HYMAN TAXONOMY

Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata
Class Ascidia
Class Larvaceans
Class Thaliceans
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Class Leptocardii
Class Pikaia
Subphlum Vertebrata/Craniata
Class Agnatha
Class Acanthodii
Class Placodermi
Class Chondrichthyes
Class Osteichthyes
Class Amphibia
Class Reptilia
Class Aves
Class Mammalia
Class Agnatha Jawless
Order Myxinoideia - Hagfish
Order Petromyzontia Lampreys
Class Acanthodii Early jawed fished
Class Placodermi head and trunk and bony armor
Class Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fishes
Subclass Holocephali covered gills; chimaeras
Subclass Elasmobranchii naked gills; sharks
Order Squaliformes - sharks
Order Rajiformes ray, skates, sawfish
Class Osteichthyes bony fishes
Subclass Dipnoi lungfishes
Subclass Crossopterygii lobe-fins
Subclass Brachiopterygii - bichirs
Subclass Actinopterygii ray-finned fish
Superorder Chondrostei primitive
Order Acipenseriformes
sturgeons, paddlefish
Superorder Holostei more advanced
Order Amiiformes bowfin
Order Lepisosteiformes gars
Superorder Teleostei most advanced
Class Amphibia
Order Apoda/Gymnophiona caecilians
Order SalientiaAnura frogs and toads
Order Caudata/Urodela salamanders
Class Reptilia
Subclass Anapsida w/o temporal openings
Order Testudinata/Chelonia turtles
Subclass Lepidosauria w/ 2 pairs of temporal
opening
Order Rhyncocephalia - tuatara
Order Squamata lizards and snakes
Subclass Archosauria 2 pairs of temporal
opening

Order Crocodilia - Crocodilians

Class Aves
Subclass Archaeornithes oldest known birds
Subclass Neornithes all living birds
Superoder Odontognathae toothed
marine birds
Supeorder Palaeognathae ratites;
ostrich
Superorder Neognathae carinates;
flying birds
Order Columbiformes pigeons
Order Galliformes fowls
Order Falconiformes hawks,
eagles, vultures
Class Mammalia
Subclass Prototheria egg-laying
Order Monotremata - duckbill
Subclass Metatheria yolk sac placenta
Order Marsupialia - kangaroos
Subclass Eutheria chorioallantoic placenta
Order Insectivora moles, shrews,
hedgehogs
Order Chiroptera flying mammals
Order Demoptera flying lemurs
Order Primates lemurs, monkeys,
apes, man
Order Carnivora dogs, bears, weasels,
civets. cats, seals
Order Perissodactyla horses, tapirs,
rhinoceros
Order Artiodactyla pigs, camels, deer,
giraffes, sheep, antelopes
Order Cetacea whales, dolphins
Order Proboscidea elephants
Order Sirenia dugongs, manatees
Order Hyracoidea conies
Order Rodentia rodents
Order Xenarthra anteaters, sloths,
armadillos
Order Pholidota pangolians
Order Tubulidentata aardvark
Order Lagomorpha rabbits, pika
Order Edentata anteaters, sloths,
armadillos

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF INTEGUMENT AND

EXOSKELETON
Integument is composed of:
- epidermis epithelial cells; formed from the
surface ectoderm
- dermis connective tissue; formed by the
mesenchyme of dermatome
Frogs skin
a) epidermis
- stratum corneum flattened; shed at frequent
intervals
- stratum germinativum rounded to columnar
cells; active portion
b) dermis
- connective tissue w/ pigment cells, cutaneous
glands
Exoskeleton
- derived from skin through hardening process
- epidermis epidermal ectodermal origin
- dermis dermal mesodermal origin
Fishes exoskeleton
a) placoid scale
- elasmobranch fishes; skates, rays, sawfish,
sharks, dogfish
- basal plate and projecting spine
- homologous with teeth
b) ganoid scale
- ganoid fishes; gar pike, sturgeon
c) cycloid scale
- earliest form of thin flexible scale
- occurs in few ganoids and some teleost; bowfin
d) ctenoid scale
- majority in bony fishes

Amphibias exoskeleton
- Naked skins; lacks exoskeleton
- Few are provided w/ dermal scales
Reptiles exoskeleton
- horny scales epidermal origin
- bony plates
- epidermal, scutes; dermal, plates
a)
b)
-

Lizard
head shields
no dermal exoskeleton
Turtle
carapace (dorsal), epidermal origin; bony
plates(ventral), dermal origin
plastron (ventral), epidermal origin; bony plates
(dorsal), dermal origin
other exoskeleton includes claws and horny
beaks

Birds exoskeleton
- feathers epidermal origin
- downfeather/plumulac
- contour feather
- feather tracts/pterylae
- apteria, featherless areas
- filoplume
Mammals exoskeleton
- hair
- scales for armadillos