4-D Microgravity

and Fluid Movement

in Reservoir
Eko Widianto

Appraisal Phase
Geologists
Depositional Environment
Petrography
Paleontology

Oil and Gas in Place

Reserve, Rate
Aquifer Size

Engineers
Analyze data on Logs,
Cores, Fluid Samples,
And Well Tests

Geophysicists
Interpret Seismic and
Gravity Surveys to
define of Structure
and continuity
of reservoir and
Aquifer size

Data Available:
1. Seismic Lines
2. Logs, Cores, Fluid samples & well tests on 2 wells

Communication among team members during appraisal phase

Planning Phase
Geologists
Correlate Zones,
Continuity of Pay & shales,
Structure Maps,
Sections Isopach Maps

Optimum Depletion
Plan, Location
and number of
Platforms &
wells

Engineers
Detail Reservoir
Description,
Reservoir Simulation,
Well & Platform
Constraint,
Economic
Data
1.
2.
3.

Geophysicists
Interpret fine-grade
Seismic data for structure,
Continuity of zones,
Faults and
Aquifer size

Available:
Fine-grade Seismic Lines
Logs on 4 to 10 wells
Cores & well tests on 3 or 4 wells

Communication among team members during planning phase

Development
Phase

Geologists
Geophysicists
Continuity of pay
distribution and
dimensions of shales

Reservoir
Engineers

Completion & Workover

Policies, Optimum
Distribution of
Injection &
Produces
fluids

Computer studies of well

Behavior, Update
Studies of
Reservoir Behavior

Data Available:
1. Fine-grade Seismic Lines
2. Logs on all wells

Production
Engineer
Well Bore Hydraulic
Optimum completion
Methods

3. Cores on 25% of wells

4. Well tests on 3 or 4 wells

Communication among team members during development phase

Reservoir
Management
Phase

Reservoir
Engineers

Geologists
Geophysicists
Update Cross Sections,
Analyze Workovers

Revise injection
plan to improve
performance

Analyze Performance,
Update Model Studies,
Analyze Workovers

Data Available:
1. Pressure survey
2. Gas-oil & Water-oil Ratios

Fluid Movement
in Reservoir

Production
Engineer
Analyze Well Surveys
to locate gas and water
entry,
Workovers wells

3. Contact Logs
4. Well bore surveys

Communication among team members during reservoir management phase

4D Microgravity caused by:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Subsurface fluid dynamics

Season change
Subsidence
Pressure change
Topographic change

4D microgravity anomaly response is very small

(orde < 100 microGal)

Need good survey planning

4D Reservoir Monitoring
(x,y,z,t)
A Paradigm Shift in Production Management
Science & Technology Components

Integration of Disparate Data (Kinds &

Scales)

Cased Hole Logs

Production Histories
Pressures & Temperatures
4-D Seismic Monitoring
Gravity Monitoring
Borehole Seismics
Remote Sensing

Gravity Monitoring
Surface gravity changes reflect underground
mass redistribution caused by production and
re-injection of hydrocarbon fluids
Precise measurement and analysis of gravity
changes can thereby help reveal changes in
reservoir conditions
establish a systematic procedure for microgravity monitoring of operating Hydrocarbon
fields

WHY 4D4D-GRAVITY ANOMALY

PRODUCTION IMPROVEMENT OF
HYDROCARBON FIELD :
1. OPTIMIZING Wells Production (Existing)
2. Production Wells

PRESSURE MAINTENANCE

3. PATTERN WATERFLOODING in Reservoir

4. ADDING / SHUT-OFF / MOVING
Injection Well (existing)
5. RE-OPENING of Potential Layer
6. ETC

UNIT OF GRAVITY
Gravity g(x,y,z)
is acceleration in System International dUnites (SI) is ms-2
1 ms-2 = 106 ms-2
= 109 nms-2

After Galileo :

1 Gal = 1 cms-2
= 10-2 ms-2 (SI)

Gravity anomaly :
mGal (in exploration) 1 mGal = 10-3 Gal
Gal (in 4D survey) 1 Gal = 10-3 mGal
= 10-6 Gal
= 10-8 ms-2 (SI)
called as 4D microgravity

Before Production

- Secondary gas
cap

After Production

-Decrease in Mass
-Pressure Decrease

Schematic Map and Profile

(time-lapse microgravity anomaly

Before Injection

After Injection

Schematic Map and Profile

( Time-Lapse microgravity anomaly)

Time lapse microgravity anomaly after water injection 2.400.000 ton.

Max. Anomaly: 12 Gal

Permukaan tanah

Reservoir Minyak
500 m

100m

Respon (anomali) microgravity

Model reservoir sederhana

reservoir minyak (blm diinjeksi)

(porosity 30%, minyak 0.88 gr/cc)

Respon microgravity setelah

reservoir diinjeksi fluida 75.000 m3
Model reservoir dg porosity 30%,
minyak 0.88 gr/cc

Distribusi fluida injeksi

( = 0.252 gr/cc) dlm reservoir

Respon microgravity setelah

reservoir diinjeksi fluida 675.000 m3 .
(reservoir dg porosity 30% dan
minyak 0.88 gr/cc)

Distribusi fluida injeksi dlm reservoir

Anomali microgravity 4D setelah

injeksi fluida 75.000 meter kubik

Anomali microgravity 4D
setelah injeksi fluida 675.000
meter kubik

1800.00

Data - data simulasi :

a. Reservoir 1800 x 1800 x 100 m3
b. Porosity reservoir 30%

1600.00

1400.00

1200.00

1000.00

c. Dentitas minyak 0.88 gr/cc

800.00

d. Densitas fluida injeksi 0.252 gr/cc

e. Jumlah minyak keluar 30.000
barrel/day
f. Jumlah fluida injeksi 30.000
barrel/day

600.00

400.00

200.00

0.00
0.00

200.00

400.00

600.00

800.00

1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00

Distribusi sumur injeksi

Respon microgravity
reservoir sebelum injeksi
(base line)

Respon microgravity reservoir

setelah injeksi 1 bulan

Respon microgravity reservoir

sebelum injeksi fluida (base line)

Respon microgravity reservoir

setelah injeksi fluida 3 bulan

Anomali microgravity 4D setelah

injeksi 1 bulan

Anomali microgravity 4D injeksi

3 bulan

CASE STUDY

TUJUAN
Identifikasi pergerakan air injeksi dari anomali
4D microgravity dan hasil dekonvolusi (
)
dan
inversinya (Saturasi air injeksi).
Perilaku reservoir dalam proses produksi
(

P, mass decrease & secondary gas cap)

Deliniasi sesar dan perilakunya terhadap

pergerakan air injeksi
(Dikomplemenkan dengan hasil-hasil studi lainya).

Akuisisi I

Akuisisi II

Akuisisi III

Gravity value

Rainfall

Relationship between rain fall and observed microgravity

SOURCE OF
4D MICRO-GRAVITY ANOMALY
Injection Water

Pressure Increase

(+)

g(+)

Decrease of Mass
Pressure Decrease
Secondary gas cap

(-)

g(-)

Wet & dry season

(-)

g(-)

DATA PROCESSING
To identify source of microgravity anomaly :
1. Injection water and Pressure Increase
2. Secondary gas cap, mass and pressure decrease
3. Decrease of Surface water

-Forward Modeling

Subsurface Bodies

-Deconvolution

Density Contrast Map

-Inversion

Apparent Saturation

gobs akuisisi I (Jan03)

akuisisi II (Mei03)

gobs Lokal
(relatif pada Base station)

akuisisi III (Sept03)

4D Microgravity Anomaly
of Y area

Mei-Jan03

Sept-Jan03

Sept-Mei03

MICRO-GRAVITY ANOMALY OF Y
FOR SEPTEMBER-MEI 2003 PERIOD

Microgravity Anomaly
(Sept-May 2003)
Structure of top F-sand
from well data (red)
- Estimated structure
from microgravity
anomaly (yellow)

Anomali 4D Microgravity lapangan Y periode September Mei 2003

dan struktur puncak batupasir F dari data sumur (merah) serta dari 4D data (kuning)

Fault

Anomali Microgravity Sept-Mei03

Density Contrast Map of Sep-Mei03 Period

Apparent Saturation of Sep-Mei03 Period

Komparasi Struktur
(latar belakang : anomali microgravity Mei-Jan03)

Struktur Seismik 2D
(lama, 1980)

Struktur Data sumur

(baru)

4D Microgravity

Subsurface model of Sep-Mei03

microgravity anomaly

KESIMPULAN
1. Korelasi Anomali 4D Microgravity & top struktur :
- Pergerakan air injeksi dikontrol oleh sesar
Timurlaut-Baratdaya dan Baratlaut-Tenggara

2. Dari hasil diatas dan penampang model :

- Sesar Baratlaut-tenggara
- Sesar Timurlaut-Baratdaya

Sealing
partially Sealing or bocor(?)

3. Sesar sbg pembatas dan pergerakan awal :

- 4D Microgravity
deleniasi sesar (gambar berikut)
- Korelasi dg sesar dari data sumur dan seismik 2D
Sesar 4D microgravity close to sesar data sumur

4. Dari hasil 4D microgravity, reservoirnya :

- Kompartementasi oleh sesar
- Didukung data tekanan