*Information System*

It is the collection of people, procedure, software, hardware and data. Information

System (IS) is the study of complementary network of hardware and software that
people and organization use to collect, filter, and process, create, and distribute
data.
Computer Information System (CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic
processes, including their principles, theirs software, their software and hardware
design, their software and hardware designs, their application, and their impact on
society while IS emphasizes functionality over design.
**Parts of Information System**
People it is the end-user and it is the essential part of the information system
Procedure it is the rule of guidelines to follow when using software, hardware
and data.
Software it is the step by step instructions to control the computer to convert into
information.
Hardware it is the physical part of the computer
Example of Information System
1. Transaction Processing Systems - such as online air ticket booking systems, collect
data from users and generate an airline ticket and a bill.
2. Customer relationship systems- track customer activities, purchasing trends, product
defects and customer inquiries. They allow customers to interact with companies for
service, product feedback and problem resolutions.
3. Business intelligence systems predict future sales patterns, summarize current costs
and forecast revenues.
4. Knowledge management systems analyze, organize and share knowledge with
organization members for innovation and improved performance.
Data:
It consist an unprocessed fact including text, number, images & sounds.
Example:
Sales report, inventory figures, test scores, customers names and
addresses, photograph
Weather reports, Drawing and Maps.
Data Processing is the manipulation of data into a more useful form. It is the modern
name for paperwork and involves the collecting, processing, and distributing of facts and
figures to achieved desired result.
**Categories of Data Processing**
Mechanical Data Processing- uses a combination of manual procedures mechanical
equipment.
Example: Typewriters, sorters, calculators, collators, tabulators, duplicator, and verifiers.
Electronic Data Processing- different types of input, output, and storage devices may be
interconnected to an electronic computer to process data.
** AREAS OF PROCESSING **

Business Data Processing (BDP) is characterized by the need to establish, retain, and process files of data for
producing useful information.
Example:

A large retail store must maintain a record for each customer who purchases on account.
Update the balance owed on each account and periodically present a bill to the customer for merchandised
purchase.
This type of record keeping requires reading a customers account number, name, address, and previous
balance.

Scientific Data Processing (SDP) used in applications that deal with science and research.
Example :

Cancer Research, data on cancer patients are analyzed by a computer to produce a possible cure.

** DATA PROCESSING OPERATIONS **

Recording refers to the transfer of data onto some form or document.

- Computing gross pay.
Verifying is usually a manual operation, it is important that recorded data be carefully checked for any
errors.
-punched card reports are reread correctness.
Duplicating it is sometimes necessary or desirable to copy or duplicate data. Duplicating may be done
while data are being recorded or it may be done afterwards by some machine.
-typing it , at the same duplicating its using carbon paper.
Classifying An operation that separates data into various categories. Identifying and arranging items with
like characteristics into groups or classes is called classifying.
Sorting Arranging data in a specific order.
-the names of in a telephone book are sorted into alphabetical order.
Calculating It is an arithmetic manipulation of the data. This operation becomes part of the output.
- Total number of hours worked.
Summarizing and Reporting A collection of data is condensed and certain conclusions from the data
represented in a meaningful format.
-summary report are used for income tax reporting.
Merging This operation takes two or more sets of data, all sets having been sorted by the same key, and
puts then together to form a single sorted set of data. An overall.
-sales report from different store branches are merge to form
Storing placing similar data into files for future reference.
-manual method such as ledger books, disk and main memory of computer.
Retrieving recovering stored data and/or information when needed.
Feedback is the comparison of the output(s) and the goal set in advance; any discrepancy is analyzed,
corrected, and fed back to the proper stage in the processing operation.

** METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING **

Batch Processing is a technique in which data to be processed or programs to be executed are collected
into groups to permit convenient, efficient, and serial processing.
Example : batch processed on a weekly basis.
Advantages:
a. Economical when a large volume of data must be processed.

b. The most appropriate method for those applications where the delay caused by accumulating data into
batches does not reduce the value of the information.
Limitations of Batch Processing:
a. It requires sorting prior to processing.
b. Reduces timeliness in some instances it takes a fixed time interval before current data is added and inquiries
cannot be effectively made between processing intervals.
c. Requires sequential file organization this may prove to be a handicap if the current status of a record near the
end of a file needs to be determined.

- is one which uses devices directly connected to the CVPU either for data entry or inquiry purposes.
Real-time Processing is a method of data processing which has the capability of a fast-response to obtain data
from an activity or a physical process, perform computations, and return a response rapidly enough to affect the
outcome of the activity or process.
Example : Airlines reservation system.
Distributed Processing generally consists of remote terminals linked to a large central computer system to
help the user conduct inquiries about accounts, process jobs, or other data processing operations.
Example : telephone and electric companies, electronic power plants.
Advantages of Distributed Processing:
a. Central processor idle time is reduced.
b. Sophisticated computers and a growing library of applications programs may be immediately available to endusers whenever needed.
c. Skilled professionals are available to help users develop their own specialized applications.
d. Managers may be able to react more rapidly to new developments and interact with the system in order to seek
solutions to unusual problems.
Disadvantages of Distributed Processing:
a. The reliability and cost of the data communications facilities used, and the cost and quality of the computing
service received may be disappointing in some cases.
b. Input/output terminals are often rather slow and inefficient.
c. Provisions for protecting the confidentiality and integrity of user programs and data files are generally ineffective
against a skilled penetrator.
** DATA PROCESSING CYCLE **
INPUT In this step the initial data, or input data are prepared in some convenient form for processing.
PROCESSING In this step the input data are changed, and usually combined with other information, to
produce data in a more useful.
OUTPUT the results of the preceding processing steps are collected. T6he particular form of the output data
depends on the use of the data.

** EXPANDED DATA PROCESSING CYCLE **

Origination - is a step which refers to the process of collecting the original data. An original recording of data
is called a source data.
Distribution This step refers to the distribution of the output data. Recordings of the output data are often
called report data.
Storage Data that is frequently placed in storage to be used as input data for further processing.

Electronic Data Processing (EDP) refers to the use of automated measures using simple, repetitive actions and
computer technology to organize and store document and sometimes to transfers them paper to digital format.

EDP Consist of:

Peopleware it is the end-user and it is the essential part of the information
system
Software it is the step by step instructions to control the computer to convert into
information.
Hardware it is the physical part of the computer.
Advantages of EDP:
1. Speed since a computer is an electronic device, it operates at the speed of
flow w/c is measured in billionth and trillionth of second.
2. Accuracy high speed processing by computer is an accompanied by high
accuracy result.
3. Automatic Operation an electronic computer can carry out a sequence of
many data processing operations without human intervention.
4. Decision making Capabilitya computer can perform certain division
intrusion automatically.
Two step of decision making:
Determining whether a certain statement is true or false,
Based on result.
5. Compact Storage electronic data processing systems have the ability to
store large amount of data in compact and easily retrievable form.
6. Discipline it Imposses - to solve a problem with a computer you must, first
understand the problem, and second program the computer to give you the
right answer(S).

THE EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES

1. ABACUS
The first manual data processing device which was developed in China in the twelfth century A.D.
The device has a frame with beads strung on wires or rods.
Arithmetic calculations are performed by manipulating the beads.
It is widely used in Middle East and Asia.
Two reasons for its popularity:
Simple and effective
2. NAPIERS BONES
A Scottish mathematician, John Napier who became famous for his invention of logarithms.
The use of logs enabled him to reduce any multiplication problem to a problem of addition.
Bones are set of eleven rods with numbers marked that simplify placing the rods side by side
products and quotients of large numbers can be obtained.
The sticks were called bones because they were made of bone or ivory.
3. OUGHTREDS SLIDE RULE
Invented by William Oughtred, an English mathematician.
A slide rule consists of two movable rulers placed side by side.
Each ruler actual distances from the beginning of the ruler are proportional to the logarithms of
the numbers printed on the ruler.
Sliding the rulers can quickly multiply and divide.
4. PASCALS CALCULATOR
Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician and experimental physicist who was one of the first

modern scientists to develop and build a calculator.

In 1645, he devised a calculating machine that was capable of adding and subtracting numbers.
The machine was operated by dialing a series of wheels and the size of cigar box, Pascals

machine could add and subtract numbers.

Addition was performed by stepping (hand turning) the appropriate wheels by the amount to be

added and subtraction required turning the wheels in reverse.

5. LEIBNIZS CALCULATOR
Gottfried Leibniz was a seventeenth-century scientist who recognized the value of building

machines that could do mathematical calculations.

At the age of 26, he taught himself mathematics and invent calculus.

He completed his calculator in 1694 that could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication,

division and extract square roots.

6. BABBAGES ANALYTICAL ENGINE
Charles Babbage, a nineteenth-century Englishman who considered the Father of the Modern

Computer.
Analytical Engine was designed to use two types of cards:
1. Operation cards to indicate the specific functions to be performed.
2. Variable cards to specify the actual data.
His idea of entering a program, or set of instructions, on cards, followed by data cards, is one method

used by modern computers for implementing the stored-program concept.

It would have contained many features of present-day computers, including punched-card input,

storage unit, arithmetic unit, printing unit, and control by a sequential program.
7. HOLLERITHS PUNCHED-CARD MACHINE
Herman Hollerith, a statistician with the US Bureau of the Census.
He completed a set of machines to help process the results of the 1890 census.
Using the 3 by 5 inch punched cards to record the data, he constructed an electromagnetic

counting machine to sort the data manually and tabulate the data.
Hollerith left the Census Bureau to build and sell his own tabulating machines. His company was

the forerunner of IBM Corporation.

His machine was the first commercially successful data processing machine that could sort 300
cards per minute.

Computer is an electronic system designed to manipulate data. They are machines for
storing, moving, adding and subtracting, and evaluating data.
Four Basic Functions in Computer:
1. Input-is the term denoting either an entrance or changes which are inserted into a
system and which activate/modify a process.
2. Processing- Processing is a programming language, development environment, and
online community.
3. Storage - s a technology consisting of computer components and recording media used
to retain digital data. It is a core function and fundamental component of computers.
4. Output-is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results
of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a
computer) which converts the electronically generated information into humanreadable form.
Program- is a sequence of instruction written to perform a specified task with a computer.
Classification of Computer
I.

Classification by Purpose
1. General-Purpose Computers machine have the capability of dealing with a
variety of different problems, and are able to act in response to programs
created to meet different needs. A general purpose computer is one that has
the ability to store different programs of instruction and thus to perform a
variety of operation.
2. Special Purpose Computers is designed to perform one specific task. The
program of instruction is built into, or permanently stored in, the machine.

Classification by Type of Data Handled

1. Analog Computers- the name analog comes from the word analogous meaning
similar. Analog Computer are used for scientific, engineering, and process-control
purpose.
2. Digital Computers a machine that specializes in counting. It operates by counting
values that are discrete, or separate and distinct, unlike the continuous quantities that
can be measured by analog computer.
3. Hybrid Computers -a combines the measuring capabilities of analog and digital
computer are computers that exhibit feature of analog computer and digital computers.
Classification of Computer According to Capacity
The term of capacity refers to the volume of work or the data processing
capability a computer can handle. Their performance is judged by the :
1. Amount of Data that can be stored in memory.
2. Speed of internal operation of the computer
3. Number and type of peripheral devices.

4. Amount and Type of software available for use with the computer.
Classification of computers according to capacity
1. Microcomputer
The microcomputer literally contains a computer on a chip that can pass through
the eye of the needle. Microcomputers memories are generally made of
semiconductors fabricated on silicon's chips.
2. Minicomputer
Minicomputer system (or small mainframe computers) provides faster operating
speeds and larger storage capacities than microcomputers systems. They can
support a large number of high-speed input output devices.
3. Medium-size computer
Medium-size computer systems are very flexible; they can be expanded to meet
the need of the users. The possibility of increasing the data processing capability
of a computer by adding devices, such additional memory, and other peripheral
devices, is called expandability.
4. Large computer
Large computer systems range from single-processing configurations to
nationwide computer based networks involving general large computers. Large
computers have storage capacities from 512K to 819K, and these computers
have internal operating speeds measured in terms of nanoseconds, as a
compared to smaller computers where speed in terms of microseconds.
5. Super computers
The biggest and fastest machines today are the supercomputers that are used
when billions or even trillions of calculations are needed. Supercomputers are
machines that have capabilities far beyond even the traditional large scale
systems. Their speed is in the 100-million-instructions-per-second range.
Three fundamental elements of computer
1. System Unit
The main part, processing unit devices, of a micro-computer
The system unit, also known as a "tower" or "chassis", is the main part of a
desktop computer.
System unit includes the following parts:
a. Motherboard
b. Microprocessor
c. Memory Chips
d. System Clock
e. Busses
f. Ports
g. Expansion slots and cards
2. Input Device
Is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data
and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or
other information appliance.
Examples of input device
a. Keyboard
b. Mouse
c. Scanner

d. PC camera
e. Touch Screen
f. Microphone
g. Optical mark reader
h. Barcode Reader
3. Output Devices
Is any Piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the result of
data process carried out by an information processing system (such as a
computer) which converts the electronically generated information into humanreadable form.
Examples of output device
a. Monitor
b. Printer
c. Projector
d. Speakers
Basic Part of the system unit
1. The hard disc drive or hard drive / HDD
A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard disk, or disk drive) is a device for
storing and retrieving digital information, primarily computer data. It consist of
one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly rotating discs (platters) coated with
magnetic material, and with magnetic heads arranged to write data to the
surfaces and read it from them.
2. Random Access Memory (RAM)
Is a form of computer data storage
3. Motherboard
Is a printed circuit board (PCB) found in many modern computers which holds
many of the crucial components of the system, such as the central processing
unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals.
4. Central processing units (CPU)
Is the hardware within a computer system which carries out the instructions of a
computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and
input/output operation of the system.
5. Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Converts mains AC to low voltage regulated DC power for the internal
components of a computer.
The System Case
Computer Case also known as a "computer chassis", "cabinet", "box", "enclosure", "housing",
or simply "case")
Is the enclosure that contains most of the components of a computer.
2 Categories of computer case
1. Desktop case
Desktop cases allow placing monitors on top of the computer, saving desktop
space
2. Tower case
Used in the manufacture of computers that can be kept on the floor or on top of
a computer desk.
Mini-sized Tower Case

Bigger than mini-tower and can be place either below or above the computer desk without
much convenience
The normal height of mid-size tower is 24 inches
Full-Sized Tower Case
Commonly employed in the design of servers, main frames and advanced workstations the
can be handle multiple applications.
Has a huge height that is equal or more than 30 inches.