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180906
Advanced Power System-II
Chapter-5
p
Preventive, Emergency and Restorative Control
Prof.ChintanPatel
AssistantProfessor
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
G.H.PatelCollegeofEngineeringand
Technology VVNagar(Gujarat)
Email:chintanpatel@gcet.ac.in
Introduction
Nature of Control Actions in a Power System
1) Frequency, voltage and power flow control
2) Real and Reactive power scheduling
These are "routine" control actions.
manual controller ( a system/plant operator)
an automatic controller (a generator voltage regulator)
These
Th
actions
ti
ensure a good
d quality
lit supply
l att a low
l
cost.
t
However, an important class of control actions are
appropriate when a system is not in a "normal" state.
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should
be
directed
for
E,I
Ev,I
RESTORATIVE
ALERT
Resynchronization
Preventive Control
Ev,IIv
IN-EXTREMIS
protect equipments
E: Equality Constraints
I : Inequality Constraints
Ev, Iv: Constraints not satisfied
System
litti
splitting
Load
Loss
SECURE
E,I
INSECURE
E,IIv
E
EMERGENCY
Heroic Action
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corresponds
to
system
failure
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An Example
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An Example: Case 1
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An Example: Case 1
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An Example: Case 2
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An Example: Case 2
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Emergency Control
Transition from an alert state to an emergency state
It is possible that the system operator is unable to act in
time before a contingency actually occurs.
A grid may even be operated insecurely (in an alert state)
due to a high cost of preventive control or due to inadequate
reserve margins.
This situation is undesirable since it may lead to blackouts
((if emergency
g
y control actions fail)) which can cause g
great
economic loss.
Even though the system has been classified as being in a
normal state, several improbable disturbances take place.
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Emergency Control
A system in an alert state may cascade into an emergency
and subsequently into a total blackout if no control actions
are taken.
Emergency control measures can try to arrest this.
Since
Si
mostt equipment
i
t can withstand
ith t d a short-time
h t ti
th
thermal
l
overload, there is a small window of time in which some
manual emergency measures can be executed.
For other emergency situations (like instability), time may
be too short and predesigned automatic emergency
measures are necessary.
One may consider the following alternatives:
a) Control of generation
b) Tripping of generation or load
c) Re-routing of power flows
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Emergency Control
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Emergency Control
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Emergency Control
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Emergency Control
We have restricted our discussion of alert and emergency
states arising from line thermal overload.
However, it should be recognized that many disturbances
may lead
l d to
t other
th equipment
i
t limits
li it being
b i violated.
i l t d
A sudden loss of generation or load due to some fault.
Large disturbances may cause Angular Instability.
Weakening of transmission system along with heavy
reactive power demand and low reactive power
generation margin may cause voltage instability
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This situation
is shown.
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A Blackout
When can a blackout occur ?
Preventive Control actions ensure that any contingency (if
it occurs) does not lead to equipment limit violation or
instability.
y
Emergency control actions come into play if an actual
disturbance is occurred.
These actions try to prevent an emergency situation to
transit into a near-complete loss of generation and load (a
blackout !).
In spite of security analysis and preventive actions (done
during actual operation), and emergency control actions
(usually pre-designed offline), blackouts do occur.
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BLACKOUT-2012
There were major grid disturbances in Northern Region at
02.33 hrs on 30/07/2012 and
13.00 hrs on 31/07/2012.
Due to the first disturbance which led to the collapse of NR
Electricity grid, following states were suffered:
Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand,
Rajasthan,
Punjab,
Haryana
Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir,
Delhi ,
Union Territory of Chandigarh.
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BLACKOUT-2012
Northern Regional Grids load was about 38,000 MW at the
time of disturbance.
The reasons of the blackout on 30/07/2012 are as follow:
Extremely heavy over-drawal by the constituents of NR
grid.
Some thermal/gas generating units in the NR were
under forced outage either due to technical reasons or
due to unavailability of coal.
Forced outage of few hydro-generating units in NR due
to high silt.
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BLACKOUT-2012
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BLACKOUT-2012
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BLACKOUT-2012
Small pockets of generation and loads in the Northern
Region survived the blackout.
3 generating units at Badarpur thermal power station
with approximately 250 MW load in Delhi
Narora Atomic Power Station in UP
Some parts of Rajasthan system (around Bhinmal) that
remained connected to the Western Grid
Some parts of Uttar Pradesh system (around Sahupuri)
that remained connected with Eastern region
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BLACKOUT-2012
The second incident which was more severe than the
previous one occurred at 13.00 hours on 31/07/2012, leading
to loss of power supply in
NR
ER
NER
The total load of about 48,000 MW of 18 states was affected
in this black out.
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BLACKOUT-2012
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BLACKOUT-2012
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BLACKOUT-2012: Effects
Over 600 million people & all community power-dependent
systems affected.
Power grids in 18 of Indias States stretching from Assam
to the Himalayas and the northwestern deserts of
Rajasthan, shut down.
On Monday (July 30th), India was forced to buy power from
tiny Bhutan.
The scale of the blackouts caused
embarrassment on the international stage.
stage
India
acute
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BLACKOUT-2012: Effects
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BLACKOUT-2012
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Problems in Restoration
a) Securing Islands
After a blackout a few islands may survive due to
separation of the system in time.
A few hydro or gas generators could be black-started using
in-house D-G sets.
So, some small pockets will be there in the blacked out grid
wherein generators are supplying some loads.
The situation in these islands is usually precarious due to
the small number of generators within the island.
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Problems in Restoration
a) Securing Islands
So if the load in the island is fluctuating (traction loads),
the rate of change of frequency within the island may be
quite large.
Due to this, the island will be collapsed because of
excessive frequency variations.
Therefore control of generated power (by governors) and
frequency based tripping or energisation of load is
important
important.
Black-starting of large generators is done by availing
startup power from other started generators or islands.
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Problems in Restoration
a) Securing Islands
Startup power may also be availed from neighboring
synchronous grids if an AC transmission link exists.
Startup power cant be availed via DC links as AC
voltages are not available in the blacked out system.
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Problems in Restoration
b) Extending Power to Loads from Generators which are
black-started
The next step in power system restoration is to supply
g
loads from black-started generators.
Some of these loads may be in the form of the startup
loads of other larger generating plants which need to be
black-started.
These loads are supplied via transmission lines.
Energizing a transmission line initially without any load
can cause over-voltages.
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Problems in Restoration
b) Extending Power to Loads from Generators which are
black-started
This is avoided by:
1) Energizing fewer high voltage lines
2) Operating generators at minimum voltage levels
3) Deactivating switchable capacitors
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
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Problems in Restoration
c) Re-integrating the grid
Some islands, which have been secured, should be
connected with each other so that a better generation-load
balance can be achieved.
An important step in reconnecting islands to one another is
"synchronization".
The basic requirements for successful synchronization of
two systems are the same as those for an individual
generator connected to a large grid.
The frequencies should be practically the same and phase
angular difference at the instant of connection should be
small.
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Problems in Restoration
c) Re-integrating the grid
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Problems in Restoration
c) Re-integrating the grid
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Problems in Restoration
c) Re-integrating the grid
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