NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING

Hydrocarbons
Usages
Fuel Science And Technology

Presented By : Mosad Dawood

Sublimated To Dr : Hamada Gad
Date : 4 12 2011

Natural Gas Engineering

Fuel Science and Technology

Hydrocarbon Usages
Introduction
The term HYDROCARBONS means organic compounds which contain
only carbon and hydrogen. By using this definition, four classes of
hydrocarbons are included: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic.

:The simplest compounds containing 2 carbons shown on the LEFT are as follows
Alkanes
SATURATED means
that each carbon is
bonded to four other
atoms through
single covalent
bonds. Hydrogen
atoms usually
occupy all available
bonding positions
after the carbons
have bonded to each
other
PARAFFINS which is
derived from a Latin
word meaning "little
activity", and means
that the compounds
are very unreactive.

Alkenes

Alkynes

UNSATURATED hydrocarbons contain either

double or triple bonds. Since the compound is
unsaturated with respect to hydrogen atoms, the
extra electrons are shared between 2 carbon
atoms forming double or triple bonds.

Alkenes are also called

OLEFINS because they
form oily liquids on
reaction with chlorine
gas.

Alkynes are also

generally known as
ACETYLENES from the
first compound in the
series.

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that many of these compounds
in the early days of discovery were grouped because they were oils with fragrant
.odors, hence the name aromatic
The current definition of aromatic compounds includes only those with a benzene
ring, which is a special six carbon ring compound with three alternating double bonds.
This structure imparts unique properties to benzene which are different from other
.ring compounds

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Hydrocarbons are chemical compounds consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen.

They are a subset of organic compounds. Hydrocarbons range from methane, which is
just one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms, to polymers such as polystyrene,
which consists of thousands of carbon and hydrogen atoms. As carbon-carbon bonds are
the strongest in all of chemistry, long chains with carbon backbones are extremely
durable, and seem to have a practically unlimited extent.
Hydrocarbons come in a variety of forms. They may be gases (methane and propane),
liquids (hexane and benzene), waxes (paraffin wax), or polymers (polyethylene and
polystyrene). Hydrocarbons can be processed to create plastics.
There are four main types of hydrocarbons: saturated hydrocarbons, consisting of only
single bonds between carbon atoms; unsaturated hydrocarbons, with double or triple
bonds; cycloalkanes, with consist of hydrogen bonded to carbon rings; and aromatic
hydrocarbons, which contain a chemical structure known as an aromatic ring, of which
benzene is the simplest example.
The primary source of hydrocarbons here on Earth is through fossil fuels coal, oil, and
natural gas. These are extracted from the ground in quantities of millions of tons per day,
and are the primary energy source for todays civilization. 85% of all electricity worldwide
is generated by the burning of hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon fuel is used to propel
practically every mobile machine: cars, trucks, trains, planes, and ships

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The hydrocarbons are the most broadly used organic compounds known, and are quite
literally the driving force of western civilization.
The greatest amounts of hydrocarbons are used as fuel for combustion, particularly in
heating and motor fuel applications.

The primary components of natural gas are methane and ethane.

We are all familiar with the use of propane in gas barbecues, lanterns, and as a fuel
for internal combustion engines and heating systems.

Butane is also a readily available fuel, familiar to everyone in the form of the
pocket lighter.

pentane, the saturated hydrocarbons enter the realm of room-temperature liquids.

This makes them useful as organic solvents, cleaners, and transport fuels.

Gasoline for internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, tractors, lawnmowers,

and so on, is rated in combustion properties relative to octane. It is in fact a
combination of liquid hydrocarbons ranging from hexanes to decanes.

Slightly larger hydrocarbons are known as kerosene or jet fuel, diesel fuel and
heating oil. Still larger hydrocarbon molecules serve as lubricating oils, and
greases.

Eventually a point is reached at which the materials are solids at room

temperature. These are the waxes. Hydrocarbon molecules larger than those of the
waxes are the heavy greases and the tars commonly used in roofing applications
and highway construction.

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Hydrocarbon oil can be petroleum oil, coal tar, or oil produced from coal,
shale, or peat. These oils will remain in liquid form at 15 degrees Celsius and
have many industrial uses included in the manufacturing of fuel. They can
also be used in a non-liquid state for many other industrial uses, such as in
.plastics

Fuel

Hydrocarbon oil can be processed to make any number of liquid fuels. These
fuels include diesel, petrol, aircraft spirits, as well as heating oils such as
kerosene

Lubricants

Distilled from hydrocarbon oils, lubricants reduce friction between bearing

surfaces. Lubricants include motor oils, greases, and all other grades of
lubricating oil-based stocks

Aerosols

Hydrocarbon oil can also be converted into an aerosol. This oil aerosol is one part
hydrocarbon oil to 200,000 parts air. These aerosols are used like traditional
lubricants but are designed to reduce the consumption of hydrocarbon oils.

Asphalt

When not in liquid form, hydrocarbon oils can be used for other industrial
applications as well. When solidified, these oils can be used in asphalt. They can
also be burned as fuels with little leftover ash residue.

Wax

Another non-liquid form of hydrocarbon oils is wax. In industrial form,

hydrocarbon wax reduces dry friction and can be used to harden other
petroleum-based waxes. Hydrocarbon waxes are also used in cosmetics,
toiletries, and in the automobile industry.

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