ELECTROCHEMISTRY

(Electrochemical Cells)

ELECETROCHEMISTRY

REDOX
REACTION

Balancing REDOX
Equation

Oxidation
Number
Method

Ion
Electron
Method

ELECTROCHEMICAL
CELL

Voltaic or Galvanic
Cell

Standard Cell
Potential

Concentration
Cell

Electrolytic
Cell

Faradays Law
of Electrolysis

REDOX REACTIONS

GEROA
Gain Electron

Reduction
Oxidizing Agent

LEORA
Loss Electron
Oxidation
Reducing Agent

BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS

OXIDATION NUMBER

By Oxidation
Number
Method

By Ion
Electron
Method

Electrochemical Cells

An electrochemical cell is composed to two compartments or half-cells ,

each composed of an electrode dipped in a solution of electrolyte

These half-cells are designed to contain the oxidation half-reaction and

reduction half-reaction separately

Zn(s)

Zn2+(aq) +

2e-

Cu2+(aq)

+ 2e-

Cu(s)

VOLTAIC OR GALVNIC CELL

ELECTROLYTIC CELL

GALVANIC vs. ELECTROLYTIC CELL

Thank You
for Listening

Oxidation-reduction (redox) is a chemical

process in which the oxidation number of
an element is changed.

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Redox may involve the complete

transfer of electrons to form ionic
bonds or a partial transfer of
electrons to form covalent bonds.

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 Oxidation occurs when the oxidation number of

an element increases as a result of losing
electrons.
Reduction occurs when the oxidation number of an
element decreases as a result of gaining electrons.

In a redox reaction oxidation and reduction occur

simultaneously, one cannot occur in the absence of
the other.
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 Oxidizing agent The substance that causes an

increase in the oxidation state of another
substance.

The oxidizing agent is reduced in a redox

reaction.
Reducing agent The substance that causes a
decrease in the oxidation state of another
substance.
The reducing agent is oxidized in a redox
reaction.

The reaction of zinc with sulfuric acid

is a redox reaction.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Hydrogen
Zinc
Hydrogen
Zinc
Zinc
transfers
isisoxidized.
the
isaccepts
isreduced.
the
reducing
electrons
oxidizing
electrons
agent.
toagent.
hydrogen.
from zinc.

The electron transfer is more clearly

expressed as
2+
2o
Zno + 2H+ + SO2
Zn
+
SO
+
H
4
4
2

Balance the equation

Sn + HNO3 SnO2+ NO2+H2O
Step 1 Assign oxidation numbers to each element to identify the
elements being oxidized and those being reduced. Write the
oxidation numbers below each element to avoid confusing
them with ionic charge.

Sn + HNO3 SnO2 + NO2 + H2O

0 +1 +5 -2 +4 -2 +4 -2 +1 -2
oxidation number of tin increases
oxidation number of nitrogen decreases

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Balance the equation

Sn + HNO3 SnO2+ NO2+H2O

Step 2 Write two new equations, using only the elements

that change in oxidation number.
Then add
electrons to bring the equations into electrical
balance.
Sno Sn4+ + 4e-

4N5+ + 1e-- N4+

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Balance the equation

Sn + HNO3 SnO2+ NO2+H2O
Step 3 Multiply the two equations by the smallest whole
numbers that will make the electrons lost by
oxidation equal to the number of electrons gained
by reduction.
Sno
Sn4+ + 4e-

44N5+ + 44e- 4N
4 4+
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Balance the equation

Sn + HNO3 SnO2+ NO2+H2O
Step 4 Transfer the coefficient in front of each substance in the
balanced oxidation-reduction equations to the corresponding
substances in the original equation.

Sno Sn4+ + 4e44N5+ + 44e- 4N

4 4+
Sn + 4 HNO3 SnO2 + 4NO2 + H2O
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Balance the equation

Sn + HNO3 SnO2+ NO2+H2O
Step 5 Balance the remaining elements that
are not oxidized or reduced to give the final
balanced equation.

Sn + 4HNO3 SnO2 + 4NO2 + 2 H2O

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