Inputs

Outputs

B
LED

LED

LED

LED

A decoder has N inputs and 2N

outputs. It asserts exactly one of its outputs depending on the input combination.
When A=0 b=0, led1 glowed. When A=1:B=0 , LED 3 glowed. And soforth. The
outputs are called one-hot, because exactly one is hot (HIGH) at a given time.

A decoder is a circuit that changes a code into a set of signals. It is called a decoder
because it does the reverse of encoding, but we will begin our study of encoders and
decoders with decoders because they are simpler to design.
For the 2:4 decoder using four AND gates. Each gate depends on either the true or
the opposite form of each input. In general, an N:2N decoder can be constructed
from 2N N-input AND gates that accept the various combinations of true or
complementary inputs. Each output in a decoder represents a single minterm. For
example, Y0 represents the minterm
. This fact will be handy when using
decoders with other digital building blocks.

The used components for this experiment were 7474 ,7408,7404,7408,7432 ,

330ohm,10Kohm resistors and LEDs. This experiment was divided in to 2 different
parts. For the first part the ICs in the design was placed across one of the partition
division .secondly the other components, LEDs and resistors were plugged to the
dot board. Secondly the nearby pins in the IC were connected by wires. The ground
point and VCC point were connected to the IC. Finally the circuits output wire was
connected to the function generator. The positive clip from the function generator
was connected to the ICs 3rd pin. And that was the pin declare for the CLOCK. After
that the negative clip from the function generator was connected to the ground. .
Set function generator 5V square wave and the frequency to 0.5Hz and use the TTL
output Connect to the clock input.
Typical specifications for a general-purpose function generator are: Produces sine,
square, triangular, sawtooth (ramp), and pulse output. Arbitrary waveform
generators can produce waves of any shape. It can generate a wide range of
frequencies. IN here we use function generator to gie a 0.5 HZ frequency in square
waveform. Finally the output 2 leds were blinked.

Results of experiment 2.2.1 (2 to 1 multiplexer)

Clock

Clock2

1
0
0
1

0
1
0
1

It can be seen from the frequency waveforms above, that by feeding back the output from Q to the input
terminal D, the output pulses at Q have a frequency that are exactly one half ( f 2 ) that of the input
clock frequency. In other words the circuit produces Frequency Division as it now divides the input
frequency by a factor of two.

Secondly we made the figure 4 circuit diagram in the same bread board. And then connect the clock and
clock/2 outputs from the previous figure 3 to the clock and clock/2 inputs of the circuit in figure 4.
The observations are given below when select was connected to VCC and to the ground

Results of experiment 2.2.2 (2 to 1 multiplexer) when select pin grounded (0V)

Clock

1
0
0
1

Clock/2

out
0
1
0
1

0
1
0
1

Table 2: Results of experiment 2.2.2 (2 to 1 multiplexer) when select pin high (5v)
Clock

Clock/2

1
0
0
1

0
1
0
1

Out
1
0
0
1

A multiplexer (or mux) is a common digital circuit used to mix a lot of signals into just one. If you want
multiple sources of data to share a single, common data line, youd use a multiplexer to run them into that
line. Multiplexers come in all sorts of shapes and sizes, but theyre all made out of logic gates.

A twotoone multiplexer is a combinational circuit that uses one control switch (S) to connect one of two
input data lines to a single output. Only one of the input data lines can be aligned to the output of the
multiplexer at any given time.

Heres what a truth table would look like for the given circuit.

select
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

Input 1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

Input 2
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

output
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1

Objectives
In this experiment we are going to examine the design methods for combinational logic circuits.
According to the Boolean expression the combinational logic circuits are built. The output of these
circuits are hang on on the input state. For this lab session it was about to learn the behavior of 2-4
line decoder and the 2 to 1 multiplexer.

Introduction

A decoder is a device which does the reverse operation of an encoder, undoing the encoding
so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is usually
just reversed in order to decode.
Multiplexers are among the most commonly used combinational circuits. They choose an output from
among several possible inputs based on the value of a select signal. A multiplexer is sometimes
affectionately called a mux.

Components & equipment used

1. Breadboard
2. A DC power supply capable of 5V DC output

3.
4.
5.
6.

DC power supply 330 Resistors 6

DC power supply 10 Resistors - 2
LEDs 6
ICs

- 74LS04
- 74LS08
- 74LS32
- 74LS74