 E
140 41 31
104 45 08
21
22
Sideshot Computations
Sideshot positions should be computed relative to balanced traverse coordinates.
1. Find the backsight azimuth (see Inverse Computations).
2. Compute the foresight azimuth.
3. Find the latitude and departure of the
foresight line.
4. Compute the foresight point coordinates.
Adjusted traverse courses

Line Distance
Azimuth
QP
1170.67
7632'48"
PN
458.40
29751'57"
NM
339.24
856'44"
ML
869.00
24303'18"
LQ
428.10
18131'25"
To find the distance and azimuth between the adjusted

points, you must inverse between them.
Notice how these values differ from the corrected values
in the computation sheet above.
23
Sideshot Example Problem

Find the coordinates of point 1 given the field measurements shown here.
Occ BS
Pt
Pt
P
Q
FS
Pt
1
Horiz Angle
Horiz Distance
Comment
244 08 38
291.53 ft
IR FND IN O&C SURF
Step 1
Backsight direction:
Destination Q
- Origin
P
Northing
Easting
5000.00
- 5272.36
- 272.36
5000.00
- 6138.54
- 1138.54
Local angle:
1138.54
tan 1
7632'47"
272.36
1800000 + 763247 = 2563247
backsight azimuth
Step 2
Backsight azimuth
2563247
Angle RT to FS Pt
+ 244 08 38
500 41 25
- 360 00 00
140 41 25
Foresight azimuth
Step 3
Latitude:
N 291.53(cos14041'25") 225.57
Departure:
E 291.53(sin14041'25") 184.69
Step 4
P
Lat / Dep
FS Pt 1
Northing
Easting
5272.36
6138.54
+(-225.57)
+184.69
5046.79
6323.23
Solution: Point 1 = N 5046.79, E 6323.23
24
Sideshot Practice Problem

Find the coordinates of point 3 given the field measurements shown here.
Occ BS
Pt
Pt
P
Q
FS
Pt
1
Horiz Angle
Horiz Distance
Comment
244 08 38
291.53 ft
IR FND IN O&C SURF
240 42 36
258.67 ft
S. FACE WOOD FENCE POST
282 45 42
558.20 ft
IR/CAP FND 6 DEEP, ILS 2006
283 07 40
569.98 ft
N. FACE WOOD CORNER POST
285 37 47
143.35 ft
IR/CAP FND 12 DEEP, ILS 2006
282 18 38
165.57 ft
W. FACE WOOD FENCE POST
25
Perpendicular Offset
Computations
An application of inverse calculations
Given a Point 3 of known coordinates (N3, E3)and a line 1-2 whose endpoint coordinates
(N1, E1 and N2, E2) are known, the perpendicular offset of the point from the line can be
determined. Stationing along the line to the point can also be found.
1. Inverse between the end points of the line 1-2.
2. Inverse between point 1 and the offset point 3.
3. Find the interior angle, , between lines 1-3 and 1-2.
4. Find the perpendicular offset and direction.
offset HD1 3 sin
5. Find the station from Point 1 along the line.
station HD1 3 cos
26
Perpendicular Offset Example Problem

What is the perpendicular offset and station of point 76 relative to line 80 - 83?
Point 76
N 3256.82
E 2296.66
Point 80
N 3534.01
E 1709.58
Point
Northing
Easting
Destination
83
3144.89
2523.41
- Origin
80
- 3534.01
- 1709.58
- 389.12
N
+ 813.83
E
Step 1
Line 80-83
inverse
Point 83
N 3144.89
E 2523.41
Since N is negative and E is positive, line 80-83 lies in the southeast quadrant.
Reference direction is South (azimuth=1800000).
HD
389.12
813.832 902.07 ft
South
1800000
+ local angle
+(-642645)
Line direction
1153315
HD
277.19
Line 80-83,
azimuth 1153315,
length 902.07 ft.
Point
Northing
Easting
Destination
76
3256.82
2296.66
- Origin
80
- 3534.01
- 1709.58
- 277.19
N
+ 587.08
E
Step 2
Line 80-76
inverse
813.83
tan 1
6426'45"
389.12
587.082 649.23 ft
South
1800000
+ local angle
+(-644332)
Line direction
1151628
587.08
tan 1
6443'32"
277.19
Line 80-76,
azimuth 1151628,
length 649.23 ft.
27
Step 3
Close inspection of these directions shows that

Point 76 falls to the left of line 80-83.
Line 80-83
1153315
- Line 80-76
-1151628
Interior angle
01647
Step 4
offset HD1 3 sin 649.23(sin 016'47) 3.17 ft
Step 5
station HD1 3 cos 649.23(cos 016'47") 649.22 ft
Solution:
Point 76 falls 3.17 ft LEFT of line 80-83, 649.22 ft along the line from Point 80.
Perpendicular Offset Practice Problem

Find the perpendicular offset and station of Point K relative to line JL.
Point J
N 2537.19
E 1774.94
Point K
N 2423.58
E 2223.41
Point L
N 2399.34
E 2445.15
28
Intersection Computations
3 types of intersections:
Solution method:
1. Direction Direction
2. Distance Distance
3. Direction Distance
Sine law
Cosine law
Sine law
B
a
C
b
Sine law:
sin A sin B sin C
a
b
c
Cosine law:
a 2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
Direction Direction Intersection

Find the coordinates of Point C given known coordinates at Points A & B and two lines
of known direction.
1. Inverse line AB.

2. Compute the interior angles at A, B, and C.
3. Compute the length of line AC (or line BC) using the Sine Law.
4. Find the latitude and departure of line AC (or line BC).
5. Compute the coordinates of Point C.
29

Example Problem
Find the coordinates of Point C given
known coordinates at Points A & B and
two lines of known direction.
Step 1
Line AB
inverse
Point
Northing
Easting
Destination
5724.36
6198.05
- Origin
- 6490.66
- 6828.53
- 766.30
N
- 630.48
E
Since both N and E are negative, line AB lies in the southwest quadrant. Reference
direction is South (azimuth=1800000).
630.48
HD 766.302 630.482 992.33 ft
tan 1
3926'46"
766.30
South
1800000
+ local angle
+392646
Line direction
2192646
Line AB,
azimuth 2192646,
length 992.33 ft.
30
Step 2
Side AC
2705904
Side AB
Angle A
- 2192646
513218
Side BC
3585645
Side AC
- 2705904
Angle C
875741
Side AB
2192646
+ 1800000
Step 3
Side BC
- 3585645
Angle B
403001
Angle A
513218
Angle C
+ 875741
Angle B
+ 403001
Check = OK
992.33
BC
sin 8757'41" sin 5132'18"
1800000
BC = 777.51 ft
Step 4
Latitude:
N 777.51(cos 35856'45") 777.38 ft
Departure:
E 777.51(sin 35856'45") 14.30 ft
Step 5
Northing
Easting
Point B
5724.36
6198.05
Lat / Dep
+777.38
+(-14.30)
Point C
6501.74
6183.75
Solution: Point C = N 6501.74, E 6183.75
31

Practice Problem
Find the coordinates of Point C given

known coordinates at Points A & B and
two lines of known direction.
32
Distance Distance Intersection

of known length.
1. Inverse line AB.

2. Compute the interior angle A using the Law of Cosines.
3. Compute the azimuth of line AC on the appropriate side (left or right) of line AB.
4. Find the latitude and departure of line AC.
5. Compute the coordinates of Point C.
33

Example Problem
of known length.
Step 1
Point
Northing
Easting
Destination
6338.33
8704.38
- Origin
- 6334.43
- 7910.57
+ 3.90
N
+ 793.81
E
Line AB
inverse
Since both N and E are positive, line AB lies in the northeast quadrant. Local angle
equals azimuth in the northeast quadrant.
793.81
HD 3.902 793.812 793.82 ft
tan 1
8943'07"
3.90
North
00000
+ local angle
+894307
Line direction
894307
Line AB,
azimuth 894307,
length 793.82 ft.
34
Step 2
a 2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
a 2 b2 c2
A cos 1
2
bc
842.302 742.302 793.822

6624'24"
A cos 1
2(742.30)793.82
Step 3
Side AB
894307
Angle A
- 662424
Side AC
231843
Step 4
Latitude:
N 742.30(cos 2318'43") 681.70 ft
Departure:
E 742.30(sin 2318'43") 293.76 ft
Step 5
Northing
Easting
Point A
6334.43
7910.57
Lat / Dep
+681.70
+293.76
Point C
7016.13
8204.33
35

Practice Problem
of known length.
36
Direction Distance Intersection

Find the coordinates of Point C given known coordinates at Points A & B and one line of
known length R and one line of known direction.
1. Inverse line AB.

2. Compute the interior angle B.
3. Using Angle B, distance AC,
and distance AB, find Angle C
using the Sine Law.
4. Using Angles B & C,
compute Angle A and the
azimuth of line AC.
5. Find the latitude and
departure of line AC.
6. Compute the coordinates of
Point C.
Direction Distance Intersection Conditions

Evaluate R and Angle B to determine possible number of solutions.
Angle B acute
Angle B right
Angle B obtuse
R < AB
0-2 solutions
(see note next page)
0 solutions
0 solutions
R = AB
1 solution
(isosceles)
0 solutions
0 solutions
R > AB
1 solution
1 solution
1 solution
37
Note:
For acute Angle B and R < AB, three conditions may occur.
O solutions:
R is less than the minimum
(perpendicular) distance to line BC.
1 solution:
R equals the minimum (perpendicular)
distance to line BC.
2 solutions:
R is greater than the minimum
(perpendicular) distance to line BC.
38

Example Problem
Step 1
Point
Northing
Easting
Destination
7386.35
4810.28
- Origin
- 7739.51
- 3809.65
- 353.16
N
+ 1000.63
E
Line BA
inverse
Since N is negative and E is positive, line BA lies in the southeast quadrant.

Reference direction is South (azimuth=1800000).
1000.63
HD 353.162 1000.632 1061.12 ft tan 1
7033'36"
353.16
South
1800000
+ local angle
-703336
Line direction
1092624
Line BA,
azimuth 1092624,
length 1061.12 ft.
39
Step 2
Side BC
1923850
Side CB
- 1800000
123850
Side BA
Side BC
Angle B
1092624
- 123850
964734
Step 3
1377.86
1061.12
sin 9647'34"
sin C
C = 495254
Step 4
Sum of angles
1800000
Angle B
- 964734
Angle C
- 495254
Angle A
+ 331932
Angle A
331932
Side AC
3224556
Step 5
Side BA
1092624
+ 1800000
Latitude:
N 1377.86(cos 32245'56") 1097.01ft
Departure:
E 1377.86(sin 32245'56") 833.71ft
Step 6
Point A
Lat / Dep
Point C
Northing
Easting
7386.35
4810.28
+1097.01
+(-833.71)
8483.36
3976.57
40

Practice Problem
41
Area by Coordinates
Computations
Given a closed figure defined by points of known coordinates (Nx, Ex), the figure area
can be determined by cross-multiplication of the coordinate pairs.
1. List point coordinates in sequence around the area to be calculated.

2. Cross-multiply coordinate pairs to find Northings.
N1 * E2 ( N 2 * E3 ) ( N 3 * E4 ) ...( N x * E1 ) Northings
3. Cross-multiply coordinate pairs to find Eastings.
E1 * N 2 ( E2 * N 3 ) ( E3 * N 4 ) ...( E x * N1 ) Eastings
4. Calculate the area.
Northings Eastings
2
Area
42
Area by Coordinates
Example Problem
Find the area of the figure defined by Points 1 6.
Step 1
Point
Northing
Easting
10000.0000
5000.0000
10326.7981
5356.3614
9938.7277
5298.7122
9448.9156
4560.3990
9854.7405
4760.8417
10070.8565
4583.9559
10000.0000
5000.0000
Step 2
N1 * E2 ( N 2 * E3 ) ( N 3 * E4 ) ...( N x * E1 ) Northings = 294,119,678.8 ft2

Step 3
E1 * N 2 ( E2 * N 3 ) ( E3 * N 4 ) ...( E x * N1 ) Eastings = 293,663,353.6 ft2

Step 4
Northings Eastings
2
Area
456,325.2 ft 2
= 228,162.6 ft2
2
228,162.6 ft 2
5.24 acres
43,560 ft 2 / acre
Solution: Area = 5.24 acres
43
Area by Coordinates
Practice Problem
Find the area of the figure defined by Points 1 6.
44
Horizontal Curves
Any 2 known parts will
completely describe a
curve.
= Central Angle
= Radius
= Tangent Distance
= Degree of Curvature
= External Distance
= Middle Ordinate
= Chord Length
= Curve (arc) length
PC
= Point of Curvature
PI
= Point of Intersection
PT
= Point of Tangency
5729.577951
R
L 100
D L
100
L 2R
T R tan
C 2T cos
M R1 cos 2
360
C 2 R sin
tan
2
4
E R
1
cos 2
45
Circular Curve Example Problem

Given:
PI Station 107+67.90
= 11 00 00
D = 2 30 00
Calculate all other curve parameters.

Radius
R=5729.58 / D
R=5729.58 / 2 30 00
R=2291.83 ft
Deflection for 100 ft arc

100 ft arc = D / 2
100 ft arc = 2 30 00 / 2
100 ft arc = 1 15 00
Tangent Distance
T=R (tan /2)
T=2291.83 (tan 11 00 00/2)
T=220.68 ft

50 ft arc = D / 4
50 ft arc = 2 30 00 / 4
50 ft arc = 0 37 30
Length of Curve
L=100 (/D)
L=100 (11 00 00/2 30 00)
L=440.00 ft

25 ft arc = D / 8
25 ft arc = 2 30 00 / 8
25 ft arc = 0 18 45
External Distance
E=T (tan /4)
E=220.68 (tan 11 00 00/4)
E=10.60 ft

1 ft arc = D / 200
1 ft arc = 2 30 00 / 200
1 ft arc = 0 00 45
PC Station
Chord Length 100 ft arc
PC = PI Station Tangent Distance
100 arc = 2R (sin deflection angle)
PC = 107+67.90 220.68
100 arc = 2 (2291.83) sin 1 15 00
PC = 105+47.22
100 arc = 99.99 ft
PT Station
PT = PC Station + Curve Length
PC = 105+47.22 + 440.00
PC = 109+87.22
Chord Length 50 ft arc

50 arc = 2R (sin deflection angle)
50 arc = 2 (2291.83) sin 0 37 30
50 arc = 50.00 ft
Calculate the deflection for the first station from P.C. or any odd station along the curve.
1. Take the distance from the last point with a known deflection to the station you are
calculating.
2. Multiply this distance by the deflection of a 1 foot arc (D/200); this will give you the
deflection between these two points.
Example: Find the deflection angle at Sta 108+55.
(108+55 105+47.22) = 307.78
307.78 * (0 0 45) = 3 50 50
46
Field Book for Circular Curve

Dist.
Chord
Dist
Defl.
Angle
Total
Defl.
105+47.22
105+50
2.78
2.78
0 02 05
0 02 05
106+00
50
50.00
0 37 30
0 39 35
106+50
50
50.00
0 37 30
1 17 05
107+00
50
50.00
0 37 30
1 54 35
107+50
50
50.00
0 37 30
2 32 05
108+00
50
50.00
0 37 30
3 09 35
108+50
50
50.00
0 37 30
3 47 05
109+00
50
50.00
0 37 30
4 24 35
109+50
50
50.00
0 37 30
5 02 05
109+87.22
37.22
37.22
0 27 55
5 30 00
Sta.
105+00
Calc by KAB 7-20-93

= 11 00 00
P.C.
P.T.
Check by AN 7-21-93
D = 2 30 00
Deflection Angles
Chord Length
100 ft arc
= D / 2 = 2 30 00 / 2
100 arc
= 1 15 00
50 ft arc
= D / 4 = 2 30 00 / 4
= 0 37 30
50 arc
1 ft arc
= D / 200 = 2 30 00 / 200
= 0 00 45
= 2R (sin deflection angle)

= 2 (2291.83) sin 1 15 00
= 99.99 ft
= 2R (sin deflection angle)
= 2 (2291.83) sin 0 37 30
= 50.00 ft
P.T. (Note: Total deflection should equal /2)
47
Circular Curve Practice Problem

Given a circular horizontal curve with a central angle of 29 42 00 and a radius of
700 feet, find the tangent length and the arc length.
Solution:
Delta Angle = 2942'00"
Degree of Curvature = 811'06"
Radius = 700.00 ft
Circular Curve Length = 362.85 ft
Tangent Distance = 185.60 ft
Circular Curve Long Chord = 358.81 ft
Middle Ordinate = 23.38 ft
External = 24.19 ft
48

Given a curve to the right with PI at 10+71.78, T = 375.60 ft, R = 1150.00 ft, compute chord
and deflection data for all even 100 ft stations within the curve.
49
Solutions:
Delta Angle = 3610'30"
Degree of Curvature = 458'56"
Radius = 1,150.00 ft
Circular Curve Length = 726.08 ft
Tangent Distance = 375.60 ft
Circular Curve Long Chord = 714.08 ft
Middle Ordinate = 56.83 ft
External = 59.78 ft
PI Stationing = 10+71.78
Incremental chord solution:

Station
Chord
14+22.26 PT
14+00.00
13+00.00
12+00.00
11+00.00
10+00.00
9+00.00
8+00.00
7+00.00
6+96.18 PC
22.26
99.97
99.97
99.97
99.97
99.97
99.97
99.97
3.82
Deflection
Increment
033'16"
229'28"
229'28"
229'28"
229'28"
229'28"
229'28"
229'28"
005'43"
Deflection
Angle
1805'15"
1731'59"
1502'31"
1233'03"
1003'35"
734'07"
504'39"
235'11"
005'43"
Deflection
Increment
033'16"
229'28"
229'28"
229'28"
229'28"
229'28"
229'28"
229'28"
005'43"
Deflection
Angle
1805'15"
1731'59"
1502'31"
1233'03"
1003'35"
734'07"
504'39"
235'11"
005'43"
Total chord solution:

Station
Chord
14+22.26 PT
14+00.00
13+00.00
12+00.00
11+00.00
10+00.00
9+00.00
8+00.00
7+00.00
6+96.18 PC
714.08
692.89
596.91
499.80
401.75
302.94
203.55
103.79
3.82
50

This curve cannot be staked entirely from the PC. While occupying the PC, you can only
stake up through Station 46+00.00 due to an obstruction that prevents you from seeing
the remainder of the points. What can you do?
= 3823'06"
D = 425'40"
R = 1,294.00 ft
L = 866.91 ft
T = 450.43 ft
LC = 850.79 ft
M = 71.92 ft
E = 76.15 ft
PI Stationing = 47+16.26
Station
Chord Defl. Increment Defl. Angle
51+32.74 PT 32.74
043'29"
1911'33"
51+00.00
99.98
212'50"
1828'04"
50+00.00
99.98
212'50"
1615'14"
49+00.00
99.98
212'50"
1402'24"
48+00.00
99.98
212'50"
1149'34"
47+00.00
99.98
212'50"
936'44"
46+00.00
99.98
212'50"
723'54"
45+00.00
99.98
212'50"
511'03"
44+00.00
99.98
212'50"
258'13"
43+00.00
34.17
045'23"
045'23"
42+65.83 PC
Incremental chord solution
51
Horizontal Curve Layout Tangent Offset

Y R R2 X 2
R = curve radius
X = Distance along tangent to set out point
Y = Offset from tangent
Tangent Offset Example Problem

Given R = 40 feet, find offsets from the tangent to the curve at 2 foot increments along
the tangent.
Y R R2 X 2
X (feet)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Y (feet)
0
0.05
0.20
0.45
0.81
1.27
1.84
2.53
3.34
4.28
5.36
X (feet)
Y (feet)
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
6.59
8.00
9.60
11.43
13.54
16.00
18.93
22.56
27.51
40.00
52
Tangent Offset Practice Problem

Given R = 75 feet, find offset Y at 5 foot increments along the tangent. In addition, find
the offset at X = 67.5 feet and at X = 72.5 feet.
53
Horizontal Curve Layout Chord Offset
Y R2 X 2 R2 C
2
Y = Offset from chord
X = Distance from chord midpoint to set out point

R = curve radius
C = Chord length
Chord Offset Example Problem

Given R = 636.62 feet and C = 100.00 feet, find offsets from the chord to the curve at
5 foot increments along the tangent.
Y R2 X 2 R2 C
2
X (feet)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Y (feet)
1.97
1.95
1.89
1.79
1.65
1.48
X (feet)
Y (feet)
30
35
40
45
50
1.26
1.00
0.71
0.37
0.00
54
Chord Offset Practice Problem

Given R = 20 feet and C = 28.28 feet ( = 90), find offsets at increments of C/8.
55
Vertical Curves
Two major methods of computation: Tangent offset & Equation of Parabola.
Information Needed:
Grade or slope on each side of curve.

Elevation and station of PVI.
Curve length (Horizontal distance PVC - PVT)
Typical Vertical Curve Diagram:
Tangent Offset Method:

Procedure:
1. Compute the elevation of the PVC and PVT.
2. Compute elevation of Chord midpoint.
3. Compute offset to curve at midpoint.
4. Determine total number of stations covered.
5. Determine tangent elevations at stations.
6. Compute curve offset at stations.
7. Combine data and determine vertical curve elevations.
Equation Of Parabola Method:

Equation: r = g2 g1 / L
r = change in grade per station

g1 = initial grade
g2 = final grade
L = length of curve in stations
Procedure:
1. Compute PVC and PVT elevations.
2. Calculate total change in grade/station.
3. Insert data to chart and compute final curve elevations.
56
Tangent Offset Vertical Curve Example Problem
PVC Station & Elevation
50+00 400 = 46+00 Station

550.97 + (400 * 6.0%) = 574.97 elevation
PVT Station & Elevation
50+00 + 400 = 54+00 Station

550.97 + (400 * 2.0%) = 558.97 elevation
Elevation of chord at midpoint:
(574.97 558.97) / 2 = 566.97
Offset to curve at midpoint:
(566.97 550.97) / 2 = 8.00
4 stations each side
46+00 50+00:
50+00 54+00:
Determine Curve Offset:

47+00 & 53+00:
48+00 & 52+00:
49+00 & 51+00:
(1/4)2 * 8.00 = 0.50

(1/2)2 * 8.00 = 2.00
(3/4)2 * 8.00 = 4.50
Subtract 6.00 / station

Add 2.00 / station
Compute tangent elevations & vertical curve elevations:

47+00:
574.97 6.00 =
568.97 + 0.50 =
48+00:
568.97 6.00 =
562.97 + 2.00 =
49+00:
562.97 6.00 =
556.97 + 4.50 =
50+00:
556.97 6.00 =
550.97 + 8.00 =
51+00:
550.97 + 2.00 =
552.97 + 4.50 =
52+00:
552.97 + 2.00 =
554.97 + 2.00 =
53+00:
554.97 + 2.00 =
556.97 + 0.50 =
54+00:
556.97 + 2.00 =
569.47 VC elev.
564.97 VC elev.
561.47 VC elev.
558.97 VC elev.
557.47 VC elev.
556.97 VC elev.
557.47 VC elev.
558.97 PVT elev.
57
Equation Of Parabola Vertical Curve

Example Problem
PVC Station and Elevation:
50+00 400 = 46+00 PVC Station

550.97 + (400 X 6.0%) = 574.97 elevation
PVT Station and Elevation:
50+00 + 400 = 54+00 PVT Station

550.97 + (400 X 2.0%) = 558.97 elevation
Total change in grade / station (r):
r = 2.0 (-6.0) / 8 = 1.00%
VC Elev. = PVC Elev. + g1X + r/2 X2

Station
X2
r/2X2
g1X
PVC Elev.
VC Elev.
PVC 46+00
574.97
574.97
47+00
0.5
-6.0
574.97
569.47
48+00
2.0
-12.0
574.97
564.97
49+00
4.5
-18.0
574.97
561.47
PVI 50+00
16
8.0
-24.0
574.97
558.97
51+00
25
12.5
-30.0
574.97
557.47
52+00
36
18.0
-36.0
574.97
556.97
53+00
49
24.5
-42.0
574.97
557.47
PVT 54+00
64
32.0
-48.0
574.97
558.97
58
Station and Elevation of Low/High Point

(Based on the Equation of Parabola Method)
The lowest point on a sag vertical curve or the highest point on a crest vertical curve lies at a
distance X stations (X * 100 ft) from the PVC of the curve.
g1
r
Substitute this value of X into the equation below to find the elevation of the high point or low
point.
VC Elev. = PVC Elev. + g1X + r/2 X2
Low/High Point Example Problem
g1
r
6.0
6
1.0
Distance = X*100 ft = 6 * 100 ft = 600 ft
46+00 + 600ft =
VC Elev. =
52+00 low point station
PVC Elev. + g1X + r/2 X2

574.97 + (-6.0)*6 + (1.0/2)*62 =
556.97 low point elevation
59
Vertical Curve Practice Problem

Given the following vertical curve data, compute the elevations of the curve summit and
even full stations (that is, 100 ft stations).
PVI at 19+00, elevation 723.86
LVC = 500 ft
g1 = +2.5%
g2 = -1.0%
60

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals 2012

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Professor Todd W. Horton, PE, PLS

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Angles & Direction

the difference in direction of two lines.

Degrees, minutes, and seconds:

Perform as many checks on angular data as possible.

Close the horizon when turning angles in the field.

In a closed traverse, compute the sum of the interior angles.

Bearings and azimuths:

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Convert azimuths to bearings

Convert from bearing to azimuths

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Find these directions:

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Compute the interior angles of this closed traverse.

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Traverse loop azimuth computations

See the Traverse Example Problem for an example of this

Azimuth computations Practice Problem

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Right Triangle Solutions

For angle A, sin A

Oblique Triangle Solutions

sin A sin B sin C

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Determine length using c

Determine reference direction: north or south.

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Inverse Example Problem

This is the local angle relative to North.

Line JH, azimuth 780728, length 3782.64 ft.

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Inverse Practice Problem

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

The traverse is a closed loop traverse.

1. Find the angular closure error.

To compute azimuths in the counterclockwise direction, add the interior angle to

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

N equals the change in Northing (latitude)

where L equals the total length of the traverse legs

Express the Erel result as a fraction with a numerator of 1.

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Crandall Method: Used when larger random error exists in distance.

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

American Congress On Surveying And Mapping

20" <1'> 10"

5" <0.1'> N.A.

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Traverse Example Problem

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Adjust interior angles:

Traverse loop azimuth computations:

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

This is the starting direction.

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

This was the last remaining unknown azimuth.

OK: This checks with the starting value.

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals

Traverse Practice Problem

Coordinate Geometry Fundamentals