Background

Intro

Structural Dynamics - ESA 322

Vibration - EMM 342
Dr. Norizham Abdul Razak
University Science of Malaysia
norizham@usm.my

February 22, 2015

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Course Information
This course is divided into two parts

Intro

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Course Outcomes
At the end of this course you should be able to:
1. Determine vibration response for a 1 degree-of-freedom (dof)
system. I.e., students should understand the response in terms
of the displacement, velocity, and acceleration.
2. Able to calculate natural frequencies and mode for 2DOF
system and MDOF.
3. Able to design a tuned vibration absorber (dynamic vibration
absorber) system.

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Course Assessments
1. Final exam - 60%
I
I

Vibration - Final exam - 30%

Vibration - Final exam questions - 3

2. Total coursework - 40%

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Vibration - Coursework - 20%

Vibration coursework assesments - 20%

Assessment type
%
Value
Test 1
30.0
6
Project
30.0
6
Quizzes
15.0
3
Assignments
15.0
3
Attitudes
10.0
2
Total
100
20

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Rules

Obey
1. Do your own assignments
2. Those who skip classes will be barred from the final exam
3. Do not be late. Doors will be locked after 10 minutes
4. Turn off/ silence your electronic gadgets (mobile
phones/tablets/laptops)
5. Keep your electronics gadgets in your bag

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General Info
1. Lecture times
Monday
9:00 to 10:00
Wednesday 9:00 to 11:00
2. Where to find me : Aero building, room number : 236
3. My email : norizham@usm.my
4. My extension : 5909
I will be at my office during these times
Consultation times
Monday
2:30 to 4:30
Tuesday
10:30 to 12:30
Thursday 10:00 to 12:00

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Topics that will be covered

1. Introduction to vibration
i
ii
iii
iv
v

Definition of vibration
Classification of Vibration
Vibration terminology
Vibration elements
Vibration analysis procedure

2. Single degree of freedom system

i
ii
iii
iv

Free
Free
Free
Free

undamped vibration
damped vibration (Viscous damping)
undamped force vibration
damped force vibration

3. Two degree of freedom system

4. Dynamic vibration absorber

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Intro

Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7

Schedule
Introductory class
Introduction to Vibration
SDOF Free vibration
SDOF Damped vibration
SDOF Undamped Forced Vibration
SDOF Damped Forced Vibration
SDOF Base Excitation
SDOF Rotating Unbalanced Mass
System Identification
2DOF Free Vibration
2DOF Forced Vibration
Dynamic vibration absorber
Test 1

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Intro

References

1. Books
i S. S. Rao, Mechanical Vibrations, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004
ii R. F. Steidel Jr, An Introduction to Mechanical Vibrations, John
Wiley & Sons. (Latest Edition)
iii R. C. Hibbeler, Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, Prentice
Hall, (Latest Edition; Chapter 22)
iv J. L. Meriam and L. G. Kraige, Engineering Mechanics:
Dynamics, John Wiley and Sons. Latest Edition.

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Motivation
As engineers, why do we need to learned structural dynamics

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Background

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Motivation
As engineers, why do we need to learned structural dynamics

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Motivation

There are good and bad vibrations

Good Vibration

Bad Vibration

Mobilephone

Car engine

Jackhammer

Aircraft structure

Exercise equipments

High precision machine

Concrete

Swaying in building

Vibration shaker

Grass trimmer

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Motivation
As engineers, why do we need to learned structural dynamics
Vibrations in machines and structures are typically undesirable as
they produce stresses, energy losses and increased bearing loads.
They contribute to structural wear and can lead to passenger
discomfort in vehicles.

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Introduction
What is the definition of vibration:
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I
I

Usually understood as oscillation between an equilibrium point

Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time is
called vibration or oscillation
Can be viewed as the flow between kinetic energy and
potential energy

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Classification of Vibration:

Vibration can be classified as

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Free vibration

Force vibration

Damped vibration

Undamped vibration

Linear vibration

Non-linear vibration

Deterministic vibration

Random Vibration (undeterministic) vibration

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Classification of Vibration: External Force

Free Vibration
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Vibrate on its own

No external force acts on

the system

Forced Vibration
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Subjected to an external
force

Often a repeating type of

force

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Classification of Vibration: Damping

Undamped Vibration

Damped Vibration

If no energy is lost or
dissipated

Energy is lost through

resistance

Amplitude is maintained

E.g. friction

Not physical

Physical

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Classification of Vibration: Linearity

Linear Vibration
All components such as the
spring mass and damper behave
linearly.

Nonlinear Vibration
If one or more components of a
system are not linear then the
system is nonlinear.

Example of linear and nonlinear stiffness

2.5
2

Case A Linear pitch

Case B Nonlinear pitch
Case C Nonlinear pitch

1.5

Torque, Nm

1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Angle, rad

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

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Classification of Vibration: Input

Deterministic Vibration

Undeterministic Vibration

If the value or magnitude of the

excitation acting on a system is
known at any given time.

When the value of excitation at

any given time cannot be
predicted or known

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Vibration Terminology
Frequency :
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Cycle per second

Unit : Hz or rad/s

f =

= 2f rad/s

1
T

Hz

Amplitude:
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Distance moved by a
point on a vibrating
body

measured from its

equilibrium position

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Vibration Terminology
Degree of freedom:
The number of independent co-ordinates required to describe the
motion of a system. System with a finite number of degrees of
freedom are called discrete or lumped parameter system Those
with an infinite number of degrees of freedom are called
continuous or distributed systems.

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Vibration Terminology
Periodic motion:
Defined as any motion that repeats after equal intervals of time
Periodic Signal

Aperiodic Signal

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Vibration Terminology

Example of periodic motion

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Vibration Elements
Vibration exist when it has
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A means of storing potential energy (Spring or elasticity)

A means of storing kinetic energy (mass or inertia)

A means by which energy is gradually lost (damper)

The forces acting on the vibrating systems are usually

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External forces (Mechanical/Aerodynamic/Hydrodynamic)

Restoring force (Stiffness)

Inertia force (mass /moment of inertia)

Damping force (viscous, coulomb or hysteretic)

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Example of Vibration Elements

Periodic Signal

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Study Guide
Given a problem
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You should know how to draw a free body diagram of a

particle, i.e., a body with 1 DOF. The FBD should be a
separate diagram from the schematic diagram

Clearly label the forces on the and body and the coordinate
(positive direction) of the body

Show the EOM from Newtons Second Law

Write the final answer of the EOM in terms of the values of

the coefficients if m, k, c are given

Keep numerical values in 2 significant figures in test/problems

and 3 significant figures in homework problems

Draw a box around your final answer

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Questions?

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Next class will be on Wednesday 9:00 a.m.

Thank You