Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
History
1.1
Creation
In early December 1891, Canadian Dr. James Naismith,[2] a physical education professor and instructor
at the International Young Mens Christian Association
Training School[3] (YMCA) (today, Springeld College)
in Springeld, Massachusetts was trying to keep his gym
class active on a rainy day. He sought a vigorous in1
HISTORY
part of the game around the 1950s, as manufacturing im- tion of the United States (forerunner of the NCAA) vied
proved the ball shape.
for control over the rules for the game. The rst pro
The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were league, the National Basketball League, was formed in
nally replaced by metal hoops with backboards. A fur- 1898 to protect players from exploitation and to promote
ther change was soon made, so the ball merely passed a less rough game. This league only lasted ve years.
through. Whenever a person got the ball in the basket, his
team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most
points won the game.[5] The baskets were originally nailed
to the mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but this
proved impractical when spectators on the balcony began
to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to
prevent this interference; it had the additional eect of allowing rebound shots.[6] Naismiths handwritten diaries,
discovered by his granddaughter in early 2006, indicate
that he was nervous about the new game he had invented,
which incorporated rules from a childrens game called
"Duck on a Rock", as many had failed before it. Naismith called the new game Basket Ball.[7] The rst ofcial game was played in the YMCA gymnasium in Albany, New York, on January 20, 1892, with nine players. The game ended at 10; the shot was made from 25
feet (7.6 m), on a court just half the size of a presentday Streetball or National Basketball Association (NBA)
court. By 18971898 teams of ve became standard.
The 1899 University of Kansas basketball team, with James Naismith at the back, right.
1.4
Professional basketball
3
national high school champion. The most serious eort
was the National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament
at the University of Chicago from 1917 to 1930. The
event was organized by Amos Alonzo Stagg and sent invitations to state champion teams. The tournament started
out as a mostly Midwest aair but grew. In 1929 it
had 29 state champions. Faced with opposition from the
National Federation of State High School Associations
and North Central Association of Colleges and Schools
that bore a threat of the schools losing their accreditation
the last tournament was in 1930. The organizations said
they were concerned that the tournament was being used
to recruit professional players from the prep ranks.[13]
The tournament did not invite minority schools or private/parochial schools.
The National Catholic Interscholastic Basketball Tournament ran from 1924 to 1941 at Loyola University.[14]
The National Catholic Invitational Basketball Tournament from 1954 to 1978 played at a series of venues,
including Catholic University, Georgetown and George
Mason.[15] The National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament for Black High Schools was held from 1929
to 1942 at Hampton Institute.[16] The National InvitaA basketball game between the Heart Mountain and Powell High tional Interscholastic Basketball Tournament was held
School girls teams, Wyoming, March 1944
from 1941 to 1967 starting out at Tuskegee Institute.
Following a pause during World War II it resumed at
Tennessee State College in Nashville. The basis for the
champion dwindled after 1954 when Brown v. Board of
Before widespread school district consolidation, most Education began an integration of schools. The last tourwere held at Alabama State College from 1964
American high schools were far smaller than their naments[17]
to
1967.
present-day counterparts. During the rst decades of the
20th century, basketball quickly became the ideal interscholastic sport due to its modest equipment and person1.4 Professional basketball
nel requirements. In the days before widespread television coverage of professional and college sports, the pop- Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There were hunularity of high school basketball was unrivaled in many dreds of mens professional basketball teams in towns and
parts of America. Perhaps the most legendary of high
cities all over the United States, and little organization
school teams was Indianas Franklin Wonder Five, which of the professional game. Players jumped from team
took the nation by storm during the 1920s, dominating
to team and teams played in armories and smoky dance
Indiana basketball and earning national recognition.
halls. Leagues came and went. Barnstorming squads
Today virtually every high school in the United States
elds a basketball team in varsity competition.[12] Basketballs popularity remains high, both in rural areas where
they carry the identication of the entire community, as
well as at some larger schools known for their basketball
teams where many players go on to participate at higher
levels of competition after graduation. In the 200304
season, 1,002,797 boys and girls represented their schools
in interscholastic basketball competition, according to the
National Federation of State High School Associations.
The states of Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky are particularly well known for their residents devotion to high
school basketball, commonly called Hoosier Hysteria in
Indiana; the critically acclaimed lm Hoosiers shows high
school basketballs depth of meaning to these communities.
such as the Original Celtics and two all-African American teams, the New York Renaissance Five (Rens) and
the (still existing) Harlem Globetrotters played up to two
hundred games a year on their national tours.
HISTORY
1.5
International basketball
1.6
Womens basketball
"Redeem Team", which won gold at the 2008 Olympics, nationally, becoming poster gures for the sport in Ausand the so-called B-Team, which won gold at the 2010 tralia. The Womens National Basketball League began
FIBA World Championship in Turkey despite featuring in 1981.
no players from the 2008 squad.
The all-tournament teams at the 2002 and 2006 FIBA
World Championships, respectively held in Indianapolis and Japan, demonstrate the globalization of the game
equally dramatically. Only one member of either team
was American, namely Carmelo Anthony in 2006. The
2002 team featured Nowitzki, Ginobili, Yao, Peja Stojakovic of Yugoslavia (now of Serbia), and Pero Cameron
of New Zealand. Ginobili also made the 2006 team;
the other members were Anthony, Gasol, his Spanish
teammate Jorge Garbajosa and Theodoros Papaloukas of
Greece. The only players on either team to never have
joined the NBA are Cameron and Papaloukas. The alltournament team from the 2010 edition in Turkey featured four NBA playersMVP Kevin Durant of Team
USA and the Oklahoma City Thunder, Linas Kleiza of
Lithuania and the Toronto Raptors, Luis Scola of Argentina and the Houston Rockets, and Hedo Trkolu of
Turkey and the Phoenix Suns. The only non-NBA player
was Serbias Milo Teodosi. The strength of international Basketball is evident in the fact that Team USA
won none of the three world championships held between
1998 and 2006, with Serbia (then known as Yugoslavia)
winning in 1998 and 2002 and Spain in 2006.
Worldwide, basketball tournaments are held for boys and
girls of all age levels. The global popularity of the sport
is reected in the nationalities represented in the NBA.
Players from all six inhabited continents currently play
in the NBA. Top international players began coming into
the NBA in the mid-1990s, including Croatians Draen
Petrovi and Toni Kuko, Serbian Vlade Divac, Lithuanians Arvydas Sabonis and arnas Mariulionis and German Detlef Schrempf.
In the Philippines, the Philippine Basketball Association's rst game was played on April 9, 1975 at the
Araneta Coliseum in Cubao, Quezon City. Philippines.
It was founded as a rebellion of several teams from
the now-defunct Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association, which was tightly controlled by the Basketball Association of the Philippines (now defunct), the
then-FIBA recognized national association. Nine teams
from the MICAA participated in the leagues rst season
that opened on April 9, 1975. The NBL is Australias preeminent mens professional basketball league. The league
commenced in 1979, playing a winter season (April
September) and did so until the completion of the 20th
season in 1998. The 199899 season, which commenced
only months later, was the rst season after the shift
to the current summer season format (OctoberApril).
This shift was an attempt to avoid competing directly
against Australias various football codes. It features 8
teams from around Australia and one in New Zealand. A
few players including Luc Longley, Andrew Gaze, Shane
Heal, Chris Anstey and Andrew Bogut made it big inter-
Women of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City playing a game at the campus gymnasium
End of a match.
The NBA-backed Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) began in 1997. Though it had shaky attendance gures, several marquee players (Lisa Leslie,
Diana Taurasi, and Candace Parker among others) have
helped the leagues popularity and level of competition.
Other professional womens basketball leagues in the
United States, such as the American Basketball League
(199698), have folded in part because of the popularity
of the WNBA. The WNBA has been looked at by many
as a niche league. However, the league has recently taken
steps forward. In June 2007, the WNBA signed a contract
extension with ESPN. The new television deal runs from
2009 to 2016. Along with this deal, came the rst ever
rights fees to be paid to a womens professional sports
league. Over the eight years of the contract, millions
2.2
Equipment
made.
2.1
Playing regulations
2.3
Fouls
Violations
3.2
Strategy
throws on all subsequent non-shooting fouls for that period, the number depending on the league. In the US college and high school games, if a team reaches 7 fouls in a
half, the opposing team is awarded one free throw, along
with a second shot if the rst is made. This is called shooting one-and-one. If a team exceeds 10 fouls in the half,
the opposing team is awarded two free throws on all subsequent fouls for the half.
When a team shoots foul shots, the opponents may not
interfere with the shooter, nor may they try to regain possession until the last or potentially last free throw is in the
air.
1
2
5
3.1
3.2 Strategy
Main article: Basketball playbook
There are two main defensive strategies: zone defense and
man-to-man defense. In a zone defense, each player is
assigned to guard a specic area of the court. Zone de-
10
fenses often allow the defense to double team the ball, a the basket. A player will rest the ball on the ngertips
manoeuver known as a trap. In a man-to-man defense, of the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly above
each defensive player guards a specic opponent.
the head, with the other hand supporting the side of the
Oensive plays are more varied, normally involving ball. The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not alplanned passes and movement by players without the ball. ways) and extending the shooting arm. The shooting arm,
A quick movement by an oensive player without the ball fully extended with the wrist fully bent, is held stationary
to gain an advantageous position is known as a cut. A le- for a moment following the release of the ball, known as a
gal attempt by an oensive player to stop an opponent follow-through. Players often try to put a steady backspin
on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim. The ideal
from guarding a teammate, by standing in the defenders
way such that the teammate cuts next to him, is a screen trajectory of the shot is somewhat controversial, but generally a proper arc is recommended. Players may shoot
or pick. The two plays are combined in the pick and
roll, in which a player sets a pick and then rolls away directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket.
from the pick towards the basket. Screens and cuts are
very important in oensive plays; these allow the quick
passes and teamwork, which can lead to a successful basket. Teams almost always have several oensive plays
planned to ensure their movement is not predictable. On
court, the point guard is usually responsible for indicating
which play will occur.
3.3
Shooting
The two most common shots that use the above described
setup are the set-shot and the jump-shot. The set-shot is
taken from a standing position, with neither foot leaving the oor, typically used for free throws, and in other
circumstances while the jump-shot is taken in mid-air,
the ball released near the top of the jump. This provides much greater power and range, and it also allows
the player to elevate over the defender. Failure to release
the ball before the feet return to the oor is considered a
traveling violation.
Another common shot is called the lay-up. This shot requires the player to be in motion toward the basket, and
to lay the ball up and into the basket, typically o
the backboard (the backboard-free, underhand version is
called a nger roll). The most crowd-pleasing and typically highest-percentage accuracy shot is the slam dunk,
in which the player jumps very high and throws the ball
downward, through the basket while touching it.
Another shot that is becoming common is the circus
shot. The circus shot is a low-percentage shot that is
ipped, heaved, scooped, or ung toward the hoop while
the shooter is o-balance, airborne, falling down, and/or
Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throw- facing away from the basket. A back-shot is a shot taken
ing the ball through the basket, methods varying with when the player is facing away from the basket, and may
players and situations.
be shot with the dominant hand, or both; but there is a
Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing very low chance that the shot will be successful.
Player releases a short jump shot, while her defender is either
knocked down, or trying to take a charge.
3.6
Dribbling
A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to as an air-ball. A particularly bad
shot, or one that only hits the backboard, is jocularly
called a brick.
11
A staple pass is the chest pass. The ball is passed directly
from the passers chest to the receivers chest. A proper
chest pass involves an outward snap of the thumbs to add
velocity and leaves the defence little time to react.
3.6 Dribbling
A player making an oensive rebound
3.5
Passing
12
4 Height
A U.S. Naval Academy (Navy) player, left, posts up a U.S. Military Academy (Army) defender.
3.7
Blocking
13
Schoolgirls shooting
Dharamsala, India.
hoops
among
the
Himalayas
in
MECVOLLEYBALL GROUND
There are principal basketball sports with variations There are also other basketball sports, such as:
on basketball including Wheelchair basketball, Water
basketball, Beach basketball, Slamball, Streetball and
21 (also known as American, cutthroat and roughUnicycle basketball. An earlier version of basketball was
house)[45]
Six-on-six basketball played until the end of the 1950s.
Horseball is a game played on horseback where a ball is
42
handled and points are scored by shooting it through a
Around the world
high net (approximately 1.5m1.5m). The sport is like a
combination of polo, rugby, and basketball. There is even
Bounce
a form played on donkeys known as Donkey basketball,
but that version has come under attack from animal rights
Firing Squad
groups.
Fives
Half-court Perhaps the single most common variation
of basketball is the half-court game, played in informal settings without referees or strict rules. Only
one basket is used, and the ball must be cleared
passed or dribbled outside the three-point line
each time possession of the ball changes from one
team to the other. Half-court games require less
cardiovascular stamina, since players need not run
H-O-R-S-E
Hotshot
Knockout
One-shot conquer
Steal The Bacon
14
Tip-it
Tips
The One
Basketball War.
15
sometimes their own rules. Such socialized forms of basketball include the following.
Recreational basketball, where fun, entertainment
and camaraderie rule rather than winning a game;
Basketball Schools and Academies, where students are trained in developing basketball fundamentals, undergo tness and endurance exercises and learn various basketball skills. Basketball students learn proper ways of passing,
ball handling, dribbling, shooting from various
distances, rebounding, oensive moves, defense,
layups, screens, basketball rules and basketball
ethics. Also popular are the basketball camps organized for various occasions, often to get prepared
for basketball events, and basketball clinics for improving skills.
College and University basketball played in educational institutions of higher learning.
This includes National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) intercollegiate basketball.
Disabled basketball played by various disabled
groups, such as
Bankshot basketball,[51]
Deaf basketball,
Wheelchair basketball, a sport based on basketball but designed for disabled people in
wheelchairs and considered one of the major
disabled sports practiced.
Ethnic and Religion-based basketball: Examples of ethnic basketball include Indo-Pak or Russian or Armenian leagues in the United States or
Canada, for example, or Filipino expatriate basketball leagues in the Gulf or the United States.
Religion-based basketball includes, most notably,
church-related Christian basketball leagues, Jewish, Muslim and Hindu basketball leagues, and so
on. or denominational leagues like Coptic, Syriac/Assyrian basketball leagues in the United States
or Canada.
Prison basketball, practiced in prisons and penitentiary institutions. Active religious basketball
missionary groups also play basketball with prisoners. Some prisons have developed their own prison
basketball leagues. At times, non-prisoners may
play in such leagues, provided all home and away
games are played within prison courts. Film director
Jason Moriarty has released a documentary relating
to the sport, entitled Prison Ball.
Rezball, short for reservation ball, is the avid Native
American following of basketball, particularly a
style of play particular to Native American teams
of some areas.
School or High school basketball, the sport of basketball being one of the most frequently exercised
and popular sports in all school systems.
Show basketball as performed by entertainment
basketball show teams, the prime example being the
Harlem Globetrotters. There are even specialized
entertainment teams, including
Celebrity basketball teams made of celebrities (actors, singers, and so on.) playing in
their own leagues or in public, often for entertainment and charity events;
Midget basketball teams made up of athletes
of short stature oering shows using basketball;
Slamball oered as entertainment events.
7 Fantasy basketball
Main article: Fantasy basketball
16
References
REFERENCES
[13] National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament hoopedeia.nba.com Retrieved September 13, 2009. Hoopedia.nba.com. Archived from the original on August 10,
2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
17
10 Further reading
Adolph H, Grundman (2004). The golden age of
amateur basketball: the AAU Tournament, 1921
1968. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-80327117-4.
[39] Struckho, Mary, ed. (2009). 20092010 NFHS Basketball Rules. Indianapolis, Indiana: National Federation of
High Schools. p. 59. Rule 10, Section 1, Article 6
[41] Marshall, John (1 November 2014). Positionless basketball taking hold in college. Retrieved 18 November
2014.
11 External links
Historical
General references
18
11
Other
Basketball at DMOZ
Eurobasket website
Basketball-Reference.com:
Analysis and History
Basketball Statistics,
EXTERNAL LINKS
19
12
12.1
20
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Little Mountain 5, Matta1304, Facts707, Skarebo, Pogo-Pogo-Pogo, NellieBly, Bradder, ZooFari, ElMeBot, RyanCross, Kadellar, A
doaug, Bballerck93, Rafael927, Addbot, Proofreader77, GorleyVMC, Willking1979, Jojhutton, Vintagerecord66, Josh smaxx, Tcncv,
Betterusername, Xnyxrockax, Cltcfn 5, Older and ... well older, Ronhjones, Fieldday-sunday, Leszek Jaczuk, Chadf b, CarsracBot,
Sillyfolkboy, Bigheadlol101, Jreconomy, Scorchy, Glane23, Wingedace, Rikie123, AndersBot, Chzz, Debresser, Favonian, Kyle1278,
Dakewlio, Mk975d, LinkFA-Bot, HonorTheKing, Tyw7, Cameronkingsberry, Smerkin1234, Numbo3-bot, Bigzteve, Tide rolls, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Kiril Simeonovski, Nurasko, JEN9841, Megakid2004, Arxiloxos, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, ClockwerkMao, EdwardLane, Dooptastic, TaBOT-zerem, Gsuing, GateKeeper, James abate, Big Wig Pig, Nallimbot, Aaronzimroth, Wadey4ever10, Bathysphere,
Mikemiller4444, Cooner774, Tempodivalse, ZapThunderstrike, AnomieBOT, Abontorab99, Googlean, Rubinbot, REO1976, Cptnono,
Piano non troppo, Fighter 10, AdjustShift, Materialscientist, ArthurBot, Bagumba, LilHelpa, MauritsBot, Xqbot, TinucherianBot II,
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of Penguins, Hi878, GrouchoBot, Sbg002, Brycey boy., Shirik, RibotBOT, Carrite, Cishaurim, Samster725, Moxy, Shadowjams, Ron-
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ster94, SchnitzelMannGreek, Texastigersbasketball, Nicholawhiteage14, And251, Samwb123, Whatnwas, Haldraper, Celuici, Legobot III,
Romero13, FrescoBot, Ninjabeast, Tobby72, Pepper, Youndbuckerz, JMS Old Al, D'ohBot, Wione, Eagle4000, Tetraedycal, Citation bot
1, Intelligentsium, DrilBot, Cubs197, LauraHale, Tamariki, Zcrrg, Pelmeen10, Hellknowz, Tanlipkee, Calmer Waters, Fat&Happy, Phs72,
Impala2009, UFGator360, SpaceFlight89, Hessamnia, Justice and Arbitration, December21st2012Freak, White Shadows, YaakovAdatto,
Marshallisfunny77, Tgv8925, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, Scythre, Jgergely, Jlucas105, , Messinwithem, Analbumcoversex,
Bostonian Mike, Tonomor, Jordgette, Push, Abc1234pussy, Sloties888, ARKEANGEL, Einstein the Legend, Dinamik-bot, Arthurchen
13, Hadger, Antipastor, Zink Dawg, Hfdgman123, Weanders8990, Aiken drum, Wwedx98, AKate96, Jaredshirsch, Mikecee31, Sasa1996,
Joe12345678pp, NBA man 95, Tbhotch, Duschinono, Leeyeah1682003, Jannabanana45, Krawdad12, Hornlitz, MegaSloth, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, Wintonian, Salvio giuliano, DASHBot, LibertyDodzo, EmausBot, Cinerama14, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, AmericanLeMans, 1namsuk, Claracutie, Ibbn, Scools553, Darren 893, CaitlynReed47448, Maryam609, Kmharms, Gdawg5,
Basketgurl, Hwangjy, Joschills, Holdway SCFC, Skill123, Dylancantrell12, Chasneen, Wikipelli, Lithistman, P. S. F. Freitas, Djembayz,
Erpert, Shodew, Kkm010, Ronk01, ZroBot, Cupidvogel, Dolovis, Traxs7, Socioj, Alpha Quadrant, 2sc945, H3llBot, Cymru.lass, FinalRapture, Nernorking, Shekickedmydog, Wayne Slam, Allworldbball, Letssee23, Plaidbob, Ashton Chin, Patribble, Duece23, Diabeticwalrus1, Livinglife787, Hockeypuckman, Mskr101, Nbake3279, Outstandingrocky, 12amh12, Ilovepopculture, Valery1991, Bullettheblue,
Wonderwizard, Amit3333, Jj98, Subrata Roy, ChuispastonBot, DASHBotAV, Pbl1998, NapoleonX, Sunjack8745, Jasono4407, Satellizer,
Ganstaman, North Atlanticist Usonian, Allion96, Helpful Pixie Bot, Technical 13, Shubha, Northamerica1000, PhnomPencil, MongolWiki,
Crocodilesareforwimps, Hunter.dickerson, Mesconsing, Cesar Jared, DaHuzyBru, Arigoldberg, RudolfRed, BattyBot, Hipposcrashed,
Mdann52, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Bergeronp, Dexbot, Mogism, HelicopterLlama, Roccoharde, Corey.hill2012, Connor.johnson, Elizabeth.heider, Camyoung54, Information-01152001, Ginormusaurus2, Elaqueate, Anarchistdy, JaconaFrere, Prabhupuducherry, CecyWiki,
DByns, Monkbot, JackHoang, Imthewinner, William Tlberg, StephenCurry30Fan, Degenerate prodigy and Anonymous: 2181
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File:Firstbasketball.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Firstbasketball.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was Kinston eagle at en.wikipedia
File:Girls_play_basketball_in_Dharmsala,_India.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Girls_play_
basketball_in_Dharmsala%2C_India.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/gilichu/4165030897/in/
photostream/ Original artist: Gilli Chupak
File:Heart_Mountain_Relocation_Center,_Heart_Mountain,_Wyoming._A_hotly_contested_interscholastic_basket_._._._
-_NARA_-_539726.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Heart_Mountain_Relocation_Center%2C_
Heart_Mountain%2C_Wyoming._A_hotly_contested_interscholastic_basket_._._._-_NARA_-_539726.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Original artist: Iwasaki, Hikaru, 1923-, Photographer (NARA record:
8464103)
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License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Steve Lipofsky www.Basketballphoto.com
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File:Sn_trng_THPT_Phan_nh_Phng,_H_Ni.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/S%C3%
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