Lecture-7 on 20/01/2015

By: Rajendra S. Dhaka

(rsdhaka@physics.iitd.ac.in)

PYL100 course:
Electromagnetic Waves and
Quantum Mechanics
The auxiliary Field H
Linear and non-linear magnetic media
Boundary Conditions for Electrostatics and Magnetostatics

Surface/Volume currents, equation of continuity

Electromagnetic induction: Faradays experiments
1

Announcements
Three help sessions
(for help with the Exercise Sheet, and other
conceptual doubts of Chapter 1 of GRIFFITHS)
will be organized in
Room No. MS418/ MS420
(3rd Floor, Main Building)

1. Tuesday, JAN 20: 4 PM to 5 PM

2. Wednesday, JAN 21: 4 PM to 5 PM
3. Friday,
JAN 23: 4 PM to 5 PM

Ch.6: What is the auxiliary field H?

The magnetic fields generated by currents and
calculated from Ampere's Law or the
Biot-Savart Law are characterized by the
magnetic field B, measured in Tesla.
But when the generated fields pass through
magnetic materials, which themselves contribute
internal magnetic fields, ambiguities can arise about
what part of the field comes from the external
currents and what comes from the material itself.
It has been common practice to define another
magnetic field quantity, usually called the
Auxiliary field" designated by H.
3

Ch.6: How to define the auxiliary field H?

As discussed, the Ampere's Law can be written as:

! !
! ! ! !
1 ! !
( B) = J = J f + J b = J f + M
o

where, J is the total current, which consists of

(i) given current or free current (controlled externally) Jf
(ii) the bound current Jb due to magnetized material
we can write

!
1 ! !
as: ( B M ) = J f
o

where,

! 1 ! !
H = BM
0

! ! !
!
which means: H = J f is the Amperes law for H
!
And, H is called the Auxiliary field

Also, integral form of Amperes law:

Relation between B and H?

vThe relationship for
B
(Tesla)
can
be
written
as:
!
! !
B = 0 ( H + M )

H and M have the same units, Amperes/meter.

B is sometimes called the magnetic flux density or
the magnetic induction.
H is called auxiliary field or magnetic intensity or
magnetizing field.
!
(analogous to D in Electrostatics.)
Just as D allowed us to write Gauss's law in terms of the
free charge alone, H permits us to express Ampere's law in
terms of the free current alone.
! ! !

H = J f

Ch.6: Linear and Non-linear magnetic media:

We have seen that para- and dia-magnetic
materials get magnetized in a field.
When field is removed, M disappears.
When field is small,
If,
M
is
proportional
to
field:
Linear
Media
! !
!
!

M H

m= magnetic susceptibility (dimensionless)

!
! !
! (+ve for para-, -ve for dia-)
B = o ( H + M ) = o (1+ m ) H
M = m H,

!
!
B = H , where, = o (1 + m ) is the permeability of the material
In vacuum, there is no matter to magnetize:
m = 0 , = o
If, M is not proportional to B:
Non-linear Media (Ex: Ferromagnetic materials)
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Ch.2: Boundary Conditions for Electrostatics:

Electric field always undergoes a discontinuity
when it crosses a surface charge .
!
What is the amount of E that changes at such
boundary? Thin Gaussian pill box A = area of the pill box lid
Gausss law states:
! ! Q
A
enc
! E da = =

If thickness of the pill box tends to zero, the sides of pill box contribute
nothing to the flux. Thus we can write as:

Eabove Ebelow =
E
A E A =
o
o !

The normal component of E is discontinuous by an amount

at any
7
o
boundary. It is continuous if = 0 .

above

below

Ch.2: Boundary Conditions for Electrostatics:

!
For tangential component of E

! !
! E dl = 0

Using Stokes theorem and curl of E

equal to zero, the integral around a
closed path for E is zero.
Consider the thin rectangular loop:
The ends give nothing, as thickness
tends to zero. The sides give -

!
above

!
below

lE

l =0

!
above

!
below

=E

!
E is the component of E parallel to the surface.8
!

!
Ch.2: Boundary Conditions for E :

Finally, what we obtain is as following:

above

below

= and
o

!
above

!
below

lE

l =0

!
on E

The boundary conditions

can be
combined into the following single formula:

!
!

Eabove Ebelow = n
o

n is a unit vector perpendicular to the surface,

pointing from below to above.
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Ch.5: Boundary Conditions for Magnetostatics:

Magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface
current.
! !
!

!
B = 0 !
B da = 0

Use the following:

! !
! !
( v)d = ! v da
s

Applying to a wafer-thin pill box, we get -

above

A B

below

A=0

above

=B

below
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Ch.5: Boundary Conditions for Magnetostatics:

For tangential components,
consider an Amperian loop running
perpendicular to the current
! !
!
!
" B dl = Babove Bbelow l

= o I enc = o Kl

!
above

!
below

= o K

!
The component of B parallel to the surface but
perpendicular to the current is discontinuous in
!
!
the amount o K !

Babove Bbelow = o K n
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Ch.5: Currents: Line , Surface K, & Volume J:

A line charge traveling down a wire at
speed v constitutes a current:
This is because a segment of length vt,
carrying charge vt, passes point P in a time
interval t.
When charge flows
a ribbon of innitesimal width
over a surface, we describe
it by the surface current density K:
12

Ch.5: Currents: Line , Surface K, & Volume J:

If the current in this ribbon is dI, the surface
current density is:
K is the current
per unit width-perpendicular-to-flow.
In particular, if the mobile surface charge
density is and its velocity is v, then
When the flow of charge is distributed throughout
a 3D region, we describe it by the volume current
density, J:
Consider a tube of infinitesimal cross section,
running parallel to the flow:
13

Ch.5: Currents: Line , Surface K, & Volume J:

If the current in this tube is dI,
the volume current density is:
J is the current per unit areaperpendicular-to-flow.
If the mobile volume charge density is and
the velocity is v, then we get..
Ch.5: Equation of continuity:
v The current crossing a
surface S can be written as:

14

Ch.5: Equation of continuity:

The divergence theorem:
The total charge per unit time leaving a volume
V can be represented by the volume integral of
the charge density:
Because charge is conserved (neither created nor
destroyed),
hold only if,

known as
continuity equation
15

Ch.7: Electrodynamics:
7.1 Electromotive Force
7.1.1 Ohms Law
7.1.2 Electromotive Force (emf)
7.1.3 Motional emf

Self Study
We will discuss the following topics:
Faradays Law
Maxwells Equations

16

Ch.7: Electromagnetic induction:

Faradays experiments

Magnet moved w.r.t. the coil

Coil pulled w.r.t. the magnet

17

Ch.7: Electromagnetic induction:

Faradays experiments

Observations:
And, current is observed in all the cases

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