Skopje Lsap Re-Seeties

WP4 Act.3.
Local strategy and action plan of City of

Skopje
June, 2014.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
RE-SEEties: Towards resource efficient urban

communities in SEE
LOCAL STRATEGY AND

ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
Prepared by: Mining Institute Skopje
Deliverable report under WP4/Activity 4.3
Final Version
Date: (30 June 2014)
WP Leader:
CNR-IMAA
Contributing partners:
City of Nitra, CRES, REGEA

Energiaklub, MACEF, HEMPS, ZRS
Bistra Ptuj, City of Skopje LP-BP18
Scope of work
The scope of work from the contract no. 08-514/9 is creation of Local Strategy
and Action Plan for efficient use of resources in the City of Skopje,
harmonized with the activities of the existing SEAP in the framework of the
RE-SEEties project.
According to the needs from the RE-SEEties project and the request
from the City of Skopje, the Local Strategy and Action Plan of City of
Skopje was created and delivered on English.
Contents
List of Tables ........................................................................................................... 6

List of Figures ......................................................................................................... 7
1.
2.
3.
Introduction .................................................................................................... 10
1.1.
About the RE-SEEties Project................................................................................... 10
1.2.
Local Strategy and Action Plan ................................................................................ 11
1.3.
Energy policy of the City of Skopje .......................................................................... 11
The national and local framework ................................................................. 13

2.1.
National goals and strategies .................................................................................. 13
2.2.
Local energy and waste management strategies and policies ................................ 14
2.3.
Weakness and mapped improvements in existing SEAP......................................... 15
The city case study ........................................................................................ 17

3.1.
General information about the city/municipality ................................................... 17
3.2.
Mission and objectives ............................................................................................ 19
3.3.
Key stakeholders...................................................................................................... 20
4. Application of the common RE-SEEties methodology to the local case

study ...................................................................................................................... 24
5.
4.1.
Building the data input at city level ......................................................................... 24
4.2.
Applying the toolkit ................................................................................................. 26
4.3.
Getting results ......................................................................................................... 27
Technological measures for improvements of local infrastructure............ 29

5.1.
Energy efficiency measures ..................................................................................... 55
5.1.1.
Buildings .......................................................................................................... 55
5.1.2.
Transport ......................................................................................................... 63
5.1.3.
Lighting ............................................................................................................ 68
5.2.
Utilization of renewable energy sources ................................................................. 71
5.3.
Waste management ................................................................................................ 75
6.
7.
5.3.1.
Waste prevention, ........................................................................................... 75
5.3.2.
Integrated waste management systems, ........................................................ 77
5.3.3.
Waste to energy .............................................................................................. 77
Measures for changing behavior of consumers on local level ................... 78

6.1.
Energy efficiency...................................................................................................... 78
6.2.
Renewable energy sources ...................................................................................... 94
6.3.
Waste prevention and management....................................................................... 98
Expected results/effects of taken measures .............................................. 100
8. Financing mechanisms for implementation of measures and endorsement

process ................................................................................................................ 106
9.
8.1.
EU funding ............................................................................................................. 108
8.2.
Regional development banks and specialized funds ............................................. 111
8.3.
National funding .................................................................................................... 113
Policy recommendations ............................................................................. 119

9.1.
Guidelines for waste valorization .......................................................................... 119
9.2.
Guidelines for energy efficiency ............................................................................ 122
9.3.
Guidelines for sustainable exploration of renewable resources ........................... 124
10. Conclusion - SWOT ...................................................................................... 126
11. Monitoring and control of the action plan implementation ....................... 128
12. References .................................................................................................... 130
List of Tables
Table 3-1 Relevant Stakeholders ............................................................................................. 21
Table 4-1 Comparison between the base year 2008 and 2011............................................... 25
Table 5-1Heat consumption parameters in the educational buildings category in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 5-2 Heat consumption parameters in the cultural buildings category in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Table 5-3 Electricity consumption parameters in city council and local self-government
buildings .................................................................................................................................. 36
Table 5-4 Energy consumption parameters for buildings of public enterprises in Skopje ..... 37
Table 5-5 Heat energy parameters by energy source for the residential buildings sector in the
City of Skopje ........................................................................................................................... 40
Table 5-6 Fuel consumption for the vehicle fleet of the City of Skopje by fuel type .............. 45
Table 5-7 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje .......... 50
Table 5-8 Waste Parameters ................................................................................................... 53
Table 5-9 Measures for Public buildings ................................................................................. 55
Table 5-10 Measures for Residental sector ............................................................................. 57
Table 5-11 Measures for Commercial and Service sector ....................................................... 59
Table 5-12 Measures for Transport ......................................................................................... 63
Table 5-13 Measures for Lighting ............................................................................................ 68
Table 5-14 Measures for Utilization of renewable energy sources ........................................ 71
Table 5-15 Measures for waste ............................................................................................... 75
Table 6-1 Measures for Energy efficiency ............................................................................... 78
Table 6-2 Measures for Renewable energy sources ............................................................... 94
Table 6-3 Measures for waste ................................................................................................. 98
Table 7-1 Evaluation results .................................................................................................. 102
Table 8-1 An overview of possible funding ........................................................................... 106
Table 10-1 SWOT Analysis ..................................................................................................... 126
List of Figures
Figure 5-1 Structure of electricity consumption in the educational buildings category in the
City of Skopje ........................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 5-2 Structure of heat consumption in the educational buildings category in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 5-3 Structure of electricity consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City
of Skopje .................................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 5-4 Structure of heat consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 5-5 Structure of electricity consumption in city council and local self-government
buildings .................................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 5-6 Structure of heat consumption in city council and local self-government buildings
................................................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 5-7 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises
of the City of Skopje ................................................................................................................ 37
Figure 5-8 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises
of the City of Skopje (for each enterprise individually) ........................................................... 38
Figure 5-9 Specific electricity consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje ........... 39
Figure 5-10 Specific heat consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje.................. 39
Figure 5-11 Percentage of individual energy sources used for heating in the residential
buildings sector in the City of Skopje ...................................................................................... 41
Figure 5-12 Structure of total energy consumption in the buildings sector in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 5-13 Structure of electricity consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors ........ 43
Figure 5-14 Structure of heat consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors ................ 43
Figure 5-15 Fuel consumption by fuel type for vehicles owned and operated by the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 5-16 Number of passengers transported by public transport offered by JSP Skopje for
2007 and 2008 ......................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 5-17 Number of newly procured buses by years ......................................................... 47
Figure 5-18 Passengers transported and kilometres travelled by months for 2007 and 200847

Figure 5-19 Number of transported passengers per kilometre travelled ............................... 48
Figure 5-20 Number of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje for the period 2003-2008 .. 48
Figure 5-21 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008 ............................. 49
Figure 5-22 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008 by ownership ...... 49
Figure 5-23 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje ...... 50
Figure 5-24 Share of fuel consumption in the transport sector in the City of Skopje by
subsectors................................................................................................................................ 51
1. Introduction
1.1.
About the RE-SEEties Project
Resource efficiency is a top priority in the SEE policy-making agenda,

especially in light of excessive consumption of energy due to users /
inhabitants established behavior, often uncontrolled waste production as well
as lack of efficient coordination measures and awareness regarding how to
use resources in a more conscious manner. The need to consider in resource
management major externalities such as climate change and macroeconomic
developments, e.g. the move from dependency on imported primary energy
sources, is reflected in the flagship initiative Resource efficient Europe of the
Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. To boost
resource efficiency, city leaderships have a major role to play at local and
regional levels. The project therefore places municipality actors in SEE in
focus and investigates what city leaderships can do within their scope of
competence and responsibilities.
The project specifically tackles two major elements linked to resource
efficiency, i.e. energy and waste, in an integrated manner. This way it sheds
light on the challenges of energy consumption and waste production and
disposal (e.g. current unsustainable tendencies), but also the interrelations
and opportunities thereof (e.g. awareness raising among consumers to boost
energy saving, waste valorization, efficient landfill utilization, more coordinated
and efficient exploitation of RES, etc.).
RE-SEEties long-term vision is to turn SEE cities into resource efficient urban
communities, in compliance with the requirements of the relevant EU policies
and legislation. The main objective is to improve the integrated policy-making
and strategic planning competences of SEE municipalities in the field of
energy efficiency (EE), RES and waste valorization, for the purpose of
changing consumption patterns and supporting changing demands with
innovative policy-making solutions, tools and incentives. The project
intensively builds on the existing methodologies (e.g. LCA) of the SEAP
elaboration process.
ERDF and IPA PPs are from 8 SEE cities (Covenant of Mayors signatories
and aspirants) and regions that are directly in charge of designing and
implementing strategy building, and have the necessary policy- and decisionmaking competences related to the project topic. By involving a large number
and variety of SEE actors linked to EE, RES and waste valorization, the
consortium represents a critical mass of stakeholders interested in making a
10
difference in terms of improving policy-making and strategic planning

competences of SEE municipalities in the field of resource efficiency.
1.2.
Local Strategy and Action Plan
This document is intended to refresh the Sustainable Energy Action Plan

(SEAP) of City of Skopje which is in accordance with the guidelines of the
Covenant of Mayors. The need to refresh the Sustainable Energy Action Plan
can be seen in several of the measures that are already implemented and the
changes that are done to other measures according to the experience with
their implementation in the past two years.
Also, some of the specific objectives from the previous Sustainable Energy
Action Plan are changed. With that in mind, this Local Strategy and Action
Plan broadens the influence that the previous version had in the area of waste
(not included in the Sustainable Energy Action Plan), as well as the wider
application of the renewable energy sources (included in the Sustainable
Energy Action Plan in some of the sectors). The renewable energy sources
now are separated from the sectors in new chapter.
The Local Strategy and action plan gives wide view on all elements that has
effect on the environment and not only in energy point of view. It will be the
first step in future decision and policy making on the region around Skopje.
1.3.
Energy policy of the City of Skopje
The energy policy is focused on the adoption of an Energy Efficiency Action

Plan and Programme on the local level, as analogues to the National Energy
Efficiency Strategy, in accordance with the Energy Law. As the basis for this
process, in 2009 the City developed an energy efficiency study, comprising
the latest energy consumption data for buildings operated by the City.
The Policy lays down that the City of Skopje, as the official competent body
for issuing construction and reconstruction permits for energy generation
facilities, shall cooperate closely with the Energy Regulatory Commission of
the Republic of Macedonia on issues related to energy generation, distribution
and supply.
With the aim of promoting the further implementation of energy and
environmental policies, in 2006 Skopje became a member of the European
Association of local authorities inventing their energy future Energy Cities is
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a network of cities and municipalities for a sustainable local energy policy.

This network focuses on contributing towards the development of city
partnerships, exchange of experiences and technologies in the area of energy
management, development of local renewable energy sources, and reduction
of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The City of Skopje has carried out
several activities aimed at fulfilling the obligation of membership to the
Association.
On 4 May 2010 the Mayor of Skopje, Mr. Koce Trajanovski, signed the
Covenant of Mayors, which emphasizes the significance of reducing CO 2
emissions by 2020, as a goal for local authorities and citizens in cities
worldwide.
These activities give an insight into the main focuses of the citys
Development Programme. Other focus points of the energy and waste policy
include the plan for building a natural gas supply network in the city; adoption,
development and upgrading of the energy efficiency policy through the
activities of the citys EE Information Office; and reviewing the possibilities for
construction of a tramway system and Waste Management programme. On
the other hand, planned projects referring to the environmental policy also
include future projects, such as promoting and creating new traffic solutions,
monitoring pollution in the city, collecting and disseminating information on
environmental pollution and pollution prevention measures, including an
initiative for the drafting of a national strategy for reducing air pollution from
greenhouse gases.
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2. The national and local framework

2.1.
National goals and strategies
There are several national strategies that should be considered for the topic of
this Case Study profile and the Local Strategy and Action plan of the City of
Skopje:
1. Energy Law Official gazette of RM No.16/2011
2. Strategy for energy development of Macedonia until 2030
3. Energy efficiency strategy of Macedonia until 2020
4. Strategy for using renewable energy sources in Macedonia until 2020
5. Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia (20082020)
6. National Waste Management Plan (2009-2015)
7. Waste Management Law ("Official Gazette of RM" No.68/04, 107/07,
102/08, 143/08 and 123/12)
The Energy Efficiency Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia, as the most
important along with the Energy Law for the commercial and public buildings
and for setting of the goals, describes in detail the measures and instruments
necessary to realize the energy policy of Macedonia, and specifies the
required investments and commitments to be made by the Government. The
EE Strategy further estimates the energy saving potential, which can be
realized under current economic circumstances.
The projections and simulations of the possible measures and instruments are
in accordance with the realization requirements of the energy policy principles
laid out in Strategy for energy sector development.
The present document is designed to assist the Government of Macedonia,
particularly the Ministry of Economy to meet a requirement under Article 125
of the Energy Law to prepare Implementation Plans for the energy efficiency
programs and measures contained in the Energy Efficiency Strategy and, by
extension, the NEEAP.
This way it will be possible to achieve a 14.35% objective of energy savings
by 2020, comparing to the average consumption in the 5 year period (20022006), through continued promotion of energy efficiency, monitoring and
13
verification. This is an important task for Macedonia in the way to sustainable

development of the countrys economy, and to fulfill commitments in the way
of EU accession.
According to the Energy Sector Development Strategy, without integration of
energy efficiency, the energy consumption in the Republic of Macedonia will
reach the level of 2703 ktoe by the year 2020. The two scenarios of energy
efficiency penetration can bring to either 3.14 % (under limited integration of
energy efficiency), or 8.8 % (strong intervention of energy efficiency scenario)
less energy consumption compared to business as usual - BAU).
2.2.
Local energy and waste management strategies and

policies
1. Sustainable Energy Action Plan of the City of Skopje (SEAP) 2011

The required energy parameters were collected for the stated energy
consumption sectors and subsectors in the City of Skopje for the year 2008,
and detailed energy analyses of the sectors were conducted on the basis of
those parameters. The analysis of the buildings sector showed that 81.45% of
total energy is used in residential buildings, 15.28% in the commercial and
service sector whereas buildings and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje
accounted for 3.27% of total consumption. In the transport sector, 88% of fuel
is used by private and commercial vehicles, 10% by the public transport, and
2% by vehicles owned and used by the City of Skopje. For the purposes of the
public lighting system, 51,155 MWh of electricity were used in 2008.
According to the results of the energy analyses for the buildings, transport and
public lighting sectors, energy efficiency measures were identified, the
implementation of which would result in the reduction of CO2 emissions in the
City of Skopje by 23% in 2020, compared to the baseline year 2008.The total
emissions reduction potential of all identified measures is approx. 640824t
CO2 or more than 23% reduction, which, in part, is 2% more reduction than
the planned target of 21% reduction compared to year 2008.Therefore, not all
analyzed measures have to be implemented in order to achieve the target;
instead, a certain number of measures may be selected on the basis of ease
of implementation (from the aspect of time, organization and financing).
In the Citys Action plan for public buildings energy efficiency 2012 2013 is
foreseen renovation of roofs, installation of high energy efficient windows and
new lightning system in 21 public schools and 8 cultural institutions. In the
past 2 years in 10 public schools a few energy efficient measures have been
implemented like roof isolation, installation of windows, faade isolation or
14
new lightning system. Activities aimed to make the public schools and culture
institutions energy efficient buildings will continue in the next 2 years.
Taking advantage of HABITAT II funds together with incentives from
municipalities in the City of Skopje it has been possible to start the
reconstruction of private buildings based on energy efficiency requirements.
Thanks to that it has become more and more popular among citizens to
require that kind of funds to improve and reconstruct their flats turning them
into energy efficient ones.
2. Study on energy efficiency of buildings owned by the City of Skopje
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the energy consumptions in
the buildings owned by the City of Skopje. The Council of the City of Skopje in
November 2012 adopted the Program for energy efficiency in which the
promotion of renewable energy sources was also included.
3. Waste Management Plan for the City of Skopje (2010-2015)
The Waste Management Plan proposes practical and financially viable
solutions to solve the main problems affecting municipal waste management,
taking into account local characteristics, advantages and opportunities.
4. Program for Waste Management for the City of Skopje 2013
The City of Skopje through the Program for Waste Management for the City of
Skopje defines the types of waste and the way they need to be managed,
identifying also measures and activities for the realization and funding of the
Program.
2.3.
Weakness and mapped improvements in existing SEAP
The main reasons for setting up an improvement of the existing SEAP of City
of Skopje dealt mainly with, the need to take into account more sectors as well
as new legislations etc. The main barriers and weaknesses that were met
during the preparation of the previous SEAP still exist (ex. lack of data) and
will be and in the chapter 10. Conclusion SWOT.
The first SEAP of City of Skopje was created in 2011. The main reason for
creating the Local Strategy and Action plan was to refresh the previous SEAP
with updated data on the energy consumption and waste production.
Moreover, part of the planned measures have been already implemented
whereas other measures still needs to be implemented according to the new
environmental situation in the City of Skopje.
15
The previous version of the SEAP was created according to the guidelines
provided by the Covenant of Mayors. The sectors that were analyzed were
Buildings sector, Transport sector and Public lighting. After several public
discussions and considerations, conclusion was made that the sectors should
be broadened by waste and electro mobility.
The biggest problem concerning the implementation of the measures foreseen
in the previous SEAP was the residential buildings. In the period spanning
from the previous SEAP until now, a new legislation has been introduced was
created and the process can be more easily accomplished (certified energy
auditors were trained, the reconstruction of buildings must include energy
efficiency measures etc.).
16
3. The city case study

3.1.
General information about the city/municipality
Skopje is the capital of the Republic of Macedonia covers 1818 square

kilometers, 23 kilometers in length, 9 kilometers in width and located at an
average altitude of 245 meters. The coordinates of the capital of the Republic
of Macedonia are: North latitude 42 00' and East longitude 21 26. Skopje is
surrounded by mountains and water like Jakupica-Karadzica, Osoj, Zheden
and Skopska Crna Gora. Beside the main river Vardar, in and around Skopje
are flowing the rivers Treska, Lepenec, Pchinja, Kadina reka, Markova reka as
well as Patishka reka.
The climate is modified continental with certain Mediterranean influences with
hot, dry summers and cold winters.
The average temperature in Skopje, Macedonia is 12.2 C (54 F).
The range of average monthly temperatures is 22 C.
From demographic point of view, The City of Skopje has positive population
trend. The City's population is continuously increasing, mainly because of the
migration from the province of the country, but also because of the rate of
population growth. It has to be underlined that in Skopje (as in the whole
country) the birth rate has decreasing trend during last years, but still the
number of new births is highest in the Metropolitan area. In comparison, in
1948 Skopje had a population of 151290 growing to 448229 in 1991.
Population (census 2002): Skopje - 506,926 populations (total)
The Skopje region is at major crossroads of the Republic of Macedonia, with
the most favorable traffic infrastructure. The availability of the resources from
the entire Skopje region to the City of Skopje especially applies to the
population, most of who naturally migrates, on daily basis, within the capital of
the Republic of Macedonia and it represents the largest migration area in the
country. That is why the data on the resources of the City of Skopje and the
population have been presented on the level of Skopje region.
The Skopje region is the home to the largest share of the industrial,
commercial and service capacities in the Republic of Macedonia and that is
why it forms a major share of the Gross Value Added of the country. In 2007,
the Skopje region formed 48.5% of the Gross Value Added. In some activities,
the Skopje region contributes nearly two thirds of the total value of the
countrys GVA. Civil engineering (61.0%), trade, catering and transport
17
(63.9%), financial services and real estate (61.3%), and there is a high share
of other service activities (51.3%) and the imputed banking services (49.8%).
GDP per capita in the Skopje region is the highest in the country. In 2007 it
equaled MKD 289,622/4.709 EUR. During the period, the GDP per capita in
the Skopje region is growing faster than the GDP per capita in the country, so
in 2007 it was two thirds higher than the GDP per capita on the level of the
Republic of Macedonia.
Number of business entities in the City of Skopje:
Type of legal entity
Number of business entities
Joint-stock companies (JSC)
278
Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP)
6,301
Limited Liability Companies (LLC)
17,162
OTHER
4,764
Public Commercial Companies (PCC)
Limited Partnership
SUBSIDIARY
41
ECONOMIC INTEREST ASSOCIATION
23
Trade Company (TC)
1,465
Total
30,038
The bodies of the City of Skopje are Council and Mayor of the City of Skopje.
The City of Skopje is financed from its own sources of revenue, tax revenues,
revenues from the Budget of the Republic of Macedonia and the budgets of
funds, revenues from loans in accordance with the law and other revenues as
determined by law.
In the City of Skopje there are 16 Departments. To achieve a goal to provide
to its citizens to live in ecologically and energy efficient friendly City, Skopje
had started first with reorganization of its structure by establishing a Unit for
energy, energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. Tasks of the Unit is
to create measures and implement activities that will encourage the
authorities and citizens to save electricity, use renewable energy sources, use
public transport, build energy efficient private and public buildings, use of
energy efficient lighting. For successful realization of activities the Unit works
closely with Spatial Planning and Organization Department, Nature and
Environment Protection Department, Traffic Department and Communal
18
Affairs Department in the Citys administration, Department for NGO and

international cooperation.
3.2.
Mission and objectives
The residential sector is the second largest energy end-user in Macedonia,

with a 29% share in the total final energy consumption, based on the 2006
data. Furthermore, the households are the largest electricity consumers
among the sectors.
The reduction of the significant energy consumption in the residential sector
requires the taking of the following steps:
Implementation of the Directive on energy performance of buildings;
Proposal for an extended role of the public sector in demonstrating new
methods and technologies;
Change of the minimum energy performance requirements during large
renovations;
Energy performance objective of buildings to render passive" houses;
Consideration of the prospect to implement mandatory requirements
regarding the installation of technologies for passive heating and
cooling;
Introduction of energy efficiency aspects from the Construction
Products Directive, where relevant.
Concrete measures to be applied in the residential sector in the City of Skopje
are as follows:
Individual thermal central heating distribution in Skopje - BEG;
Integration of energy efficiency in the social housing;
Implementation of energy code and labeling of buildings;
High-performance wood-burning stoves;
EE promotion campaign;
Central heating boilers;
Solar heaters for the supply of warm water in households;
19
EE-related building modernization.
3.3.
Key stakeholders
In the context of public participation, a stakeholder can be defined as any

person, or group, who has an interest in the project or could be potentially
affected by its delivery or outputs.
Potential stakeholders are chosen by different type of organization and/or
professional background.
Municipalities
The local strategies and action plans are mainly for the Skopje area. That is
why as key stakeholders are identified the City of Skopje and its municipalities
on the territory of Skopje region. But other municipalities are not excluded.
The process of creation of local strategies can be reproduced and other
municipalities are welcomed and invited.
Municipal bodies and organizations
This target stakeholder group is consisted of organizations, associations and
bodies of several/all of the municipalities. Example of that kind of association
is ZELS which is representing all of the municipalities in Macedonia, so the
results can be disseminated and replicated on large scale.
Public Enterprises
The public enterprises are directly controlled by the city or the municipalities.
The work of the public enterprises is addressed in the documents (strategy
and action plan) that will be produced by the project. Also, significant part of
the data that is needed for creation of the documents will be provided by these
organizations. Because of the topic of the documents, energy and waste,
mainly that type of public enterprises are targeted as key stakeholders.
Private Enterprises
The type of private enterprises that are targeted as key stakeholders for the
results of the RE-SEEties project and the local strategies and action plans are
energy and waste related companies, like energy utility companies, local
transportation companies etc.
Agencies and other governmental bodies
All of the ministries and agencies concerning energy and waste are important
stakeholders and key actors for the local strategy and action plan. These
20
kinds of stakeholders are essential for successful creation and adaptation of

the mentioned documents.
Financial institutions
The financial institutions are essential for the (financial) sustainability of the
local strategies and action plans. The identified stakeholders include banks,
loan companies, as well as other facilities that are available in Macedonia and
the wider region, in correlation with the implementation and sustainability of
the local strategic documents.
Education and knowledge providers
Taking into account the specific topic of the documents (energy and waste),
the educational institutions and other knowledge providers must be taken into
account in the identified stakeholder. Their professional opinion will be
seriously taken into account in the creation of the strategic documents.
NGOs, associations and other focal groups
This target group includes non-governmental institutions, associations and
focal groups that are important for this purpose and are willing to participate
on the process.
Table 3-1 Relevant Stakeholders
Municipalities
Municipal bodies and organizations
City of Skopje
Aerodrom
Kisela Voda
Butel
Cair
Centar
Gazi Baba
Gjorce Petrov
Karpos
Saraj
ZELS
21
MOMEE
Centre for development of Skopje planning

region
Public Enterprises
Private Enterprises
Communal Hygiene Skopje
Public Transport Company JSP Skopje
PE Water Supply and Sanitation
PE Parks and Greenery
Landfill Drisla (PE for waste disposal)
PE Streets and Roads
ADKOM Association of providers of utility

services
Agencies and other governmental

bodies
Makekspres Prevoz Skopje
Sloboda Prevoz
EVN Makedonija
Pakomak
Duropack AD Skopje
Osram
Rehau
Knauf Insulation
Viro energy
Ministry of Economy
Ministry of Environment and Physical

Planning
22
Ministry of Transport and Communication
Energy Agency
Spatial Planning Agency
Waste Management Agency
Komercijalna Banka
Stopanska Banka
NLB Tutunska Banka
Uni Banka
Pro Credit Bank
Halkbank
Macedonian Bank for Development

Promotion
Education and knowledge providers
Other institutions
Finance in Motion
GGF Green for Growth Fund
GIZ
University Sv. Kiril and Metodij
University Sv kliment Ohridski
University Goce Delcev
KOR Sustainable development coalition
Regional Business Centre
Economic Chamber of Macedonia
Macedonian Chambers of Commerce
23
4. Application of the common RE-SEEties methodology to

the local case study
4.1.
Building the data input at city level
The base year for calculation in this document is 2008.

The energy data for the City of Skopje was gathered mainly from the State
Statistical Office. All necessary data was not represented in the statistical
documents. Other national and local strategic documents were used to
determine the missing data. Main source for data was the Sustainable Energy
Action Plan of City of Skopje, but the data presented in that documents were
from 2008. Other data was gathered from relevant institutions like Toplifikacija
AD Skopje; EVN Macedonia; ELEM Energetika; State Statistical Office; PE
Makedonski Shumi; Municipalities in the City of Skopje. The data presented
here was mainly gathered in the process of creation of the Sustainable Energy
Action Plan for the City of Skopje and the process of data collection from
Work Package 3 from the RE-SEEties project and its methodology.
In the process of the strategy development, MACEF and City of Skopje
organized debate in order to define the base year. City of Skopje has SEAP,
and the main justification for new local strategy was to refresh the current
SEAP. That is why, it was decided that it is best to keep the base year and the
CO2 inventory defined in the previous version of the Action Plan.
The collected data were divided into three categories according to reliability:
Fully reliable data data obtained by collecting calculations for

buildings in the individual categories (e.g. at least 90% of total data
for the category covered) or the data is collected from at least two
sources and overlap with an accuracy of at least 90%;
Reliable data data extrapolated from a representative sample of

collected calculations (e.g. at least 70% of total data for the whole
category covered);
Estimated data (in the absence of relevant data, data are estimated
on the basis of previous experiences and/or extrapolated from
existing data).
The main gap and problem during the data collection was the division of the
energy consumption for different sectors. The data couldnt be divided
separately for heating, cooling, lighting, cooking etc. and is given in the tables
as one category.
24
The data for waste was collected from various sources. Because the previous
Sustainable Energy Action Plan didnt contain analysis of this sector, the
collected data has referent year of 2012.
The main data input was from the following sources:
State Statistical Office
Annual Reports of the local public enterprise Komunalna Higiena
Waste Management Plan of the City of Skopje 2010-2015
The data that was collected is resent and reliable. However, the main gap and
problem that was encountered was the lack of key data. There is no statistical
information for most of the required data for the purpose of the forecast and it
need to be assumed.
Comparison between the base year 2008 and 2011
In order to determine the effect from the previous SEAP, as well as the
changes from the base year of the Local Strategy and Action Plan, this
chapter will provide comparison between 2008 and 2011.
2011 is chosen because of the full statistical coverage that was at disposal.
The data for 2011 is taken from the Programme for Energy Efficiency (20122015) of City of Skopje, while the data for 2008 was taken from the previous
SEAP and the Local Strategy and Action Plan.
From the table can be seen that the heat energy in the secondary schools is
significantly lowered, while the rest of the data is similar, or slightly increased
from 2008 to 2011. That is natural as the number of dwellings, registered
vehicles, enterprises etc. is increased
Table 4-1 Comparison between the base year 2008 and 2011
Sector: Buildings
Buildings owned by City of Skopje
MWh
MWh
Indicator
* - 2008**
H* - 2008**
Schools
Culture
Administration
Public Enterprises
TOTAL
Households
Commercial
TOTAL BUILDINGS
2087
853
372
3962
7274
1275724
242754
1525752
17422
2498
778
6997
27695
1216437
412682
1656814
25
MWh
* 2011***
2088
862
372
3891
7213
1336025
MWh
H* 2011***
11691
2827
778
6667
21963
1444351
1343238
1466314

Sector: Mobility
Car pool owned by City of Skopje
Diesel Consumption (l)
1516095
Gasoline consumption (l)
209724
Public transport
No. passengers
63199000
Diesel Consumption (l)
10178823
Natural gas consumption (mn3)
307894
1804762
248810
66060000
12117857
308000
Private and commercial vehicles

Registered vehicles
135193
144508
Gasoline consumption (t)
38117
38117
Diesel Consumption (t)
32196
32197
LPG consumption(t)
775
776
Sector: Public lighting
Electricity consumption (kWh)
51000
51000
* - Electricity; H-Heat Energy
** 2008 - According to SEAP of City of Skopje, 2011
***2011 - According to Programme for energy efficiency of City of Skopje, 2012
4.2.
Applying the toolkit
In every phase in the creation of the local strategy and action plan, the RESEEties methodologies were used.
As preparation for the development of the strategy, every city that participated
in the RE-SEEties created Case Study, using the defined methodology for this
document. The aim of the case study was to determine the needs of the city
and to become basis for further development of the strategy.
The Case Study went through extensive quality control that included Peer
Review and utilization of indicators.
In the peer review, the participant was relevant stakeholders, knowledge
providers and professional organizations that provided remarks and
comments. Also the Assessment and Support Group (ASG) from RE-SEEties
used common key issues and indicators to support the quality control process.
The result of these activities was ASG Report with Recommendation. The
recommendations were implemented. The finalized document is incorporated
in this strategy and it is basis for further development of it.
For the data presented in this document, the previous SEAP was used, but
updated for the results from the data collection process and the deliverable
under WP3 from the RE-SEEties project Resource Consumption Forecast
26
Report City of Skopje. The methodology and templates for data collection
from this work package were used.
This strategic document also used the Feasibility Study for Renewable energy
sources potential that was produced during the implementation of the RESEEties project and with the methodology created there.
The RE-SEEties project developed methodology for the creation of the Local
Strategy and Action Plan which was used in this document.
In order to finalize the Local Strategy and Action Plan, the stakeholders took
active participation in the development of the strategy. City of Skopje and
MACEF organized 6 stakeholder meetings that supported the development of
the strategy in every step from the beginning.
Also the Assessment and Support Group (ASG) from RE-SEEties used
common key issues and indicators to support the quality control process
similar to the Case Study. The result of these activities was ASG Report with
Recommendation. The recommendations were implemented in the finalization
of the strategy.
For several chapters of this document, the Step-By-Step Methodology with
Initial Criteria for assessment was used, in the policy recommendation, the
state-of-art technologies etc.
4.3.
Getting results
The potential for reduction of the CO2 emission if all measures are
implemented is 601 ktCO2. The estimated energy savings is 1024191MWh.
The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the
transport sector in City of Skopje is 342934 MWh. These measures will have
estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of
121 ktCO2.
buildings sector in City of Skopje is 211610 MWh. These measures will have
108 ktCO2. There are several horizontal measures that effect the energy
consumption and CO2 emission. Some of these measures in this analysis are
considered in other sectors (e.g. raising awareness).
lighting sector in City of Skopje is 288828 MWh. These measures will have
27

259 ktCO2.
The total estimated energy effect from the proposed measures in the Local
Energy Production from RES in City of Skopje is 9608 MWh electrical energy
and 50119 MWh of heat energy. These measures will have estimated effect
on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of 42 ktCO2.
Citizens involvement in City of Skopje is 121092 MWh. These measures will
have estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2
emission of 71 ktCO2. As mentioned before, these measures are mostly
horizontal measures.
The total energy saving can be estimated to 1024191 MWh and the total
reduction of CO2 emission is 601 ktCO2.
The implementation of measures will also have significant effect in the
improvement of the living and working conditions, creation of green jobs, on
the economy etc.
Most of the measures have long period of implementation. The
implementation of the measures is from 2011 until 2020. The implementation
period of the individual measures is given in the next chapter.
28
5. Technological measures for improvements of local

infrastructure
Before discussing on the introduction of the measures, a brief overview of the
energy consumption and waste statistic in the different sectors is provided in
this chapter.
Building Sector
For the purposes of this analysis, the buildings sector was divided into the
following subsectors:
Buildings and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje;
Residential buildings;
Public and commercial buildings;
The relevant data used in this analysis were gathered from the following
sources:
Toplifikacija AD Skopje / BEG;
EVN Macedonia;
ELEM Energetika;
State Statistical Office;
PE Makedonski Shumi;
Municipalities in the City of Skopje.
On the basis of collected data, the following data shall be presented for the
individual subsectors:
General information about the subsector;
Total subsector area (m2);
Subsector buildings number;
Total subsector electricity consumption (kWh);
Specific subsector electricity consumption (kWh/m2);
Consumption of heat from the district heating systems (MWh);
29
Specific consumption of heat from the district heating system of each

enterprise (kWh/m2);
Total firewood consumption;
Specific firewood consumption;
Total light fuel oil consumption (l);
Specific light fuel oil consumption;
Total heavy fuel oil (mazut) consumption (t);
Specific heavy fuel oil (mazut) consumption (t);
Total heat consumption (MWh);
Specific heat consumption (kWh/m2).
The collected data were divided into three categories according to reliability:
Fully reliable data data obtained by collecting calculations for
buildings in the individual categories (e.g. at least 90% of total data for
the category covered) or where data are collected from at least two
sources and overlap with an accuracy of at least 90%;
Reliable data data extrapolated from a representative sample of
collected calculations (e.g. at least 70% of total data for the whole
category covered);
Estimated data in absence of relevant data, data are estimated on the
basis of previous experiences and/or extrapolated from existing data.
Categorisation of buildings and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje
The subsector buildings and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje are
divided into two categories:
Buildings owned by the City of Skopje;
Enterprises owned by the City of Skopje;
The buildings category is divided into three subcategories, based on the
building purpose:
Educational institutions;
Cultural institutions;
Administrative buildings of the City of Skopje.
30
The public enterprises category is divided in:

JUCOP Universal Hall;
Fire Fighting Brigade;
PE City Parking;
Public Transport Enterprise Skopje;
PE Parks and Greenery;
PE Communal Hygiene;
PE Water supply and drainage;
PE Streets and roads.
The process of collecting the required data on buildings and enterprises
owned by the City of Skopje is a very complex and long one. One of the
reasons for the complexity of data collection is the large number of buildings
and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje. Another, not less important
reason, is the lack of systematized data for the City of Skopje, which results in
the lack of certain relevant data, and situations in which data collected from
different sources are often not identical.
Educational buildings owned by the City of Skopje
Pursuant to the categorisation of city buildings in the area of culture,
education and sports, the educational buildings category is divided into three
subcategories:
Elementary schools;
Kindergartens;
Secondary schools.
In Skopje there are a total of 71 elementary schools with a total area of
242,517 m2, 61 kindergartens with a total area of 82,623 m 2 and 20 secondary
schools with a total area of 115,790 m 2.The total number of educational
buildings is 152, and the total area 440,930 m2.
Total electricity consumption in the educational buildings category for 2008
was 8,525,461 kWh, and the specific consumption 19.34 kWh/m2. The
electricity consumption structure by subcategories is shown in Figure 5-1; the
heat consumption parameters according to the use of energy sources in
heating days are shown in Table 5-1, and the heat consumption structure in
the educational buildings category is shown in Figure 5-2.
31
Figure 5-1 Structure of electricity consumption in the educational buildings category in the City of
Skopje
Table 5-1Heat consumption parameters in the educational buildings category in the City of Skopje
SUBCATEGORY
Total heated
2
area (m )
Heat consumption
(kWh)
Specific
consumption
2
(kWh/m )
82 623
7 788 874
145
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
242 517
17 422 704
132
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
115 790
11 691 398
101
AVERAGE CONSUMPTION
440 930
36 902 976
122
KINDERGARTENS
32
Figure 5-2 Structure of heat consumption in the educational buildings category in the City of Skopje
The analysis of the educational buildings category points to the conclusion

that electricity and heat consumption are within the expected limits and typical
for this type of buildings in the Republic of Macedonia. Furthermore, the
subcategories show a uniform electricity and heat consumption. With a
specific electricity consumption of 19.34 kWh/m2 the educational buildings
category is under the average consumption of 41 kWh/m2.The specific heat
consumption of 122 kWh/m2 is within the expected limits. With the aim of
achieving the set 20% reduction in energy consumption, one of the common
measures recommended for all buildings in this category is to install
thermostatic radiator valves with protective caps.
Cultural buildings owned by the City of Skopje
The cultural buildings category comprises museums, libraries, houses of
culture and other cultural institutions owned by the City. The total number of
cultural buildings is 26, and the total area 21 880 m2.
A total of 853 190 kWh of electricity were consumed in cultural buildings in
2008, resulting in a specific consumption of 36.18 kWh/m 2.
33
Figure 5-3 Structure of electricity consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City of
Skopje
Table 5-2 Heat consumption parameters in the cultural buildings category in the City of Skopje
Specific
consumption
2
(kWh/m )
Total heated area

2
(m )
Heat consumption
(kWh)
5738
528812
92.16
OTHER INSTITUTIONS
16142
1969752
122.0
Culture Average
21880
2498564
114.19
SUBCATEGORY
LIBRARIES
Figure 5-4 Structure of heat consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City of Skopje
34
The heat and electricity consumption in cultural buildings owned by the City of
Skopje is expected and typical for these buildings category. Consistent
application of energy efficiency measures can reduce electricity and heat
consumption by up to 60% compared to current consumption.
Administration buildings of the City of Skopje and the units of local selfgovernment
For the purposes of presenting consumption data, the buildings in this
category were divided in two subcategories:
Administration buildings of the City of Skopje;
Administration buildings
(municipalities).
of
the
local
self-government
units
From the total number of buildings in this category, namely 11, the City of
Skopje has one building with a total area of 5 527 m 2 and the units of local
self-government have 10 buildings with a total area of 13 618 m 2.The total
electricity consumption in administration building of the City of Skopje and of
the local self-government units in 2008 was 875 763 kWh, resulting in a
specific consumption of 45.74 kWh/m2. Electricity consumption by
subcategories is presented in Figure 5-5.
Figure 5-5 Structure of electricity consumption in city council and local self-government buildings
A total of 372 598 kWh of electricity were consumed in administrative

buildings in 2008, resulting in a specific consumption of 67.41 kWh/m 2.
35
Table 5-3 shows the heat energy consumption parameters in the category
administrative buildings of the City of Skopje and with regard to the local selfgovernment units.
Table 5-3 Electricity consumption parameters in city council and local self-government buildings
SUBCATEGORY
Total heated area

2
(m )
Heat consumption (kWh)
Specific consumption
2
(kWh/m )
5 527
778 613
140.87
MUNICIPALITIES
13 618
1 927 604
141.55
Administration - Average
19 145
2 706 217
141.35
CITY OF SKOPJE
Figure 5-6 Structure of heat consumption in city council and local self-government buildings
The heat and electricity consumption in administrative buildings owned by the

City of Skopje is high, but also expected and typical for this buildings
category. Consistent and systematic application of energy efficiency
measures can reduce electricity and heat consumption by up to 50%
compared to current consumption.
Public enterprises owned by the City of Skopje
The enterprises category comprises 22 enterprises and institutions (Table 54).
36

Table 5-4 Energy consumption parameters for buildings of public enterprises in Skopje
Enterprise or institution
name
Total
area
total electricity
consumption
(kWh)
Specific subsector
electricity
consumption
(kWh/m2);
Total heat
consumption
(kWh)
Specific heat
consumption
(kWh/m2).
JUCOP Universal Hall
3500
70802
20
330670
94
Fire fighting Brigade
6934
412590
60
1404127
202
322
51220
159
26119
81
13221
2388000
178
3137142
237
PE Parks and
Greenery
1175
27649
24
273473
233
PE Communal
Hygiene
4877
576492
118
826681
169
PE Water supply and

drainage
5303
362026
69
883237
166
PE Streets and roads
675
73285
108
116050
171
PE City Parking
Public Transport
Enterprise Skopje
The specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public

enterprises of the City of Skopje are shown in Figure 5-7.
Figure 5-7 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises of the
City of Skopje
37
Figure 5-8 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises of the
City of Skopje (for each enterprise individually)
All input data on energy consumption by public enterprises have been

obtained directly from the enterprises. The analysis shows significant
deviations in electricity and heat consumption, which may be due to several
root causes: The most obvious and most plausible one is that the data, either
those on energy consumption or those on buildings surface area, submitted
by the enterprises are not correct. Input data on consumption and buildings
area were used to calculate the specific electricity and heat consumption.
Specific electricity consumption varies from 20 kWh/m 2 for PE Universal Hall
to 178 kWh/m2 for JSP Skopje.
Taking into consideration all possible factors that might cause such
differences, from different activities to the specific characteristics of electrical
appliances in the buildings, the conclusion is still that the most probable culprit
are the incorrect input data.
The situation with specific heat consumption is similar to that with electricity
consumption. Specific heat consumption varies from 60 kWh/m 2 for the Fire
Fighting Brigade to 237 kWh/m2 for JSP Skopje. In this case also, regardless
of the many other factors affecting consumption, such as building age, poor
construction, heating system inefficiencies etc., the analysis leads to the
conclusion that input data, either on energy consumption or surface area, are
incorrect.
Business premises and residential flats owned by the City of Skopje
The City of Skopje and the municipalities in the city do not own business
premises and residential flats.
38
Analysis of electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by the

City of Skopje
The analysis of electricity and heat consumption for 2008 covers the buildings
categories described above in the sector buildings and enterprises owned by
the City of Skopje:
Educational buildings;
Cultural buildings;
Public enterprises;
City administration (city council) and municipality buildings.
Electricity consumption by categories is shown in Figure 5-9, and heat

consumption in Figure 5-10.
Figure 5-9 Specific electricity consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje
Figure 5-10 Specific heat consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje
39
The energy analysis of buildings owned by the City, based on available data
for 2008, shows that there are great potentials for electricity and heat savings
in all subsectors. It is obvious from analysed data that the greatest amount of
electricity and heat is consumed in buildings operated by public enterprises.
Energy consumption analysis for the residential buildings sector in the
City of Skopje for 2008
Data on the total number of households in the City of Skopje and total area as
input parameters for the energy consumption analysis are based on statistical
data from the 2002 Population Census, increased by the number of newlybuild residences in the six-year period between 2002 and 2008 published by
the State Statistical Office (publications for the period 2002 to 2008).
The total number of households in the City of Skopje in 2008 is 164 377,
covering a total area of 11 448 261 m2. According to data from the State
Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia, a total of 1 275 724 MWh of
electricity were consumed in the residential buildings sector, resulting in a
specific electricity consumption of 79.70 kWh/m2.
Data on heat consumption from district heating were obtained from
Toplifikacija AD, and data on firewood consumption from PE Makedonski
Shumi.
Table 5-11 shows heat energy parameters by energy source for the
residential buildings sector in the City of Skopje.
Table 5-5 Heat energy parameters by energy source for the residential buildings sector in the City of
Skopje
Energy source
District heating
Number of
households
Total heated area

2
(m )
Heat
consumption
(MWh)
Specific
consumption
2
(kWh/m )
49157
3423628
381 614 781
111.47
Oil
21978
1530701
120 544 862
78.75
Firewood
11056
770000
307 230 000
399
Electricity
56965
3967395
363 300 000
91.57
Coal
5235
364565
43 747 808
120
144 391
10 056 289
1 216 437 451
Natural gas
TOTAL
40
Figure 5-11 shows the categorisation of households in the City of Skopje

according to heating energy source.
Figure 5-11 Percentage of individual energy sources used for heating in the residential buildings
sector in the City of Skopje
The energy consumption analysis for the residential buildings sector in the
City of Skopje shows great potentials for electricity and heating savings.
Existing residences are highly inefficient and numerous and continuous
energy efficiency measures must be undertaken in order to reduce energy
consumption and resulting CO2 emissions.
Energy consumption analysis for the commercial and service sector
buildings in the City of Skopje for 2008
It was not possible to collect all required data for an energy analysis of the
commercial and service buildings subsector. The commercial and service
buildings subsector comprises 9 058 buildings with a total area of 2 427 544
m2.
During the data collection phase, data were obtained from EVN Macedonia on
the total electricity consumption by households and by the commercial sector
in the City of Skopje. Representatives of EVN Macedonia stated that their
software solutions cannot allocate the respective consumption to each of the
two buildings subsectors. Therefore, electricity consumption in commercial
sector buildings in the city can only be estimated. Previous experiences in this
area show that estimates are not accurate, due to the fact that variations in
consumption between the different building categories in this sector are quite
high. For the purposes of this analysis, a value of 100 kWh/m2 was used as
the specific electricity consumption in the commercial sector in the City of
Skopje.
41
The same problem applies to collected data on heat consumption. District

heating plants submitted data based on calculated averages. Available data at
the moment are those on total heat consumption in this sector; however, data
on consumption in the individual subsectors are not available. Therefore, the
value for specific heat consumption was estimated to 170 kWh/m 2.
Collected data do not represent sufficient basis for a reliable analysis of the
commercial and service sector in the City of Skopje.
Conclusion
The energy analysis of the buildings sector in the City of Skopje shows that
the largest amount of energy is consumed by households, followed by
buildings in the commercial and service sector, and the contribution of
buildings owned by the City of Skopje is the smallest (Figure 5-12). It is
important to emphasise that, due to incomplete data on energy consumption
in the commercial and service sector, consumption in the individual
subsectors is only an estimate
Figure 5-12 Structure of total energy consumption in the buildings sector in the City of Skopje
The individual subsectors contributions to total electricity consumption are

represented in Figure 5-13.
42
Figure 5-13 Structure of electricity consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors
Figure 5-14 Structure of heat consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors
The main conclusion of the energy analysis in the buildings sector is that
potential energy savings in this sector are very high and that significant
energy savings and environmental impacts can be achieved through
implementation of various energy efficiency measures.
43
Energy consumption analysis for the transport sector in the City of

Skopje for 2008
For the needs of this energy consumption analysis, the transport sector in the
City of Skopje was divided into three subsectors:
Vehicle fleet owned by the City of Skopje;
Public transport in the City of Skopje;
Private and commercial vehicles.
Relevant data for the transport sector energy consumption analysis were
collected from the following sources:
City of Skopje;
Public Transport Enterprise JSP Skopje;
Public Enterprises Owned by the City of Skopje;
State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia.
Based on collected data, the following parameters were determined for each
individual subsector of the transport sector:
General information about the subsector;
Structure of the vehicle fleet according to vehicle type;
Vehicle classification according to fuel type;
Consumption of the different fuel types by subsectors;
Vehicle fleet owned and operated by the City of Skopje

General information
The vehicle fleet of the City of Skopje comprises passenger cars and
commercial vehicles owned and operated by the City and cars owned by the
City but used by the public enterprises. According to available data, the total
number of passenger cars is 176, and the number of commercial vehicles is
374.Commercial vehicles are primarily used for commercial purposes and
comprise the subcategories combined vehicles, freight and utility vehicles.
Commercial vehicles are used for carrying out various work activities.
44
Fuel consumption
The table below shows the various fuel types used for the vehicles owned and
operated by the City of Skopje, as well as fuel consumption by fuel type.
Consumption is presented in litres and kilograms, as well as in energy units,
with the aim of facilitating comparison.
Table 5-6 Fuel consumption for the vehicle fleet of the City of Skopje by fuel type
Fuel type
Consumption (l)
Consumption (MJ)
Diesel
1516095
53,010,262
Petrol
209724
7,424,722
TOTAL
1 725 819
60 434 984
The structure of fuel consumption by fuel type is presented in Figure 5-15.
Figure 5-15 Fuel consumption by fuel type for vehicles owned and operated by the City of Skopje
Public transport in the City of Skopje

Public transport in the City of Skopje is provided mostly by buses. Public
transport is also available by taxi vehicles, but this public transport category
has not been analysed in detail in this chapter, due to its small contribution to
total passenger transport compared to buses.
Bus and taxi passenger transport in Skopje are not interconnected. Bus
transport is available on the territory of the City of Skopje, as well as in
suburban areas around the city. In 2008 a total of 63 199 000 passengers
were transported by public transport in the City of Skopje.
45
Public transport by bus in the City of Skopje

Public transport by bus is organised on the territory of the City of Skopje and
in some of the citys neighbouring municipalities. The bus network runs
through the main traffic thoroughfares, regardless of city topology, so the
public transport coverage is relatively good. The public transport network
consists of 72 daytime and 7 night-time lines. The bus network operated by
JSP Skopje has 1001 bus stops, 496 of which are located in the city. Bus lines
are managed from the main bus terminal in the citys centre. An average of
241 buses on workdays, 118 on Saturdays, and 86 buses on Sundays and
public holidays circulate on the regular public transport lines. An average of
approx. 63 199 000 passengers are using public transport each year.
The bus fleet in 2008 consisted of 617 vehicles, 357 of which are owned by
the public enterprise JSP Skopje, and the remaining buses are owned by
natural persons who are members of the two associations Sloboda Prevoz
and Makekspres.
The bus fleet of JSP Skopje is renovated and almost all buses are
replaced in 2012.
Public transport fuel consumption by fuel type in the City of Skopje
A total of 10 178 823 litres of diesel fuel and 307 894 mn3 of natural gas were
consumed by public transport in 2008. Consumption of diesel fuel in 2008 was
39.44 l/100 km. The number of transported passengers for 2007 and 2008 is
shown in Figure 5-16, the number of newly procured buses in Figure 5-17,
changes in the number of transported passengers and kilometres travelled in
Figure 5-18, and the number of passengers per kilometre travelled is shown in
Figure 5-19.
The data presented here is from the referent year of the SEAP 2008.
Because the bus fleet is renovated, measures in that direction are not
presented here and the data is just for comparison.
46
Figure 5-16 Number of passengers transported by public transport offered by JSP Skopje for 2007
and 2008
Figure 5-17 Number of newly procured buses by years
Figure 5-18 Passengers transported and kilometres travelled by months for 2007 and 2008
47
Figure 5-19 Number of transported passengers per kilometre travelled
Private and commercial vehicles

General information
A total of 135 193 vehicles were registered in the City of Skopje in 2008. The
number of registered vehicles increases every year, thus contributing to
increasing traffic loads. The rise in the number of private vehicles in the City of
Skopje is shown in Figure 5-20. The largest percentage of registered motor
vehicles in the city are passenger cars with 86% of the total number of
vehicles, followed by freight vehicles, and then by mopeds and motorcycles.
The structure of registered vehicles in 2008 by vehicle type is shown in Figure
5-21. Most motor vehicles (over 78%) are owned by natural persons. The
structure of registered vehicles by vehicle ownership is shown in Figure 5-22.
Figure 5-20 Number of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje for the period 2003-2008
48
Figure 5-21 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008
Figure 5-22 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008 by ownership
Fuel consumption for the various vehicle types

Fuel consumption data for private and commercial vehicles were not
available, so an estimate of fuel consumption for these vehicle categories was
made for the purposes of this Action Plan. Consumption was estimated
according to the COPERT III model, a software solution developed by the
European Environmental Agency.
The fuel consumption estimates for private and commercial vehicles in the
City of Skopje is shown in Table 5-7.
49

Table 5-7 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje
Fuel type
Consumption (t)
Passenger cars
Consumption (t)
Off-road vehicles
Consumption (t)
Mopeds and
motorcycles
Consumption (t)
TOTAL
Petrol
37155.85
695.20
266.04
38117.10
Diesel
17748.56
14448.26
32 196.82
775.88
775.88
LPG
The contribution of individual vehicle categories to total consumption,

expressed as data on energy consumed is shown in Figure 5-23.
Figure 5-23 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje
Conclusion
Figures show the total fuel consumption for the transport sector in the City of
Skopje. It is obvious that private and commercial vehicles consume the most
fuel. Consequently, recommended measures for greenhouse gas emissions
reduction in the transport sector are focused on public transport, but also on
raising awareness and education about environmentally sustainable transport.
50
Figure 5-24 Share of fuel consumption in the transport sector in the City of Skopje by subsectors
Data on fuel consumption for vehicles owned and operated by the City of
Skopje show that petrol has the largest contribution (approx. 49%), followed
by diesel fuel (approx. 48%).Alternative fuels (natural gas, LPG, bio-fuels)
contribute less than 1% of total consumption, which leads to the conclusion
that there is significant room for improvement in the future. According to
available data, passenger cars are responsible for the largest portion of fuel
consumption in this category, namely approx. 88%.Having this in mind,
special care should be given to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the
passenger car category of the transport sector.
Public transport is an essential part of the transport system of the City of
Skopje, and has significant advantages when compared to the use of
passenger cars, expressed as lower fuel consumption per transported
passenger and smaller environmental impact. Therefore, one of the main
aspects of sustainable transport must be increasing the efficiency of public
transport. One of the main recommendations in this Action Plan aimed at
reaching the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport
sector is to continue the on-going activities for improvement of the quality of
public transport.
Waste statistics
The data for waste was collected from various sources. Because the previous
Sustainable Energy Action Plan didnt contain analysis of this sector, the
collected data has referent year of 2012.
The main data input was from the following sources:
Annual Reports of the local public enterprise Komunalna Higiena
51
Wate Manegemet Plan of the City of Skopje 2010-2015
The general data, like population, was gained from the Census in 2002 and
modified with the specific annual growth of the relevant indicator.
The rest of the data was collected from the State Statistical Office and from
the local PE Komunalna Higiena. This data has referent year of 2012 as
stated and justified in the Chapter 5 Waste Forecasting.
The results of the data collection are shown below.
52
Table 5-8 Waste Parameters
Data requested
study year
Value
2012
amount of MSW generated

population
Mixed general waste flows
...to Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT1)
...to MBT2 composting
...to MBT2 anaerobic digestion
...to incineration
...to landfill
128850
506926
128850
Collection of source-separated materials [t]

...glass [t]
plastic [t]
metals [t]
paper & cardboard [t]
organic matter [t]
other source-separated materials [t]
Destination of residual fraction from MBT
to landfill
to incineration
...to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) production
Planned separate collection performance
paper and cardboard
241.134
0
76.44
0.694
164
0
0
16.4
53
Unit
year
t/year
inhabitants
100%
%
%
%
%
100.00%
100%
%
31.70%
0.29%
68.01%
%
%
100%
100%
0%
0%
%
Notes
Annual Report 2012 PE Komunalna
Higiena
Census 2002
Annual Report 2012 PE Komunalna

Higiena
glass
metals
plastic
organic waste
hazardous waste
WEEE
0.694
76.44
54
%
%
%
%
%
%
5.1.
Energy efficiency measures
5.1.1. Buildings
Public buildings
Table 5-9 Measures for Public buildings
Measure/activity name
Installation of thermometers in every room

of the buildings owned by the City of Skopje.
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
Implementation beginning/end (years)
2011
Cost assessment (measure individual or

total assessment) M
1.5 / thermometer, total of 750
Energy saving assessment (ktoe)
2727.7 MWh
CO2-emission-reduction assessment (kt CO2)
0.668
Funding for measure implementation

Short description/commentary
Budget of the City of Skopje
The installation of walled thermometers in every room

(offices, meeting rooms, etc.) offers insight into the rooms'
temperature and allows for temperature regulation by
properly airing the rooms, and by regulating the
heating/cooling systems.
Besides mounting thermometers to walls, the measure
foresees these initial educational activities:
The thermometer will bear a sign saying: "1 C saves

up to 6% energy."
Upon room thermometer installation, users will be

informed about the aim of the measure and the
ways to its successful implementation.
Preparation and distribution of flyers and the like.
The total investment cost assessment for implementing this

measure in 500 rooms of the City-owned buildings is
estimated at approximately 750 .
Based on international experiences, this measure can render
as much as a 4% reduction of thermal energy consumption in
55

buildings owned by the City of Skopje.
The measure may be implemented immediately, since it is
neither financially nor logistically demanding for its
implementers.
Installation of thermostat sets in all buildings

owned by the City of Skopje
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
2011- 2020

total assessment) M
1.07 M
8287.4 MWh of thermal energy
2.03
Regional funds (EIB, KfW)
This measure foresees the installation of thermal sets in all

City-owned buildings by 2020, the total heated area of which
2
is 517 962 m .
Based on results gained from numerous energy audits in
public buildings, the average number of radiators amounts to
2
0.0517 radiators/m . Therefore, this measure should
encompass the installation of 26 778 thermostat sets on the
2
radiators. Thermal energy saving is estimated at 16 kWh/m ,
whereas the price for a thermostat set is around 40 .
56
Residential sector
Table 5-10 Measures for Residental sector
Social housing project

Implementing body
Ministry of Transport and Communications of the

Republic of Macedonia (competent body)
Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Macedonia

(support)
Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic

of Macedonia (support)
Donors (support)
2011-2017

total assessment) M
3.06/3.87
0.19/0.24
1.69/2.15
Budget of the Republic of Macedonia
Donors
Government programme for social housing foresees the

construction of 7000 flats for low-income families by 2020.
The programme envisages the lowest possible price for
constructing the residential buildings, thus making them most
affordable for low-income families. The programme does not
specify whether the construction of the buildings in question
should meet all technical norms and requirements in terms of
buildings' general energy efficiency (for e.g. facade-wall
insulation, energy-efficient doors and windows, room
heating). These elements will initially increase investment
cost.
The programme is on-going and it will be implemented in the
course of the following 10-year period. The aim is to
implement the energy efficiency norms for buildings during
their construction. This will enable a long-term reduction of
energy consumption and lower electricity bills for low-income
families.
57

Installation of thermostat sets on radiators in

residential buildings
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
Flat owners
2011- 2020

total assessment) M
27389 MWh of thermal energy
6.71
Regional funds (EIB, KfW)
ESCO companies
This measure foresees the installation of thermostat sets in

50% of central heating households, with a total area of
2
1,711,814 m (the total area of households using central
2
heating in the residential sector is 3,423,628 m ).
Assuming that the average number of radiators in households
2
is 0.072 radiators/m , this measure aims at the installation of
123,250 thermostat sets.
2
Estimated thermal energy saving is at 16 kWh/m , whereas the

average price for installing thermostat sets on a radiator is
around 25 Euros.
The successful implementation of this measure requires
model-designing that will provide subsidies for the costs of
thermostat set installation, whereby part of the expenses will
be ascribed to the households, the City and the state.
58
Commercial and Service sector

Table 5-11 Measures for Commercial and Service sector
Hospital renovation
Implementing body
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Macedonia
Hospital managers/directors
Energy Agency of the Republic of Macedonia
NGO sector
2011-2020

total assessment) M
25.2/ 68.23
1.5/ 4.07
10.8/29.3
Government of the Republic of Macedonia
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Macedonia
Donors
International financial institutions
This measure is tightly connected to the Rulebook on energy

efficiency of construction facilities. The Ministry of Health of
the Republic of Macedonia has an ambitious plan to renovate
all hospitals in the country.
Depending on the potential funding this undertaking will be
preceded by a realisation action plan.
The technical measures for increasing energy efficiency in
hospitals fall into four categories:
Passive technology measures (insulation, ventilation

improvement, improved balanced heating, and
showers with decreased water supply);
Measures related to user behaviour (valves and

controlling mechanisms, allowing users to regulate
energy consumption);
Gauges (encourage
consumption)
Combined production of thermal energy and
59
more
rational
energy

electricity
It is of pressing importance that the hospitals are inspected for
energy efficiency, thus determining the proper measures that
will yield the greatest effects through the least funding.
Preparation of the project is the task of the private sector
(certified private companies, scientific institutions, private
sectordesigner companies).
Realisation of the measures foreseen should be done by
experienced companies working in the field of energy
efficiency segments (windows, facade, roofs, heating system,
lighting).
The necessary investments for this measures will be provided
from the state budget, commercial banks' loans, EE line
funding (EBRID, EIB, KfW), as well as donations. Investment
dynamics will be coordinated with the Ministry of Funding of
the Republic of Macedonia.
Energy performance of non-residential

buildings
Implementing body
Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning of the

Republic of Macedonia
Municipal authorities
Scientific (academic) institutions
Private sector
Energy Efficiency Fund
State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia
2011-2020

total assessment) M
0.35
0.21/ 0.56
1.41/ 3.87
60
Company owners
EE Fund
Manufacturing facilities are considerable consumers of

heating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting energy. More
often than not, these buildings are steam-heated and this
results in overheating, but also in significant heat losses due to
the lost condensate and the overall efficiency of the steam
boiler. These building types basically are weakly insulated and
rely much on energy supply. Along with the joint measures for
energy efficiency in these facilities, such as roof insulation,
fenestration, wall insulation, lighting, and the like, regarding
the buildings that do not belong to the residential sector,
more attention should be paid to quality planning,
construction and to the utilisation of air conditioning systems.
The measure's aim is to improve the energy efficiency of nonresidential buildings by avoiding or reducing the need for
heating, air conditioning, cooling and lighting, too. The target
group consists of the stakeholders participating in the building
construction and reconstructions in the manufacturing sector.
This measure basically involves the following:
Integration of passive heating and cooling in new

buildings and when renovating old ones.
Utilisation of waste energy for heating/cooling.
Quality improvement of thermal insulation in new

buildings.
Quality improvement of thermal insulation when

renovating.
Consideration of energy-efficiency aspects during

construction of and work on office buildings.
Energy-efficiency-related improvements in terms of

building heating, air conditioning, and airing.
Efficient lighting.
Energy-efficient appliances and office equipment.
The realisation of this measure requires the following steps:

- Preparing norm implementation for buildings on behalf of
MoEPP and MoE;
- Transposition of Directive 2009/125/EC for the setting of Eco
design requirements for energy-related products;
- Preparation of rulebook on energy performance of
appliances;
- Preparation of rulebook on energy efficiency of fluorescent
61

lamp ballast;
- Mandatory energy audits in public buildings;
- Technical inspection and control of implementation
procedure regularity;
- Establishment of the central register and energy
consumption monitoring system in all municipal buildings;
- Voluntary agreement for energy consumption reduction in all
municipal buildings;
- Increasing the number of qualified staff in public institutions
for the implementation of EEMP and other energy efficiency
policies, as well as related monitoring and assessment.
Setting conditions for stimulation measures

upon improving thermal insulation in
buildings of the commercial and service
sector in the City of Skopje
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
2013- 2020

total assessment) M
No investment cost
11229.6 MWh
2.75

Budget of The City of Skopje
Setting conditions for stimulation measures upon improving

thermal insulation in buildings of the commercial and service
sector in the City of Skopje in line with the standards for
passive and low-energy houses.
Based on international experience, estimated thermal energy
saving amounts to about 4% of the total thermal energy
consumption in this subsector in 2008 11229.6 MWh.
Before measure implementation, a detailed analysis is
essential to determine the status, prospect and means of
implementation.
62
5.1.2. Transport
Table 5-12 Measures for Transport

Connection (shortcut) (Ilindenska boulevard

to vlg. Volkovo)
Implementing body

The City of Skopje
Construction companies
2011/2020

total assessment) M
11.62 GWh/year
2.89
Donations
Funds
Budget of the Government of the Republic of

Macedonia
This measure includes the connection of Ilindenska Boulevard

to vlg. Volkovo via a shortened road and a bridge across the
Vardar river. This section should cut 2.06 km of the current
route used to connect this settlement, Volkovo, with its 40 000
inhabitants, to Skopje's central area, measuring total 5.37 km.
63
Tunnel connection (Partizanski Odredi

Boulevard to K. J. Pitu Boulevard)
Implementing body

The City of Skopje
Construction companies
2011/2020

total assessment) M
32.80 GWh/year
CO2-emission-reduction assessment (kt

CO2)
8.16
Donations
Funds
Budget of the Government of the Republic of

Macedonia
This measure foresees the construction of a tunnel under the

Macedonia Square, providing a 1.79 km shortcut of the
current route which leads through the centre of the city. In
making this shortcut, one must bear in mind that the old
section has 6 crossroads that cause major gridlock at some
periods of the day.
64

Procurement of vehicles owned by the City of

Skopje according to the Green Public
Procurement criteria
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
2011- 2020

total assessment) M
No investment cost
Fuel consumption will be insignificantly reduced, but the emission

of greenhouse gas will lessen

CO2)
1,11
- The City of Skopje
The initial step to the measure implementation is the adoption of

the Decision on Green Public Procurement criteria for vehicles
owned by the City on behalf of the City Council.
The Green Public Procurement for all City-owned vehicles will
insist on the sole purchase of low CO2-emission vehicles (cars <120
g/km) or alternative fuel vehicles.
With the realistic assumption that by 2020, 176 personal and 374
working vehicles owned by the city will be replaced by vehicles
with low greenhouse gas emission, the total emission in this
subsector, which in 2008 marked 4.443 tCO2, will thus reduce by
25%.
65

Introduction of tram transport in Skopje

Implementing body
The City of Skopje
New tram management company
/2020

total assessment) M
150 (for tram system implementation)
0.47
1.46
The City of Skopje
Donors
Experience from other countries in the world shows that

urban rail system is more attractive than the bus transport.
The main reason is the higher level of service (faster, more
reliable, greater capacity) and the lower emission offered by
this type of transport.
It may even attract some of the regular car users. The effects
arising from the introduction of tram to Skopje may be
significant if combined with other means to discourage the use
of individual motor vehicles like parking policies (expensive
and limited parking time), pedestrian and other zones of
limited access to motor vehicles, etc. This will result in energy
saving due to the decreased use of private cars as a means of
urban transport.
The City of Skopje
- Project for tram in Skopje.
- Tender for the implementation of the tram project and for
the elements to build tram infrastructure in Skopje.
- The City of Skopje is responsible for measure's
implementation, monitoring and control, and this demands
the establishment of a new public company.
New tram company
-Needs to manage all activities concerning the tram and the
functioning of the system.
66

- Education/training of operation and maintenance staff
- Preparation of annual statistical reports
NGO and academic institutions
- Provision of staff tech support and education
- Promotion campaign.
Procurement of electric vehicles

Implementing body
The City of Skopje
PE Gradski Parking
2014- 2020

total assessment) M
0.25
Fuel consumption will be insignificantly reduced, but the emission

of greenhouse gas will lessen

CO2)
- The City of Skopje

- PE Gradski Parking
Procurement of 5 electric vehicles that will be rented for the

citizens and tourists in Skopje. This will create reduction of the
local pollution and greenhouse gasses.
67
5.1.3. Lighting
Table 5-13 Measures for Lighting
Modernisation of the lighting system in 300

classrooms in educational institutions owned
by the City of Skopje
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
2011-2020

total assessment) M
405 000 in total
52.2 MWh
0.047
Donors
The financial cost assessment for modernising the lighting in

2
an average classroom (58 m ) amounts to 1350 . The
electricity saving assessment for an average classroom upon
measure's implementation is deemed at 174 kWh/year.
The total electricity saving from modernising the lighting in
300 classrooms by 2020 is estimated at 52.2 MWh.
Installation of energy-saving lamps in

buildings owned by the City of Skopje
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
2011- 2017

total assessment) M
No cost
462.5 MWh of electricity
0.39

EU Regulation pertaining to lighting products (EC Regulation
68

244/2009) prescribes that by the year 2016 the manufacture
of traditional incandescent lamps will cease, resulting in their
replacement by energy saving lamps.
This measure aims at replacing conventional lamps with
energy saving lamps in all City-owned buildings by the year
2017.
This measure will yield a 3% decrease of total electricity
consumption by 2020 in buildings owned by the City of Skopje.
Installation of energy saving lamps in all

households in the City of Skopje
Implementing body
Market laws
2011- 2018

total assessment) M
No cost
275 556.5 MWh of electricity
252.13

of conventional incandescent lamps will cease, resulting in
their replacement by energy saving lamps.
Assuming that the average household in the city spent around
27% of electricity for lighting, in 2008, for the same purposes,
electricity was spent to the amount of 344 445.6 MWh.
An average saving lamp consumes even 80% less electricity

than a standard lamp, and so by 2018 this measure will have
saved about 275 556.5 MWh.
Installation of energy-saving lamps in

buildings of the commercial and service
sector.
Implementing body
Market Law
2013- 2017
69

total assessment) M
4850 MWh
4.437
Sector's own funding

of conventional incandescent lamps will cease, resulting in
their replacement by energy saving lamps.
Based on previous experience, electricity savings are
estimated at 2% of the total electricity consumption in this
subsector in 2008.
Hence, the replacement of incandescent lamps with energysaving lamps will become mandatory throughout the
commercial and service sector.
70
5.2.
Utilization of renewable energy sources
Table 5-14 Measures for Utilization of renewable energy sources

Installation of solar collectors for the supply

of hot water in buildings owned by the City of
Skopje
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
2011- 2020

total assessment) M
500 /m solar system
8189 MWh
7.49
All City-owned buildings by 2020 will have built solar hot water
collectors.
The total thermal-energy consumption of the City-owned
buildings as measured in 2008 was 68242.96 MWh. The
expected thermal energy saving for hot water is estimated at
12%.
Solar collectors and geothermal heat pumps

in existing buildings
Implementing body
Energy auditors
NGOs
Private sector
2011-2020
71

total assessment) M
22.8/82
0.7/2.51
7.45/ 26.8
Donors
Private sector
Energy Efficiency Fund
The new Law on Energy stipulates that every new building

owned by the state or the municipality should have solar hot
water collectors installed, i.e. those places where it is
economically sound (meaning hospitals, hotels, recreational
camps, kindergartens, retirement homes, medical facilities,
etc.)
The economic justification and the relatively favourable return
on investment may be reached through the great demand for
hot water on a daily and yearly basis.
As both an alternative and an addition to solar collectors are
the geothermal heat pumps, which provide efficient heating
and cooling for buildings with an efficiency of above 400%,
calculated in terms of energy consumption (1 kWh electricity
provides up to 4 kWh of thermal energy). There is an
additional benefit from these systems during summer, when
the preparation of sanitary hot water is cost free.
The following steps are needed to reach an efficient
implementation of this measure:
Recommendation from the Law on Energy which

should be entered into the Rulebook on energy
efficiency of buildings,
The energy auditors should check on the

harmonisation of the project documentation and the
already erected building with the recommendation
within the Rulebook,
to ensure stimulus to investors of the relevant sector

via the Energy Efficiency Fund,
the academic and scientific institutions should

develop applicable projects to aid domestic
manufacturers of equipment,
72
To found and accredit laboratories to test the quality

of manufactured equipment.
To provide an information campaign enabling consumers to

get acquainted with the quality of the equipment offered and
the benefits of its use.
Wider application of Renewable energy

Implementing body
Financial Institutions
Public Services
2010-2015

total assessment) M
1.5
0.09
0.9
Donors
In designing and building of new buildings the Rulebook on

energy performance of buildings envisage some combination
of the following highly efficient alternative systems to be used,
if available and if their use is technically, environmentally and
economically justified:
Decentralized systems for energy supply based on utilization
of renewable energy sources;
Combined systems (i.e. cogeneration systems) for
simultaneous single process generation of heating and
electrical and/or mechanical energy;
Central heating or cooling systems by parts of the building,
especially those which are completely or partly based on
utilization of renewable energy sources; and
Heat pumps.
Also, when building or building unit is subject to major
reconstruction, highly efficient systems has to be installed, if
their use is technically, environmentally and economically
justified. The Rulebook for energy performance of buildings
stipulates the issuance of energy performance certificates for
buildings where the use of renewable energy sources in the
energy consumption of the building has to be presented as a
separate item.
Geothermal heat pumps provide efficient heating and cooling
of buildings with an efficiency of over 400% lodged in terms of
73

energy (1 kWh electrical energy provides up to 4 kWh heat).
For commercial sector it is voluntarily measure, determined
only by economic justification.
The aim of the measure is to achieve mass use of solar thermal
systems for hot water and heat pump installation in hotels,
private hospitals and similar buildings in the service sector
which operate with huge quantities of hot water. The idea is
to eliminate the use of electricity and fossil fuels for
preparation of DHW and heating and utilize solar energy
wherever its use meaningful.
Setting conditions for stimulation measures

upon the use of renewable energy sources in
thermal energy production
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
2013- 2020

total assessment) M
Investment survey needed
11229.6 MWh
2.75

Setting conditions for stimulus measures upon the use of

renewable energy sources in thermal energy production.
Based on the experiences so far, thermal energy savings are
estimated at 4% of the total thermal energy consumption in
this subsector in 2008 - 11229.6 MWh.
implementation.
Subsidies for instalment of Solar Thermal

Collectors in household
Implementing body
Ministry of Economy
2007-

total assessment)
150 000 EUR/year
0.02
74

0.2
Budget of the Government of Republic of Macedonia
In order to stimulate the use of solar energy in the Republic of

Macedonia Ministry of Economy on several occasions ( 2007 ,
2009 , 2011 and 2012 ) successfully implement measures for
the implementation of stimulus measures to compensate for
part of the cost of purchased and installed solar thermal
systems in households.
With this incentive the purchase of solar panels that have built
in their homes to provide a refund of part of the funds spent
on the provision of solar thermal collector systems by 30 %,
but not more than 300 euro equivalent per household.
5.3.
Waste management
5.3.1. Waste prevention,

Table 5-15 Measures for waste
Environmental Protection (Waste

interference)
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
The goal is non-interference in waste collection. Quantities of
construction and demolition waste require the establishment
of an adequate network of landfill facilities. Initially, these
investment projects can be planned and implemented in
parallel with the establishment of regional management
centres municipal solid waste by investing in a simple
separation facility placed in a separate area of the centre for
management of municipal solid waste; products can be used in
the construction / operation of landfills, waste wood can be
added to the light fraction of municipal solid waste.
75

Treatment of waste water before crossing

the river Vardar and Lepenec
Implementing body
The City of Skopje

The objective of this measure is the main sewage treatment
plant where sewage is treated and released into the Vardar
River. The water leaving the plant has been thoroughly
treated, so it returns to the natural water cycle free of
pollution and can be reused. Sewerage treatment is a complex
process where sewage is treated to remove poisonous or toxic
substances. Solids are separated out and the remaining water
is cleaned for release back into the natural water cycle.
Sewage is first passed through fine screens to remove objects
that could damage or interfere with the process and
equipment. Chemicals are added and the raw sewage is
agitated, or mixed, to help the chemicals react. The
flocculation also removes some chemicals from the water such
as phosphorus. This is crucial as phosphorous contributes
significantly to the growth of toxic algae in rivers and
reservoirs. Ammonia is removed through a biological reaction
process. At high concentrations, ammonia is toxic to fish so it
is essential to remove it before water is returned to river
systems.
Treatment of waste collectors for waste

water treatment
Implementing body
The City of Skopje

Following the ammonia removal, sludge particles are
flocculated, or caused to form larger particles which are
heavier and easier to separate. The mixture of sewage and
flocculated bacteria is pumped to the secondary clarifiers
where a separation process removes the solids, including the
micro-organisms in the sludge. A further chemical treatment
removes most of the remaining traces of phosphorus, and
then the sewage is passed through the final set of filters.
These filters consist of finely crushed coal about one metre in
depth, and then sand, about half a metre in depth. This
filtering process removes solids that remain suspended in the
sewage, leaving a clear effluent, or liquid waste. Chlorine is
added to the effluent to disinfect, or kill, any remaining
microbiological pathogens.
76
5.3.2. Integrated waste management systems,

Through PPP, safe stripping of waste from

demolition and industrial waste
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
Activation of licensed private sector investment in equipment
for the collection, storage and processing to manage specific
waste streams and end products are realized with the
establishment of ( voluntary ) harmonized schemes and proper
taxation of selected products such as old tires, used oils and
means lubrication , packaging and packaging waste , waste
electrical and electronic equipment , etc. ,ensuring payment
for services performed through the entire supply
Collection / processing and disposal.
5.3.3. Waste to energy
Collecting used cooking oil and

transformation into fuel
Implementing body
The City of Skopje

Collecting used oil from the restaurants in the city of Skopje
and transformation into useful biofuel. The gained biofuel can
be used by the municipality for its own need or can be sold.
77
6. Measures for changing behavior of consumers on local

level
6.1.
Energy efficiency
Table 6-1 Measures for Energy efficiency

Education and change of the behaviour of Cityowned-building users
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
2011- 2020

total assessment) M
Energy saving assessment (% or kWh,
litres of fuel)
1421 MWh of electricity


CO2)
3.80
The Budget of the Republic of Macedonia
This measure includes a range of educational activities that

require regular undertaking:
Organising educational workshops on energy savings;
Preparation and distribution of educational materials

(flyers, posters, stickers, etc.)
Organising panel discussions and the like
Besides the educational activities foreseen within this measure,

there is the need to introduce a stimulating energy-saving
arrangement (for e.g. 50/50 arrangement) wherein part of the
funding generated by energy saving policy should remain in the
institution having achieved those savings.
Energy savings achieved by implementing measures aimed at
educating and rising of awareness for the users of City-owned
78

buildings is rather difficult to quantify. Based on the experiences
of other European cities, there is an opinion that the continuous
educational activities for promotion and information throughout
the following decade will result in 15% preserved thermal energy
and 10% preserved electricity, compared to the referential 2008
and regarding buildings owned by the City of Skopje.
The total thermal energy consumption in City-owned buildings in
2008 was 68242.9 MWh, whereas electricity consumption
amounted to 14215.5 MWh.
Education and promotion of energy efficiency

for the citizens of Skopje
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
Ministry of Economy
NGO sector
2011- 2020

total assessment) M
Energy saving assessment (% or kWh, litres

of fuel)


70.23
This measure includes several activities implemented

regularly:
1.
Opening EE info centres in different parts of the City

of Skopje;
2.
Setting EE info corners in different parts of the City

of Skopje;
3.
Continuous customer information regarding both

energy saving and current energy-related issues on
the back of the energy bills;
4.
Carrying out theme-specific promotion and

information campaigns for raising citizens'
79

awareness about energy efficiency of buildings:
5.
How to construct an EE house?;
Building reconstruction in line with the

principles for a sustainable building;
Energy certificates energy consumption as a

market category in buying, renting and repair of
buildings;
Measures for energy efficiency in households

thermostatic valves, solar systems for
preparation of sanitary hot water, energyefficient carpentry, home appliances with an
"A" energy label;
Marking energy efficiency - Why buy only

energy class A appliances?
Standby mode consumes electricity, too!

turning off home appliances from the energy
grid after use;
Energy-efficient indoor lighting;
Biomass heating;
Solar collectors;
Heat pumps;
Intelligent building what is it?;
What is a low-energy ("three-litre") house?;
What is a passive ("one-litre") house?;
What is Factor 10?;
Organising meetings to promote rational energy use

and reduce CO2 emissions:
Saving energy by implementing measures that include

education and raising the awareness of various target groups
is difficult to quantify. Based on experiences of the European
cities, by 2020 the continuous implementation of these
measures should result in a 4% reduction of thermal energyand electricity-consumption.
80

Central heating in Skopje

Implementing body
Central heating companies
Regulatory Commission of the Republic of

Macedonia
Residents' associations
NGO sector
Flat owners and caretakers
2010- 2020

total assessment) M
7.08/ 24.15
0.79/2.69
2.28/7.77
Municipalities
Regulatory Commission of the Republic of

Macedonia
Private capital
Flat owners
The District Heating System of the City of Skopje has around

60 000 users. In line with the legislation, each connecting to
the grid must be carried out by measuring the heat delivered.
The problem arises in major residential buildings where
measuring the heat delivered is enabled by a single gauge
located in the substation. Within the building, the cost is
calculated according to the area heated, rather than the
energy consumed.
To enable residents' monitoring, control and regulation of
their own energy consumption for heating, it is recommended
that allocators are installed on every heating body (radiator),
devices that indicate the perceptual consumption for heating
regarding every flat individually.
This enables residents to manage energy consumption for
heating, hence saving both energy and funding. One measure
that can be applied is to decrease the temperature in the
81

o
bedrooms by 1-2 C, to decrease heating when most of the

residents are absent, etc. The anticipated average energy
saving from this measure is calculated to the amount of 15%.
Energy codes for construction buildings and

their application/ Certification and Lighting in
new buildings
Implementing body

Republic of Macedonia (competent body)

(support)
Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of the Republic

of Macedonia (support)
Donors (support)
2011-2020

total assessment) M
0.51
0.25/0.68
1.59/2.03
Donors
Company owners
EE Fund
The Rulebook on energy efficiency of home appliances has

been accepted ever since 2007 and used as of 1 January 2010.
This document regulates and stimulates practical application
of new technologies for indoor lighting of buildings.
The successful implementation of building regulations relies
on the continuous monitoring by the market inspection body
that should oversee the sale of lights. Moreover, the Law on
Construction must prescribe obligations for investors and
contractors to install EE lighting in the newly erected buildings.
Thus, the following must be taken into account:
82

- Incandescent light bulbs and the halogen lamps have an
average lighting efficiency of 14 lm/W
- Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) have an average efficiency
of 60 lm/W
- Latest developing LED technology enables the production of
lamps with an average lighting efficiency of 120 lm/W
EE lamps used in households render a reduction of electricity

consumption, and also considerable saving in the future.
Bearing in mind the fact that by 2020 approximately 39000
apartments are to be built, the timely implementation of laws
and rulebooks is fundamental to the success of the measure
itself.
Labelling and standards for energy

performance of home appliances and
equipment
Implementing body

(competent body)

Energy sector companies (support)
Home appliances manufacturers and distributors

(support)
2010-2020

total assessment) M
1.44/2.52
0.13/0.42
1.73/5.63
Energy sector companies
Home appliances manufacturers and distributors
Donors
83

The Rulebook for labelling the home appliances energy

efficiency has was adopted in 2007, and put to use as of 1
January 2010. The Rulebook should aid the placement of
energy efficient appliances into the market, all manufactured
with new technologies and according to the latest technical
standards on energy efficiency.
Information and promotion campaigns by manufacturers and
distributors of energy efficient home appliances should raise
the awareness about the use of these appliances and their
benefits, mostly on saving of electricity.
This would prove quite relevant after 2015 when the
electricity market liberalisation takes place, when the price of
electricity is expected to rise.
Labelling and standard control of energy

performance for hot water boilers and air
conditioning systems
Implementing body
Private sector
NGO sector
2011-2020

total assessment) M
0.32/0.32
0.69/1.94
4.51/ 26.8
Private sector
Donors
It is estimated that most of the boilers and air conditioning

systems today are outdated and dysfunctional, and therefore
spend great amount of energy. Regular inspections are
necessary, and such are laid down in the Rulebook on energy
efficiency of construction facilities, a document following the
84

guidelines of the EU Directive on energy efficiency in buildings.
The Ministry of Economy (MoE) will prepare the guidelines for
control and inspection of hot-water boilers and air
conditioning systems.
The import, but domestic production, as well, is to be
regulated by a separate rulebook.
MoE and the Institute for Accreditation must authorise a body
that will oversee the import and production of hot-water
boilers.
Based on this, the adoption of an act is required to regulate
the labelling of energy efficiency for hot-water boilers.
Introduction of criteria for Green Public

Procurement when buying appliances to use
in buildings owned by the City of Skopje.
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
2011- 2020

total assessment) M
No cost
0.910

This measure aims at stimulating the purchase of energyefficient appliances for the needs of all buildings owned by the
City of Skopje through the introduction of Green Public
Procurement policy.
The criteria in buying such appliances are to be previously
defined and standardised in a separate Rulebook, and all
newly acquired appliances must meet the set criteria.
Upon measure implementation, electricity saving by 2020 is
deemed at 7%, compared to 2008.
85

Energy management and control in the

commercial and service sector
Implementing body
Private sector
NGO sector
Certified energy auditors
2011-2020

total assessment) M
0.84/ 0.84
0.67/ 2.92
3,59/ 15,65
Donations (WB, USAID, ADA/ADC)
Private sector
NGOs
Construction norms and their implementation are an efficient

method, which, via an official document ensures
harmonisation of contractors and construction companies
with the best practices and solutions. The conclusion of the
legal framework is expected for 2011. The Ministry of
Economy of RM is the competent body.
The Ministry of Economy will set a promotion/educational
programme including construction norms and will focus on
two target groups: experts and energy managers.
The Ministry of Economy will consider the possibilities for
capacity building of construction inspection. Measure's
efficiency is evaluated as high, and cost efficiency is evaluated
as medium.
Implementing the requirements for buildings' energy
efficiency on a national level, via construction norms and
building certification will bring about a cumulative
improvement of the subsector's efficiency.
Besides, the continuous price growth of electricity will make a
strong impetus for the private and the commercial sector in
improving energy management and the fast acceptance of the
86

EE construction norms.
Fuel economy and quality standards

Implementing body
Oil production/Oil-importing companies
Public/Private sector
Committee on implementation of energy efficiency

measures
2010/2020

total assessment) M
3,346/11,074
10.332/34.244
Private sector
Donations
This measure is tightly connected to the measures regarding

rolling stock renewal. This measure represents the
implementation of the European standards for fuel quality and
fuel economy. Measure's implementation does not entail any
direct cost. The regulation of higher fuel quality should be
introduced and implemented by the oil production companies
and companies selling oil derivatives. The anticipated savings
will result from vehicles' improved engine efficiency and the
improved fuel economy.
The target groups are the oil derivatives producers, as well as
the companies dealing with oil derivatives import. Measure's
main goal is to develop the European fuel quality and fuel
economy standards.
Implementation stage:
1. Establishment of accredited laboratories for fuel quality
control by 2012.
2. Implementation of the EU fuel quality and fuel
economy standards by 2015.
87

3. Measure realisation by 2020.
The Ministry of Economy is the competent body for the

implementation of EU fuel quality and fuel economy
standards.
Regional and international cooperation - information
exchange, means and methods to implement fuel quality and
fuel economy standards
The public/private sector should establish accredited
laboratories for fuel quality control.
The producers/import companies should submit monthly and
annual reports about fuel's quality and economy, and also
send reports to the State Statistical Office.
The State Statistical Office is responsible for processing and
publishing the statistics in its final annual report.
Tax incentives for vehicles with high

environmental standards
Implementing body
Ministry of Funding of the Republic of Macedonia
Ministry of Transport of the Republic of Macedonia
NGOs
Car sale companies
Committee on implementation of energy efficiency

measures
2012-2016

total assessment) M
0.14/0.43
Car rental companies
Donors
88

International experience has shown that measures for reduced

use of motor vehicles as a means to reduce energy
consumption often proved as inefficient. Therefore, far more
important is the improvement of the average fuel
consumption, which can ensure considerable energy saving, or
at the very least, a reduction in the rising fuel consumption. In
terms of Macedonia, having a rather old rolling stock, this
measure may prove as most significant.
And so, this measure foresees tax reductions on new, energyefficient vehicles, as an incentive to a faster renewal of the
motor vehicles. This measure is tightly connected to the
measures regarding rolling stock renewal.
The main goal is tax reduction on new, energy-efficient
vehicles, and also providing lower cost for their registration.
Realisation stages:
Information campaigns up until 2012
Consecutive measure implementation in the period

2012-2016
Scope of activities:
The Ministry of Transport and the NGOs are responsible for
the information campaign.
The Ministry of Funding is competent for the amendments to
the Law on VAT (OGRM 102/2010) and the Law on Excise Duty
(OGRM 34/2010), but also for the tax reduction on the import
of EE vehicles from all categories:
- tax reduction (VAT by 15%)
- 10% reduction of excise duty for higher category vehicles.
- Introduction of proportionate discounts for the registration
of vehicles depending on fuel's Euro standard (Euro 6, Euro 5,
Euro 4)
Car sale companies should submit monthly reports on vehicle
sale to the State Statistical Office of the Republic of
Macedonia.
The State Statistical Office is responsible for processing and
publishing the final annual report (statistics) on the sale of
new eco-friendly vehicles.
89

Car-free days
Implementing body
Drivers
Municipalities
The City of Skopje
Media
2011/2020

total assessment) M
0.5 1
0.21/0.38
0.64/1.16
Municipalities
The City of Skopje
Donors
The promotion of car-free days may contribute to decreasing

the number of vehicles driven during this campaign. This
measure should be implemented on a national level and be
supported nation-wide through a campaign.
The relevance of the "Car-free days" lays in the intention to
persuade people leave their cars and consider different means
of travel.
The main goal is to effect "Car-free days" on a national level at least 3 days a year.
This measure will be realised by means of:
Municipalities/City of Skopje
- Preparing a campaign on both national and local level;
- Closing the roads;
- Promotion material (posters, flyers, ...)
- Providing sponsors (donors) and money from the municipal
budget for campaign realisation.
Ministry of Internal Affairs
- Technical support for the campaign.
Means of public information:
- Nation-wide information, promotion and marketing.
90
Promotion of a sustainable transport system

in the urban areas
Implementing body
Municipalities
NGOs
Public enterprises
Private sector
2011/ 2020

total assessment) M
54.5
6.76/ 21.12
20.92/65.34
Municipalities
Donors
Public enterprises
Private sector
This measure encompasses numerous activities aimed at

promoting sustainable means of transport, travel and conduct.
The very fact that Macedonia's capital, Skopje, houses more
than a quarter of the country's total number of citizens,
implies that energy saving in city's transport may give
considerable contribution to the goal of energy saving in the
transport sector and reducing pollution.
Citizens are the target group. The main goal is to promote
more efficient city transport and more efficient city transport
alternatives, and to serve as a discouraging factor for the use
of individual vehicles.
The best way to promote efficient and eco-friendly public
transport system is to make the very system more appealing
to the users.
In other words, people will feel more prepared to reduce their
use of individual motor vehicles, if the alternative transport
means offer enough quality of the service. The service quality
entails a service that is available, reliable, fast, comfortable
91

and cheap enough.
Promotion of an increased bicycle use

Implementing body
Citizens
Municipalities
The City of Skopje
NGO sector and public media
on-going

total assessment) M
0.04 - 0.06
0.00857/0.00857
0.263/0.263
Municipalities
The City of Skopje
Donors
Examples from countries such as the Netherlands and

Denmark have shown that the continuous efforts to raise
public awareness about the benefits from using the bicycle,
like reduced pollution, environment improvement, reduced
travel cost, and the health-related benefits may bring about
remarkable results. The Danish city of Odense has managed to
make above 50% of all city travel to be on bicycle, regardless
of the fact that Denmark is a north-European country.
Similar to the effect of introducing tram, the effect of a higher
bicycle-use rate lies in the intent to achieve reduced individual
car use, paving the way for bicycles.
The target group includes citizens and the City of
Skopje/Municipalities. The main goal is the increase of bicycle
use, i.e. the decrease of individual car use.
Realisation stages:
1. Measure implementation beginning in 2020
2. Aggressive campaign until 2011
3. Realisation in the period 2011-2020
92

The foreseen steps for measure realisation are:
Municipalities and City of Skopje
- Investments in bicycle network infrastructure (preparation of
safety bicycle lanes)
- Organizing a "bicycle rent" service regarding the use of
bicycles for city transport (for e.g. the centre of Skopje)
- Implementation of a consistent campaign for a more
frequent use of bicycle.
NGOs and public media:
- Information and public campaign for increased bicycle use
Introduction of carpooling
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
2013- 2017

total assessment) M
A complex measure the investment-cost assessment of which

requires conducting further analysis and preparing a feasibility
study.
The investment cost should include parking space construction (or
perhaps a car park), establishing carpool patterns for several
persons, vehicle procurement and promotion.
Petrol - 66271 GJ = 18.408 GWh

Diesel - 30321.6 GJ = 8.422 GWh
Total - 96592.8 GJ = 26.83 GWh

CO2)
6.82
There are more than 333000 carpooling vehicles currently used in

the world in more than 800 cities. Based on those experiences, it
follows that one such vehicle replaces 5-8 private cars. Carpooling
implies a more rational use of personal vehicles and, of course,
saving money for someone with no real need for a private car (no
need to buy a car, to pay the related tax and insurance, to care for
maintenance ...).
93

Activities needed:
Promotion of the "carpooling" system as a simple, easily available
service with a minimum amount of forms, with expenses related
only to the time of use and the mileage (the actual vehicle use),
where registered users will have the vehicle at their disposal, 24/7,
simply by applying on the internet, on the phone or on the spot.
Introduction of a carpooling system, providing additional income
to the city, obtainable either through a personal organization and
procurement of vehicles within the carpooling system, or through
selling concessions to some of the interested entrepreneurs.
Although the implementation of this measure will not directly result
in the reduction of CO2 in the city, it is assumed that the
establishment of the system in question will cause a decrease in the
number of registered passenger vehicles and thus reduce fuel
consumption by about 4%, amounting to 96,592.8 GJ in 2020.
6.2.
Renewable energy sources
Table 6-2 Measures for Renewable energy sources

Adopting a decision on a 30% reduction of

the communal fee by the City Council for new
buildings in the commercial and service
sector using renewable energy sources
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
2011.-2020.

total assessment) M
No initial investment cost
8422.2 MWh of thermal energy
2.06

implementation.
Estimations suggest that upon implementing this measure,

thermal energy consumption in this subsector should drop by
3% by the end of 2020.
94
Buy Thermal Solar Collector Open Day

Implementing body
The City of Skopje
NGo sector
2014-2020

total assessment)
90 000
0.02
0.22
Budget of City of Skopje

European Union Programmes
Previous practises with open days for Solar Thermal Collectors

were having significant impact. MACEF and the Ministry of
Economy organised open day that was visited by cca 3000
citizens. These events will be organized 3 times in a year and
will raise the general awareness about the gains from
utilization of renewable energy sources.
Education and promotion of RES for the

citizens of Skopje
Implementing body
The City of Skopje
Ministry of Economy
NGO sector
2014- 2020

total assessment) M
Energy saving assessment (% or kWh, litres

of fuel)
0.021
0.2
95
This measure includes several activities implemented

regularly:
6.
Opening RES/integration of RES in info centres in

different parts of the City of Skopje;
7.
Setting RES info corners in different parts of the City

of Skopje;
8.
Continuous customer information regarding both

energy saving and current RES-related issues;
9.
Carrying out theme-specific promotion and

information campaigns for raising citizens'
awareness about RES:
10. Organising meetings to promote rational energy use

and reduce CO2 emissions:
Saving energy by implementing measures that include

education and raising the awareness of various target groups
is difficult to quantify. Based on experiences of the European
cities, by 2020 the continuous implementation of these
measures should result in a 4% reduction of electricity consumption.
Accreditation of laboratories for renewable

energy products
Implementing body
Ministry of Economy
Ministry for education and science
2014-2020

total assessment)
1 000 000
0.102
0.6
Budget of Republic of Macedonia
Accreditation of laboratories for renewable energy will ensure

the quality of the market products, the life of the products and
its efficiency. This uplift will produce more economical
solutions and the costumers rights will be ensured.
This measure plans creation of two laboratories of this type,
96

one for certification of products and one for research and
development.
Training for designers and installers of heat

pumps
Implementing body
Scientific organisations
Ministry of Economy
City of Skopje
2015-2018

total assessment)
200 000
0.02
1.16
Budget of City of Skopje

European programmes
One of the most promising technologies to reduce greenhouse

gas emissions is provided by heat pumps. Heat pumps offer an
energy efficient way to provide space heating and preparation
of sanitary hot water. Even though technical know-how of the
heat pumping technology is well proven, it has not yet reached
public recognition worldwide. That is why this training is
essential. First step for accomplishing the goal is to provide
training for capable designers and installers, thus producing
ground for widening and enriching the public awareness and
utilization of these systems.
Three training courses should be organized a year repetitive
during the next three years 2/3 of them for further
qualification (basic, advanced, after implementation of
designs).
97
6.3.
Waste prevention and management
Table 6-3 Measures for waste

Training for sorting, promoting measures for

separation and reuse of waste
Implementing body
The City of Skopje

Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning
The execution of all tasks for complex waste management, in

addition to new employment, the need for trained staff at all
levels: national and local administration, Enterprise
management of municipal solid waste management and
operators waste treatment / disposal facilities and waste. The
entire staff must to attend additional courses and training,
which will be designed according to the specific tasks. All
professional groups in the industrial sector and operators
capacity for waste management must build its technical and
technological knowledge in the key philosophy of waste
management in the EU, with the knowledge of national
legislation and EU regulations, programs and rules, as well as
economic / financial issues and consequences.
Rigorous observance of sanitary waste.

Penalties for delay and training on hazardous
waste (hazardous waste storage).
Implementing body
The City of Skopje

Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning

Legislation on landfills must establish basic criteria for
locations of landfills, the technical construction permits for the
classification of landfills for proper acceptance of waste and
monitoring measures in closure of the landfill and for the
adjustment of certain landfills accepting waste in the
transitional period, a long-term plan for the closure and
rehabilitation of landfills will be governed by the legislation on
the disposal of waste.
Besides the national legislation on waste disposal will prepare
changes to the draft regulations for contamination of soil in
order to establish legal basis for the management of illegal
landfills and illegal dumps contaminated soils and remediation
of the relatively large number of environmental spots.
National legislation must establish rules and criteria for
98

evaluation and regulatory penalties and fees for the actual
cost of the environmental damage environment caused by
improper waste management and the mechanisms for their
implementation.
Prediction of plant treatment chemicals and

harmful substances
Implementing body
The City of Skopje

Drisla Skopje LLC

Around 1,200 t of hazardous waste from health institutions is
relatively small amount of material in terms of economy of
scale , but due to the current practice waste management and
the risk to public health and the environment , must
implement priority actions to establish an adequate system of
separate collection of waste in health care , a system of
transportation logistics and replacement the existing nonincinerator in " landfill " in modern incineration plant ,in
accordance with all regulations for the burning of hazardous
waste .
99
7. Expected results/effects of taken measures

Methodology used for determining the effects from the proposed measures is
based on a tool developed within the WP4 deliverable from the RE-SEEties
project - Final criteria for assessment. These criteria serve as an evaluation
grid to monitor the potential impact an implemented measures could have on
a city level. Indicators/criteria examine multidisciplinary features and related
benefits of proposed measures (CO2 reduction, pollution prevention, job
creation, energy security, greening and urban renewal) as well as
accompanying measures (education, capacity building, green procurement
and the development of broad public support). Indicators/criteria are divided in
two groups: waste and energy, for both of whom a set of social, environmental
and economic indicators have been developed.
Energy criteria are defined according to different sectors/ categories of the
local energy system:
1) Transport
2) Buildings
3) Public lighting
4) Local energy production from renewable energy sources
5) Involvement of the private sector
6) Citizens involvement
7) Green public procurement
8) Local economic impact
Initial criteria for assessment of potential impact of local waste strategy and
case study profile are mainly based on the waste management measures
which revolve around the 4R concept: reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery.
Therefore categories for which the criteria/indicators and methodology for
assessment can be defined include:
1) Waste management
2) Recycling
3) Reusing
4) Replacing
5) Waste to energy
6) Employment creation and financial effects
100
7) Effect on environment and society

8) Legal
9) Citizens involvement
It assesses also the effect/trend of proposed measures inside the Local
strategy and action plan based on a set of indicators and tries to quantify them
if possible. Naturally, the Local strategy and action plan does not affect all
indicators, and this largely depends on specific topic and scope.
101
Table 7-1 Evaluation results

SECTOR
1. Transport
INDICATOR
MONITORING METHOD
TREND/EFFECT
QUANTIFICATION
Increase
N/A
1.1 Number of public transport passengers
Agreement with a public transport company.
1.2 Kilometers of biking ways
City administration data.
Increase/decrease/neutral
1.3 Kilometers of new pedestrian streets
1.4 Fuel savings
Extract data from fuel supplier's bills. Convert to

energy.
1.5 Total energy consumption of renewable fuels in public

fleets
Extract data from biofuels suppliers' bills. Convert to

energy. Sum this indicator with the previous one and
compare values.
1.6 Number of electric, eco and hybrid vehicles procured

by the city
Increase
1.7 Number of new public electric charging stations
Increase
15
1.8 Avoided traffic noise level
Carry out surveys in selected areas of the

municipality.
1.9 Avoided level of CO2

municipality.
1.10 Quality of air (Nox, PM)

municipality.
1.11 Informed and educated citizens
Conducting surveys and number of drivers which

went through ECO-driving course
10000
2.1 Energy consumption of public buildings
City administration.
decrease
71000 MWh
2.2 Capacity/awareness level of public building managers
Increase
100 people
2.3 Energy consumption of households
Public utility companies, selected areas door- to-door

surveys
decrease
88910 MWh
2.4 Number/Capacity of RES systems integrated within

buildings
City administration, national/regional energy agency,

etc
2. Buildings
102
decrease
342934 MWh
121 ktCO2
3. Public lighting
4. Local Energy
Production from
RES
5. Citizens
involvement

municipality.
2.6 Number of buildings with an energy certificate
City administration, national/regional energy agency,

etc
2.7 Total energy consumption of non-residental buildings
Public utility companies, selected areas door- to-door

surveys
decrease
2.8 Quality and comfort of living

municipality.
3.1 Energy consumption
decrease
288828 MWh
3.2 Number of new energy efficient lighting sources (SSL

and others)
Increase
300+
3.3 Light pollution and compliance with light standards
Energy institutes, lighting producers
Increase
N/A

municipality.
decrease
259 ktCO2
3.5 Number of public lighting sources in GIS database
4.1 Electricity produced by local RES installations
Regional/National Public Administrations (feed-in

tariffs of certificates)
Increase
9608 MWh
4.2 Heat energy produced by local RES installations
Regional/National Public Administrations (feed-in

tariffs of certificates)
Increase
50119 MWh

municipality.
decrease
42 ktCO2
4.4 Energy security and level of regional energy

independence
5.1 Number of citizens attending energy

efficiency/renewable energy events
Attendance lists, city administration stats.
Increase
10000
5.2 Energy saving because energy efficiency/renewable

energy events
Survey
Increase
121092 MWh
decrease
51700 MWh
71 ktCO2

5.4 Number of Environmental and energy NGOs actively
participating in local events and policy making activities
108 ktCO2
Attendance lists, city administration stats.
103
6. Green Public
Procurement
(GPP)
6.1 Number of public procurements using "green criteria"
104
Increase
transport sector in City of Skopje is 342934 MWh. These measures will have
121 ktCO2.
buildings sector in City of Skopje is 211610 MWh. These measures will have
108 ktCO2. There are several horizontal measures that effect the energy
consumption and CO2 emission. Some of these measures in this analysis are
considered in other sectors (e.g. raising awareness).
lighting sector in City of Skopje is 288828 MWh. These measures will have
259 ktCO2.
The total estimated energy effect from the proposed measures in the Local
Energy Production from RES in City of Skopje is 9608 MWh electrical energy
and 50119 MWh of heat energy. These measures will have estimated effect
on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of 42 ktCO2.
Citizens involvement in City of Skopje is 121092 MWh. These measures will
have estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2
emission of 71 ktCO2. As mentioned before, these measures are mostly
horizontal measures.
The total energy saving can be estimated to 1024191 MWh and the total
reduction of CO2 emission is 601 ktCO2.
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8. Financing mechanisms for implementation of measures

and endorsement process
The City of Skopje has few budget provisions for financing the proposed
measures and activities. It is important to underline, however, that it depends
on external funding in the form of grants related to different programs, such as
the European Union, international funds and grant arrangements. EU funding
is expected to rise drastically once Macedonia becomes a fully-fledged
member of the Union.
Although there are current funds at disposal, the City of Skopje should
advance in knowledge and human capacity building for the purpose of
successfully preparing the project documentation needed for submission in
the international and local funding programs. Project documentation and
reporting, program-related financial reporting, especially, should be perfected
by city's administration.
High priority should also be given to assure that the city administration will
continuously monitor the open calls and finance tender, and also to
establishing work communication with potential EU project partners.
Moreover, networking activities will be also promoted towards the region in
case of regional and local calls regarding energy and environment sectors.
Table 8-1 An overview of possible funding
Funding
Maximum
amount
Type
Share of
total cost
(%)
Availability
period
Budget of The City of

Skopje
Budget finance
100
2008 - 2020
ESCO Model
Budget
finance/private
capital
Depending on
the
agreements
100
2008 - 2020
MBDP
Loan/budget
finance
$500,000 for
EE projects
and $4 mil. for
RES projects
60%
MBDP,
10%
budget
finance
and 30%
2008 -2020
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bank funds
IPA II Programmes
Non-refundable
financing/share of
project total cost
Horizon 2020
Non-refundable
financing/share of
project total cost
80 billion
for 7 years
BalkanMediterranean
Programme
Non-refundable
financing/share of
project total cost
Renewal phase 2014-2020
Structure funds
Non-refundable
financing/share of
project total cost
347.41 billion
Euros in total
After the EU
accession
Small GEF projects
Non-refundable
financing/share of
project total cost
$20 000 $50000 per

project
50
1992 - 2020
ELENA
Non-refundable
financing/share of
project total cost
15 mil. Euros
per project
100
2010 -2020
WeBSEFF 2 Programme for

funding sustainable
energy in the West
Balkans
Loan/cash grant 1520% of total loan
100,000 2mil. Euros

per project
100
2010 -2020
Democracy
Commission Small
Grants Programme,
US Embassy, Skopje
Grants
$24000 per
project
100
2005 -2020
ORIO: Infrastructure
Development
Programme
Grants
Up to 2 mil.
Euros per
project (until
2014)
Postponed due to renewal
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85%
Renewal
phase
2014-2020
8.1.
EU funding
The European Union offers a financial aid for projects related to renewable
energy, energy efficiency and environmental protection available through
several EU Programmes. There are certain programmes modified to
Macedonia's facilitated accession, while all basic programmes are intended
for all EU member-states and the accompanying members within the frame of
the Memorandum of Cooperation.
Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance - IPA
All local and regional authorities in the Republic of Macedonia have an access
to the funding of RES and EE projects through the Instrument for PreAccession Assistance - IPA. The European Commission forms a single
instrument for pre-accession assistance (IPA II) for the period extending
through the following financial cycles (2014-2020). It replaces the preaccession financial instruments IPA 2007-2013, PHARE, ISPA, SAPARD, the
financial instrument for Turk and the instrument for the Western Balkans CARDS. IPA Council Regulation (EC) No. 1085/2006 was adopted on 17 July
2006. IPA strives at providing directed assistance for the candidate countries
or potential candidate countries for EU membership, including Macedonia. In
order for every country to reach its goals in the most effective way possible,
IPA consists of five different components: Transition Assistance and Institution
Building; Cross-Border Cooperation; Regional Development; Human
Resource Capacity Building and Rural Development. The components are
currently under consideration, but the working documents from IPA II shows
that there will not be many differences. This requires countries to have the
administrative capacities and the structures for assuming responsibility for the
management of funds awarded as assistance.
In the case of potential
candidate countries, such measures will be implemented through the
Transition Assistance and Institution Building component.
The City of Skopje, as a unit of the local self-government, is eligible for project
implementation in the area of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources
as part of this programmes.
Balkan-Mediterranean Programme (part of previous SEE transnational
programme)
The Hellenic Managing Authority of European Territorial Cooperation
Programmes was unanimously elected as the Managing Authority of the new
Transnational Programme "Balkan-Mediterranean" of the Programming Period
2014-2020.
The new Programme will have an estimated budget of 60,000,000 euros.
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Albania;
Bulgaria;
Cyprus;
Republic of Macedonia; and
Greece
will participate in it.
The "Balkan-Mediterranean" Programme shall promote economic, social,
environmental and institutional cohesion and development in the wider area
by improving socio-economic competitiveness and institutional capacity in the
regions. Its thematic priorities will be connectivity, environment and
entrepreneurship.
European Union Programmes
At a session in 2008 the Macedonian government passed the decision to
include Macedonia in the EU Programmes. All programme members may
compete under the same conditions.
In regard to the fact that as a candidate member, Macedonia has no share in
EU's budget, it will pay cash into the budget of the relevant programme. EU
programmes via the environmental protection component and the
opportunities for energy efficiency projects are the Competitiveness and
Innovation Programme (CIP) and the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7),
whereby:
Horizon 2020 is the biggest EU Research and Innovation programme ever
with nearly 80 billion of funding available over 7 years (2014 to 2020) in
addition to the private investment that this money will attract. It promises more
breakthroughs, discoveries and world-firsts by taking great ideas from the lab
to the market.
Horizon 2020 is the financial instrument implementing the Innovation Union, a
Europe 2020 flagship initiative aimed at securing Europe's global
competitiveness.
Seen as a means to drive economic growth and create jobs, Horizon 2020
has the political backing of Europes leaders and the Members of the
European Parliament. They agreed that research is an investment in our
future and so put it at the heart of the EUs blueprint for smart, sustainable
and inclusive growth and jobs.
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By coupling research and innovation, Horizon 2020 is helping to achieve this

with its emphasis on excellent science, industrial leadership and tackling
societal challenges. The goal is to ensure Europe produces world-class
science, removes barriers to innovation and makes it easier for the public and
private sectors to work together in delivering innovation.
Horizon 2020 is open to everyone, with a simple structure that reduces red
tape and time so participants can focus on what is really important. This
approach makes sure new projects get off the ground quickly and achieve
results faster.
Structural instruments of the European Union
The structural instruments are in the function of EU's cohesion policy, the
main objective of which is the achievement of economic and social cohesion,
and balanced development within the Union. The structural instruments have
been designed to aid underdeveloped regions of the EU. The objective is to
reduce the differences between regions and to create better economic and
social balance among countries. During the pre-accession period, Macedonia
has the chance to get ready for the management and use of the EU funds via
IPA. The programme has a dual purpose:
a) To support partner participation from candidate /potential candidate
countries into common international work activities with the member-state
partners;
b) To introduce candidate/potential candidate countries to the territorial
cooperation programmes in the frame of the EU Structural Funds.
Funds established by EU's cohesion policy are:
- European Social Fund (ESF);
- European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
ERDF - South European Space Programme aims at establishing and
developing transnational cooperation by funding networks and activities
suitable for an integrated territorial development, with the focus on the
following areas: innovation, environment, accessibility and sustainable urban
development.
- Cohesion Fund (CF)
The Structural Funds are available to EU member-states in the need of
additional investments by the EU in balanced and sustainable economic and
social development. Macedonia will be entitled to these funds upon the EU
accession. EU's cohesion policy covers about a third of the overall EU budget
expenditures (35.7%) and at the same time is the second largest budget
provision for the period 2007-2013, to the amount of 377.41 billion Euros. The
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EU in general implements a single or several Cohesion Policy objectives. In

order to determine the geographical classification, the decision by the
European Commission is based on statistical data. Europe is divided into a
given number of regions, related to the NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial
Units for Statistics) classification. The classification was also used in IPA
project's preparation stage.
8.2.
Regional development banks and specialized funds
Small Grants Programme (SGP)

The Small Grants Programme (SGP) was established in 1992. SGP supports
the activities of non-governmental organizations and municipalities in
developing countries, regarding climate change mitigation, preservation of
biodiversity, protection of international waters, reduction of the impact of the
persistent organic pollutants and the prevention of soil degradation, while
preserving the standard of living. Financed by the Global Environment Facility
(GEF), as a corporative programme, SGP is implemented through the UN
Development Programme (UNDP) as a partnership with GEF, and it is carried
out by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). Currently 101
countries participate in the SGP, with Macedonia among them, whereby they
have ratified the conventions on biological diversity and climate change. There
are 84 countries represented with offices, two regional and two sub regional
offices daily managed by the SGP national coordinators. The SGP overall
portfolio is as follows: 60% biodiversity, 20% climate change, 6% international
waters and 14% multi-focus topics.
The funding so far is in the frame of 247.2 million US dollars from GEF and
242.8 million dollars from other partners with a cash share or proper
equivalents. The maximum amount awarded per project is 50,000 USD, but
usually an amount of 20,000 USD per project is given. The scholarships are
awarded directly to the consortium and the NGOs. Until present time more
than 10,000 worldwide projects have been funded, which were beneficial to
even more communities. SGP conducts a decentralised decision-making on
grants, based on the strategic directions from the National Management
Board where membership is on a voluntary basis.
Small Grants Programme regarding the environment awards scholarships to
NGOs and civil organizations: biodiversity, climate change, international
waters, land degradation, persistent organic pollutants and climate change
adaptation. The City of Skopje or the units of the local self-government cannot
be carriers, but beneficiaries of the programme, instead. This line encourages
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and enhances city's communication with the NGOs and the civil associations.
The city may also take the associating role in the project budget. There are
project calls once or twice a year, depending on budget's global utilisation. All
information is available on the web site: www.gefsgpmacedonia.org.mk
Programme for funding sustainable energy in the West Balkans

countries (WeBSEFF 2)
EBRD developed WeBSEFF, a credit line worth 60 million Euros available
through the local banks which support businesses for EE and RES project
investments, measuring up to 2 million Euros.
EBRD provided cash grants through the European Commission for
encouraging investments.
The cash grant is distributed in the following
manner: industrial energy efficiency: 15% in total, and 20% for boiler
replacement
and
small
co-generator/trigenerator
implementation;
independent RES projects: 15% (currently only in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia) and 20% for projects without
privileged tariffs (general); and Building energy efficiency subprojects:20%.
The final payment of cash grants is done upon the verification and
establishment of project savings by financing banks.
Local banks, Ohridska Banka - Societe General and IK Banka offer credits
with around 7% interest rate for local SMEs.
Democracy Commission Small Grants Programme, US Embassy, Skopje
This is a US Embassy Programme aiming to distribute small grants for special
projects promoting the development of democratic institutions in the Republic
of Macedonia. Grants are awarded to non-governmental and non-profitable
organizations. Municipalities and the City of Skopje, as well, may be project
beneficiaries. The grant may be within the financial framework of 24,000 USD,
but in average it reaches 5000-10000 USD.
This programme covers more areas such as education, environmental
protection through the governmental sector, whereas local self-governments
are of special interest to the City of Skopje.
ORIO: The Facility for Infrastructure Development
ORIO is a credit line founded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs under
the competence of the Minister for development cooperation. ORIO
contributes to the development, implementation (construction works and/or
renewal), acting and maintenance of public infrastructure in developing
countries. Social benefits from the infrastructure should primarily be benefits
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for the poor population segments. ORIO's objective is to trigger the

participation of foreign businesses in the development and realisation of public
infrastructure projects in order to utilise the knowledge, skills and the growing
power of the private sector.
Credit applications are submitted through the central governments. Private
companies may submit a project. ORIO targets a particular number of priority
sectors in the country.
Project's maximum budget is 60 million Euros, while the minimum amount per
project amounts to 2 million Euros. In regard to credit's amount, a
differentiation has been made among the developmental stage, the
implementation, the management and the maintenance stage. 50% of
project's budget is for the developmental stage and 35% is for
implementation, management and for the maintenance stage as funded in
Macedonia. For more information visit www.orio.nl
The project proposal is evaluated according to the following quality criteria:
Feasibility and maintenance;
Social impact and project environmental impact;
SMEs' relevance.
8.3.
National funding

The Budget of the City of Skopje is the main source for financial forecasts and
reports. The Budget is a transparent and public document which is easily
available to the citizens. Funding mainly comes from various public taxes,
budget allocations, loans and common projects. The City of Skopje prepares
annual budget forecasts based on estimated income and expenditure. An
important component in financial forecasts is monitoring the real expenditure
trends from previous years and the current projects that cover the following
fiscal years. Budget finance are aimed at financing activities, functions,
projects and programmes of the City of Skopje to the amount needed for the
realisation thereof.
In regard to the period 2008-2010, the budget of the City of Skopje shows an
on-going growth, from 49.2 million Euros in 2008 to 66.6 million Euros in
2009, and finally to 67.3 million Euros in 2010. Expected budget growth trend
will also persist in 2011, reaching the estimated 80 million Euros, or in 2012
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an amount of 84.5 mil. Euros, due to recuperation following the world

economic crisis. The 2010 budget to an extent was affected by country's
macroeconomic situation, but still, it has managed to cover the operation
estimations. The City of Skopje is currently using long-term loans from the
World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
The debt possibilities for the City of Skopje are set up in the Law on Local-Self
Government (Official Gazette no. 5/02), the Law on Financing of the Units of
Local-Self Government (Official Gazette no. 61/04) and the Law on the City of
Skopje (Official Gazette no. 55/2004). The City has the authorisation to take
loans from local and international entities upon previous approval by the
Government and accompanied by an official opinion from the Ministry of
Finance. Short-term debts are an option only after paying off a loan by the
end of the current fiscal year and for the purposes of covering an interim
shortage of cash flow. All short-term debts must not exceed 20% of the total
operational budget of the previous fiscal year.
Long-term debts may be used for basic financing or investments only if
payment is done in equal or falling annuities. Total annual loan payment must
not exceed the amount of 15% of the total income in the previous fiscal year.
Loan burden of the City of Skopje in 2010 measured 3.5%, and estimates
suggest minor debt increase in 2011 by 4.4%, i.e. 4.6% in 2012 of the total
budget. The City of Skopje, according to the state and international financial
ranking of Standard and Poor's in September 2009, regarding long-term
foreign and local investments, was ranked BB, which means that it was
somewhat more resilient in the short run, but still, it faced major on-going
situations of uncertainty as to negative businesses, country's financial and
economic conditions. The improvement of country's economic status and
market stabilisation by 2013 presupposes the rise in the rating.
In terms of energy efficiency and environmental protection, the City has made
a crucial step forward by allocating budget finance and developing an Energy
Efficiency Study in 2009, as well as by establishing the Unit for Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources within the Local Economic
Development Department in the first half of 2010, and the Information Centre
for Energy Efficiency promoted in March 2011. The process commenced with
a project realised through the open call for financing short-term projects,
which was announced by the Department for International Cooperation and
Support of Citizens' Associations and Foundations of the City of Skopje,
bearing the title "Decreased energy budget for the City of Skopje", during
which ten representatives of the relevant departments from the city
administration were trained to collect and to enter energy data into the Energy
consumption database for the buildings and street light within the competence
of the City of Skopje. There were also activities in the area of environmental
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protection manifested through short-term projects financed by the City of

Skopje. The Environment and Nature Protection Department has been
working in this area for some time now, and has conducted significant
activities proposing budget finance, too. The Traffic Department made a
considerable advance in the introduction of modern signalisation for some key
city crossroads.
It should be noted that budget's existing planning and allocation system does
not encourage the finance of measures for energy efficiency, renewable
energy sources and environmental protection. Current budget provisions point
to maintenance and investment costs per sectors without any clear indicators
for concrete activities. For example, the education sector is exceptionally
discouraging in regard to the implementation of measures for energy cost
reduction, for which next year's budget will be calculated on the basis of
current year's energy cost. In the event in which the building manages to
reduce energy cost during the current year due to the implementation of
energy efficiency measures, there is no available mechanism to aid the
allocation of savings to further energy savings or to award them as such,
hence resulting in the reduction of the aforementioned provisions for the next
year.
Another issue the City and the public administration face is the absence of
procedures in the country for green procurement which for some time now are
a usual practice in the EU member-states. This is a good mechanism to
achieve a low energy efficiency rate and meeting the environmental protection
requirements.
From the above stated, it is necessary to undertake the following practices:
Development of budget planning mechanisms encouraging energy

saving in more departments of the City of Skopje.
Introduction and enforcement of more rigorous controls and

education for green public procurement procedure in all public
procurements in the City of Skopje; and
Development of favourable financial environment for increasing

energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption in all public
buildings in the City of Skopje and all public communal enterprises.
The proposed initial step was a pilot project involving several
institutions with a high frequency of people. Measure
implementation regarding energy efficiency and transparent
announcement of energy consumption saving, and financial
benefits thereof, primary and secondary investments and invested
financial assets. The model of EU "Energy - Cities Display"
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Programme may be repeated and it is quite reliable for that type of

activity, since it yields great results in implementing countries.
ESCO model
ESCO (Energy Service Company) bears the name of a service market
concept in the area of energy. ESCO's financial model foresees project
development, implementation and funding for the promotion of energy
efficiency and the reduction of maintenance cost. The aim of every project is
to decrease energy cost via the installation and maintenance of a new and
more efficient equipment and optimisation of energy systems, thus ensuring
return on investment through savings attained in a period of a few years,
depending on the client and the project.
The ESCO Company assumes the risk of anticipated savings and provides
guarantees therefor, as a supplement to innovative projects for energy
efficiency promotion and energy consumption reduction, often accompanied
by financial solutions for project implementation. During the payment of
investments related to energy efficiency or renewable sources, the consumer
pays the same energy amount paid before project implementation. Upon
investment pay-off, the ESCO Company retreats from project, while the client
continues to save as a result of the project. All projects have been tailored to
the client needs. The client hence has the opportunity to modernise the
equipment with no investment risk, whatsoever. The benefit ensuing from
ESCO model is the fact that during all project stages the client works with only
one company professionally working towards energy cost reduction through
energy efficiency projects, and at the same time minds the investments risks.
The ESCO model also takes a view of all energy systems regarding
circumstances and the state of affairs allowing the optimal selection of
measures suitable for investments and savings. ESCO service users may be
private companies and public organizations, institutions and local authorities.
The response to the need and the difficult entry for energy efficiency project
funding recommends the establishment of a special mechanism for EE and
RES project funding in the City of Skopje in the form of ESCO for the relevant
buildings. It should also be pointed out that there are several funds in the
country applicable only by the City of Skopje via the ESCO mechanism,
whereas private companies are the only entities that meet the lending
conditions.
Energy Efficiency and RES Fund
The EE and RES Fund is a financial mechanism for the financing of
Government- and/or City-funded projects, but also based on a multilateral
116
agreement between national/international institutions and financial institutions.

The reason to establish such a fund is the discrepancy between supply and
demand in the market for financing the projects in question. There are several
different establishment and financing models.
The first model is an agreement between the state and the commercial banks,
forming a revolving fund with assets collected from the state budget or
earmarked taxes.
The second model, however, is different than the first in the financing method
and it also reduces state involvement. Instead of no-interest funds, the
commercial banks will allow the use of guarantees for lending money, issued
by the international institutions, like the GEF - Sustainable Energy Project in
Macedonia. Based on guarantees paying special interest, commercial banks
expand credits with interest rates lower than the market's. The region has so
far seen three successful implementations of this model, and all in candidate
countries for EU membership, among which Hungary and Romania.
The two fund types are applicable and can be successfully implemented for
funding on a local level, and are thus recommended, so that the City of Skopje
may use the services or simply to be a step ahead and form a single fund.
Macedonian Bank for Development Promotion (MBDP)
The Macedonian Bank for Development Promotion was founded in November
1998, in line with the Law on MBDP (Official Gazette of RM 24/98), as a bank
contributing to Macedonia's developmental policy, through the provision of
finance for export-oriented production and small and medium-sized enterprise
(SME) export, financing investments for the development of small and
medium-sized enterprises, and also providing insurance for SMEs' export
demands.
MBDP has the mediating role in providing short-term insurance as opposed to
the commercial risk (client bankruptcy or failure to make payment in more
than 90 days). MBDP follows the bank work principles, under the competence
of the National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia. The bank is responsible
for its obligations entirely with finance of its own, i.e. makes no budget
burdens to the country.
MBDP is a joint stock company completely owned by the Republic of
Macedonia. Other legal entities have a share in the stock capital as well. The
share of foreign legal entities must not exceed 30%, while the share of state
capital is above 51%.
Bank's financial products are offered under the market conditions, and
implemented through the commercial banks in Macedonia.
117
The bank offers favourable credits that may prove useful to the City of Skopje,
but only under the mediatorship of the ESCO companies. Following are some
of the credits active through the bank.
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9. Policy recommendations
In order to achieve resource efficient communities, especially from energy and
waste valorisation view, the policy makers must take into account both on
technological, economic, political and demographic aspects. This chapter
gives guidelines for policy makers in view of three thematic areas: waste
valorisation, energy efficiency and sustainable exploration of renewable
resources.
The chapter Guidelines for Policy Makers represents conclusion from the
previous analysis of the policy making process and the current policies of the
European Union. It gives direction and suggestions for policy makers in order
for them to achieve their goal resource efficient community.
This chapter intends to provide policy makers on regional and local level with
guidelines, starting from the process of policies elaboration and following
every step of this cyclic process. These guidelines will provide a general aim
the process of decision making, which will go beyond the specific topics and
areas under the focus of the RE-SEEties project.
9.1.
Guidelines for waste valorization
Raising awareness and education

The main problem for the utilization of renewable resources and energy
efficiency measures is generally a low awareness and lack of knowledge of
the general public, not the finances. There is a relevant potential and the
number of users would be larger if the benefits are clearly shown to the
general public. Expressed in figures, realization of the action will increase the
utilization of RES and EE measures.
One way of addressing this problem is through educational measures. To this
end there can be classes for rational exploration of energy and waste
valorisation, renewable resources etc. This also can have domino effect,
when the children will tell their parents what they learned.
Use waste as resource
The waste can be useful resource, both in means of energy and recycling.
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Using waste as energy resource can be important addition in the energy

related problems on local, national and regional level. Several treatments can
result in production of energy, like:
Incineration - useful steam, hot water, hot air and electricity;
Composting - good quality compost and bio-gas, while avoids the
greenhouse gas emissions.

With recycling, waste can be used on recovery operation by which waste
materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for
the original or other purposes.
Utilization of waste as resource is clearly useful, and with it the landfilled
waste is reduced, which has its own advantages like extending of the lifetime
of the landfill and reducing environmental pollution.
Choice the right set of waste treatment technologies
The right type of treatment can have important influence and gains toward
reducing the amount of waste and utilization of waste as resource. For
example, a landfill with good incineration plant with heat recovery system can
reduce the waste that is landfilled and produce useful steam, hot water, hot air
and electricity.
Landfill is deposing of waste into the land in permanent or temporary storage
site.
Incineration is the thermal treatment of the waste in incineration plant. It
involves combustion of the organic substances in the waste. The incineration
plant can have a heat recovery system and can convert the heat of the gases
into useful steam, hot water, hot air and electricity (Incineration with energy
recovery.
Recycling is any recovery operation by which waste materials are
reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or
other purposes, except use as fuel.
Composting is a biological treatment of the waste, anaerobic and aerobic
treatment of biodegradable waste. The composting of the waste as a result
produce good quality compost and bio-gas, while avoids the greenhouse gas
emissions.
In general, the utilization of new technologies is useful in every field. It
increases the efficiency of the process and has both environmental and
economic benefits. It is highly advised, when developing new projects and
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reconstruction old ones, to take into account the new available market
technologies in the process.
Promote waste separation
Separation is the process by which waste is separated into different elements.
Waste sorting can occur manually at the household or automatically
separated in materials recovery facilities or mechanical biological treatment
systems.
Landfills are an increasing problem. Through separation there are both
environmental and economy benefits and the Landfill problem is addressed at
the same time.
Reduce waste production
To reduce the waste means to limit the waste creation in the first place. This
can be accomplished through maximize the use of the resources, generating
product with less packaging (minimum packaging), improving the products
durability. Reducing also means to change the habits, for they have essential
role in minimizing the waste creation.
Reuse products
The reuse of waste is tightly connected to reduce of the waste creation.
Typically, the products that are not in use are considered as waste although
some of those products can be reused with different function (ex. glass jar for
food keeping), can be used with repairmen, donating, selling etc. This way,
reuse also leads to reduce.
Recycle materials
Through recycling, the materials that are considered as waste can become
useful products, that is resources. This process also has environmental and
financial benefit. Recycling is recommended when reducing and reusing are
not a possibility.
Recover energy and materials
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When reducing, reusing and recycling are over, the rest of the waste should
go through thermal and biological processes. These processes aim into
converting the waste in energy, heat, compost, fuel or other useful resource.
9.2.
Guidelines for energy efficiency
Setting requirements for new and existing buildings

The new buildings must comply with the minimum requirements. Before the
construction starts, there must be a feasibility study that will consider the
renewable resources, cogeneration systems etc.
The existing buildings must comply with the minimum requirements when
undergoing major reconstruction, so its systems will satisfy the national,
regional and European requirements.
Some of the buildings are excluded from the requirements of this directive,
like buildings intended for limited annual time of use, officially protected
buildings and similar.
Capacity building
The industrial energy efficiency is dependent on operational practices and
production. It is logical that the first step should be the capacity building of the
personnel. The right routine is crucial for the output, as well as the energy
consumption and the environmental pollution.
Improvement of the energy efficiency of the processes
Process industry is an energy intensive industry and improving performance
through decreasing the energy cost is one of the key strategies for global
competitiveness. Implementing energy efficiency in process industry should
be approached from several directions.
Energy Management
122
This measure provides support for assessment of potential energy savings in

industrial plants through an implementation of energy audit. The audit scheme
for the industry should include:
Mandatory energy audits for companies with an annual energy
consumption of more than prescribed in the Rulebook on energy audits;
Voluntary scheme for other companies, especially for SMEs.
Introduction and implementation of ISO 50001 scheme for Energy
Management in industry.
Intelligent management
The intelligent management in transport means control of the traffic lights,
control of the movement of the public transport, information for the citizens,
even suggesting new routes when for some reason the traffic is blocked (car
accident, work on the roads etc.).
Maximal use of public transport
Public transport is a shared passenger transport service available to the
general public. This type of mass transit is considered significantly more
efficient than any other type of transport. A study by the Brookings Institution
and the American Enterprise Institute found that public transportation in the
U.S uses approximately half the fuel required by cars. "Private vehicles emit
about 95 percent more carbon monoxide, 92 percent more volatile organic
compounds and about twice as much carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide than
public vehicles for every passenger mile travelled" (Lyndsey Layton, 2002).
Green waves
The green waves in the traffic lights can have both ecological and economical
influence. The less start-stop driving will result with decreasing of the fuel
consumption, thus it will influence the environment and the financial savings.
Especially it is important to introduce the green wave for the public
transportation, not only for the environmental and economic point of view.
Also it will make the public/mass transport faster and more attractive to the
general public instead of using a car.
123
New vehicle fleet

The new vehicles are built with the newest ecology standards. In general, the
new vehicles are both more economical and more environmental friendly. This
fact draws the conclusion that the public and private vehicle fleet should be
renewed constantly.
Drivers education
Spatial attention should be given to the training of drivers. The training should
give accent to driving with lowered consumption of fuel.
9.3.
Guidelines for sustainable exploration of renewable

resources
Feed-in tariffs
Feed in tariff is a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in
renewable energy technologies. It achieves this by offering long-term
contracts to renewable energy producers, typically based on the cost of
generation of each technology. The goal of feed-in tariffs is to offer cost-based
compensation to renewable energy producers, providing the price certainty
and long-term contracts that help finance renewable energy investments.
Energy Audits with recommendation of RES measures
Energy Audits are almost everywhere mandatory in given time period. Good
policy recommendation is for the Energy Audit Report to include justified and
economical renewable energy sources measures for implementation on the
building in question. The analysis of the possibilities in the report will be also
educational and motivational for the building owner.
New technologies
Utilization of new technologies is useful in every field. It increases the
efficiency of the process and has both environmental and economic benefits.
It is highly advised, when developing new projects and reconstruction old
124
ones, to take into account the new available market technologies in the
process.
Quality control
Quality control can be checked through several laboratories on different
aspect, that will certificate the products on a national level. The quality of the
market products will be on satisfactory level and the results and goals will be
higher.
Also obligatory trainings and certification on the service providers must be
established (e.g. installers of solar thermal collectors, energy auditors etc.)
With this measure, the services will be good and the installed systems will
work properly.
Transfer regulations in national and local policies especially in the
sector of valorization and implementation control
This policy measure is more intended towards IPA countries in the
southeastern Europe region (and wider). The European Union policies should
be transferred where possible in the national and local policies. Here should
be noted that this trend is increasing and visible results are already made in
this area.
Penalty regulations
Penalty regulations are envisioned as insurance and mechanism of the
implementation of the laws and bylaws. If there are no penalties, the
regulations are more likely to not be implemented and the goals will not be
meet.
Compliance with legal obligations and contracts (polluters pay)
If the big polluters cannot be forced to stop the pollution that the legal
obligations and contract must ensure that they will pay for the pollution. The
money then will be used for environmental actions and projects that will
compensate for the pollution of the polluters.
125
10. Conclusion - SWOT

The main barriers and weaknesses that were met during the preparation of
the previous SEAP still exist (ex. lack of data).
The first SEAP of City of Skopje was created in 2011. The first reason for
creating this action plan was the natural reason of refreshing the previous
SEAP with newer data about the consumption. Also, part of the measures was
already implemented and other measures needs to be implemented according
to the new situation.
The previous version of the SEAP was created according to the guidelines
from the Covenant of Mayors. The sectors that were analyzed were Buildings
sector, Transport sector and Public lighting. After several public discussions
and considerations, conclusion was made that the sectors should be
broadened by waste, electro mobility and industry.
The biggest problem for implementation of the measures from the previous
SEAP was the residential buildings. In the period from the previous SEAP until
now, new secondary legislative was created and the process can be more
easily accomplished (certified energy auditors were trained, the reconstruction
of buildings must include energy efficiency measures etc.)
Table 10-1 SWOT Analysis
STRENGTHS
Primary legislation in place in

accordance with EU Directives
Sets up long term strategy of the city
Compliance with the new
EU/National legislation
Improvement of monitoring of
consumption
Strong position in the Covenant of
Mayors and existence of all strategic
documents for the further
development Local Strategy
Good methodology and tools
developed by RE-SEEties, both for
energy and waste
Strong support from the non-
WEAKNESSES
126
Data for several sectors must be

estimated
Dedicated human resources
Unclear responsibility in
implementation of cross sector
measures
Lack of awareness among general public
for the benefits
Lack of good demonstration of EE
buildings
Lack of building stock information and
waste statistics
Imported construction goods with noncertified origin and performances
Low awareness for waste recycling and
governmental organizations
Established competition between the
municipalities in preparation of EE
Action Plans
production
Lack of interest from stakeholders
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Improvement in the energy

characteristics of public buildings
Trained energy managers in public
buildings
Finding outside sources for
determined reconstruction
Setting up financial framework
Support to municipalities in better
preparation of the Strategies and
Action Plans through developed
methodology from RE-SEEties
PPP financing models in proposed

measures
127
Measures not to be implemented

Financial sources will not be found
Lack of interest among the local bank
for project financing
Lack of donor coordination to further
elevate the level of EE awareness thru
demonstration projects
Data for several sectors estimated
11. Monitoring and control of the action plan implementation

The Action Plan implementation control and monitoring phase should run on
several levels concurrently:
Monitor the implementation schedule for individual measures in the

Priority Measures and Activities Plan;
Monitor implementation performance of projects from the Plan;
Monitor and control set energy savings targets for each individual
measure in the Plan;
Monitor and control achieved CO2 emissions reductions for each

individual measure in the Plan.
The Energy Council shall monitor the implementation schedule and

performance of the Priority Measures and Activities Plan. Should the need
arise due to high work load; the Energy Council may establish a Supervisory
Group for Monitoring and Control of Action Plan Implementation.
One method for successful monitoring of energy savings achieved in the
various sectors and subsectors, as well as for achieving set CO2 emissions
reduction targets, both for individual measures and for the Plan in general, is
to draft a new CO2 Emissions Inventory for the City of Skopje. According to
European Commission recommendations, the best results from the whole
Process of developing, implementing and monitoring the Strategies and
Action Plans for the City of Skopje would be achieved if a new CO2 Emissions
Inventory is drafted every two years; it is important that the methodology used
in the drafting is same as the one used for the Baseline CO2 Emissions
Inventory for the year 2008. Only the use of an identical methodology makes
comparison possible and answers the question of whether set CO2 emissions
reduction targets are being met. Even better results would be achieved if the
drafting of the new Emissions Inventory is followed by the development of a
new Action Plan that would contain analysis of achieved results (implemented
measures, achieved savings, reduction in CO2 emissions), as well as a new
Priority Activities and Measures Plan based on specific results and data from
128
the CO2 Emissions Inventory for year 2011.It is important that the same
methodology is used for the development and updating of the existing Action
Plan, so that results would be comparable.
129
12. References
1. SEAP of City of Skopje, 2011
2. Programme for Energy Efficiency of City of Skopje, 2012
3. RE-SEEties, Step by step methodology for policy making, 2013
4. RE-SEEties, Roadmap for endorsement, 2013
5. RE-SEEties, Case Study profile of City of Skopje
6. RE-SEEties, Integrated SEE methodological toolkit for resource efficiency with final
SEE criteria for assessment, 2013
7. Strategy for improvement of the energy efficiency of Republic of Macedonia until
2020. Ministry of Economy, 2010
8. Strategy for utilization of RES in Republic of Macedonia until 2020, Ministry of
Economy, 2010
9. Rulebook for EE in buildings, Official Gazette of Republic of Macedonia No. 143/2008
10. First Action Plan for EE in Republic of Macedonia until 2018, Ministry of Economy
11. Energy Law, Official Gazette of Republic of Macedonia No.16/11
130

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WP4 Act.3.

Local strategy and action plan of City of

LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

RE-SEEties: Towards resource efficient urban

LOCAL STRATEGY AND

Prepared by: Mining Institute Skopje

Deliverable report under WP4/Activity 4.3

City of Nitra, CRES, REGEA

LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

List of Tables ........................................................................................................... 6

About the RE-SEEties Project................................................................................... 10

Local Strategy and Action Plan ................................................................................ 11

Energy policy of the City of Skopje .......................................................................... 11

The national and local framework ................................................................. 13

National goals and strategies .................................................................................. 13

Local energy and waste management strategies and policies ................................ 14

Weakness and mapped improvements in existing SEAP......................................... 15

The city case study ........................................................................................ 17

General information about the city/municipality ................................................... 17

Mission and objectives ............................................................................................ 19

4. Application of the common RE-SEEties methodology to the local case

Building the data input at city level ......................................................................... 24

Applying the toolkit ................................................................................................. 26

Getting results ......................................................................................................... 27

Technological measures for improvements of local infrastructure............ 29

Energy efficiency measures ..................................................................................... 55

Utilization of renewable energy sources ................................................................. 71

Waste management ................................................................................................ 75

LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

Waste prevention, ........................................................................................... 75

Integrated waste management systems, ........................................................ 77

Waste to energy .............................................................................................. 77

Measures for changing behavior of consumers on local level ................... 78

Renewable energy sources ...................................................................................... 94

Waste prevention and management....................................................................... 98

Expected results/effects of taken measures .............................................. 100

8. Financing mechanisms for implementation of measures and endorsement

EU funding ............................................................................................................. 108

Regional development banks and specialized funds ............................................. 111

National funding .................................................................................................... 113

Policy recommendations ............................................................................. 119

Guidelines for waste valorization .......................................................................... 119

Guidelines for energy efficiency ............................................................................ 122

Guidelines for sustainable exploration of renewable resources ........................... 124

10. Conclusion - SWOT ...................................................................................... 126

12. References .................................................................................................... 130

LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

About the RE-SEEties Project

Resource efficiency is a top priority in the SEE policy-making agenda,

LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

difference in terms of improving policy-making and strategic planning

Local Strategy and Action Plan

This document is intended to refresh the Sustainable Energy Action Plan

Energy policy of the City of Skopje

The energy policy is focused on the adoption of an Energy Efficiency Action

LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

a network of cities and municipalities for a sustainable local energy policy.

LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE

2. The national and local framework