11/24/2014

Industrial Load Monitoring

and Controls
BEF 44903 Topic 5

Outlines
Load Monitoring System
Load Voltage Monitoring and Control
Load Frequency Monitoring and Control
Load Shedding in Industrial Power
Systems
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Load Monitoring System

Load Monitoring System

Why Load Monitoring System (LMS) in industry?

ForFutureDesignorUpgrade
Usedatatocheckissuesand
problems
Usedatatoredesign
systemtobemoreefficient

Analyse
energy
consumption

Diagnosefor
powerquality

Control
energyflow/
equipment

Interface
withEnergy
Management
System
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Load Monitoring System

Benefits of Load Monitoring System to Industry:

Technical
Maintaingoodpowerquality
Minimise faultrisk
Minimise maintenanceworks
Prolongequipment/deviceslifespan
g q p
p

Nontechnical
Reduceadministrationandmaintenancecost
Betterenergyplanningandmanagement
Environmentallyfriendly

Load Monitoring System

How to categorise industrial electrical loads?

Non
interruptible
loads

Interruptible
loads

Shouldberunwithoutinterruptionincertain
processes.
Examples:lighting,firealarmsystems,security
cameras,ventilation,elevators,escalatorsand
mostlyproductionmachinery.

Thoseloadsthatarenotaffectproductivityorlevel
ofcomfortwhenturnedoffforacertainperiodof
time.

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Load Monitoring System

What should be monitored in industry?
Mechanical
Parameters

Electrical
Parameters

kW,kVAr,V,I
Disturbances,PF,Harmonics,
Disturbances
PF Harmonics
Sags,Swell,Transient,
Equipmentstatus,
temperature,ventilation,

Load Monitoring System

MonitoringA
Area

Where to monitor the electrical loads?

Mainswitchboard
Distributionswitchboard
Distribution switchboard
Mainraiser
Subdistributionboard
MCC
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Load Monitoring System

Monitoring Device 1: Phase control relays
Dedicated mainly to processes
integrating 3-phase motors.
Phase control relays monitor:

Themotorfault
preventionsolution

Phase sequence
Loss of one or more phases
U b l
Unbalance
llevell
Voltage level between phases or between
phases and neutral

Load Monitoring System

Monitoring Device 2: Voltage control relays
Voltage control relays monitor input
voltage level compared to a high or low
threshold preset values.
Voltage control relays monitor:
Thepowersupply
faultprevention
solution

Phase and Line-to-line voltages

P k and
Peak
d RMS values
l
Undervoltage
Overvoltage

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Load Monitoring System

Monitoring Device 3: Current control relays

Theloadfault
preventionsolution

Measurement of under and overcurrent.

Continous monitoring of the operation of
electrical and mechanical loads such as
motors and resistors.
These control relays are for applications
in fields as varied as ventilation, pumping,
and conveying.

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Load Monitoring System

Monitoring Device 4: Frequency control relays
Frequency control relays monitor positive
or negative frequency variation.
Monitor over and underfrequency.

Thenetwork
frequencyfault
preventionsolution
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Load Monitoring System

Monitoring Device 5: Level control relays

Thefilling,draining
andmonitoring
solution

Level control relays are used to monitor or

maintain levels, mainly of liquids.
Level control is usually achieved with float
switch fitted contacts which change state
according to the position of the float
switch
switch.

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Load Monitoring System

Monitoring Device 6: Pump control relays
Pump control relays control pumps (single
or 3-phase) using discrete control inputs
and monitor current (dry operation and
overload protection) and the state of
supply phases.
Thepump
managementand
monitoringsolution
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Load Monitoring System

Monitoring Device 7: Speed control relays

Theoperatingrate
monitoringsolution

Dependent on rotation or movement

speed, the pulse rate supplied to the relay
varies. By monitoring the pulse rate, the
relays control over or underspeed.
The applications include monitoring of
rotation speed
speed, transporter or conveyor
belt speed, pump rotation, etc.

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Load Monitoring System

Monitoring Device 8: Temperature control
relays
Temperature control relays monitor the
temperature in control or pulley rooms to
check that it remains within the regulated
limits.
Thetemperature
controlsolution

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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control (LVMC)
LVMC is normally used in industry to constantly monitor
three phase voltages of motor circuit in order to avoid
any harmful power line conditions.
Voltage ratings of the various buses in the industrial
power system should be within the permissible limits for
satisfactory operation of all electrical equipment.
Voltage level in IPS is much depends on the fluctuation
of reactive power (Q) due to the motor loadings
loadings.
The task of voltage control is closely associated with
fluctuating load conditions and corresponding
requirements of reactive power compensation.
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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
Load

Control
Voltage
LVMC

CT

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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
Feederr

E
Z S RS jX S

IS

jX L I L

L V RI
L

jVX

VR

IL
Load

S L PL jQL
Voltageregulation canbedefinedasthe
proportionalchangeinvoltagemagnitude
attheloadbusduetochangeinload
current(sayfromnoloadtofullload). 19

IL

Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
The voltage drop is caused due to feeder impedance
carrying the load current as illustrated in the Figure. The
voltage regulation (VR) is given by,

VR

E V V

V
V

In absence of compensator, the source and load currents

are same and the voltage drop due to the feeder is given
by,

V E V Z S I L

where Z S RS jX S
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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
The relationship between the load powers and its voltage
and current is,

S L V I L PL jQL
*

Substituting IL and ZS yields,

P jQL
V RS jX S L

R P X S QL
X P RS QL
S L
j S L
V
V
VR jVX
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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
From previous equations,

R P X S QL X S PL RS QL

E V S L

j
V
V

In magnitude basis,

R P X S QL X S PL RS QL

E V S L

V
V

Rearrange the equation,

V 4 2R S PL X S Q L E 2 V 2 R S2 X S2 Q L2 PL2 0
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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
Voltage change ( V )
depends upon the real
and reactive power flow
of the load and the value
of the feeder impedance.
A compensator should
be added in parallel with
the load as shown in the
Figure to improve the
voltage regulation, i.e.,

Feeder

E
Z S RS jX S
IS

E V

Load

Comp.

V
QC

S L PL jQL

IL

IC

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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
The net reactive at the load bus is now,
QN QC QL
From previous equations,

R P X S QN X S PL RS QN

E V S L
j

V
V

IC

IS

IL

jX S I S
RS I S
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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
The above equation implies that,
R P X S QN X S PL RS QN

E V S L

V
V

Rearrange the equation,

2
S

X S2 Q N2 2V 2 X S Q N V 2 R S PL

X S2 PL2 E 2V 2 0

Thus the solution of above equation is as following,

QN

4ac

2a
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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
Methods of voltage control:

Excitation Control of Generators

Shunt Capacitors
Synchronous Condensers
Tap-Changing Transformers

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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
Excitation Control of Generators
The induced emf of synchronous generator (E) depends
upon the excitation current (field current).
The terminal voltage V of synchronous generators are
given by V = E IX.
The generators have excitation and automatic voltage
regulation systems (AVR). The function of this systems
are:
To control the load under steady state operating conditions
To regulate voltage under fault conditions
To enable sharing of reactive power.
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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
Excitation Control of Generators

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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
Shunt Capacitors
Shunt capacitors are usually switched in during high
loads. Static shunt capacitors are installed near the load
terminals in industries.
Most of the industrial loads (induction motors,
transformers, welding sets, furnaces) draws inductive
current of poor power factor (0.3 to 0.6 lag).
The shunt capacitors provide leading VARs there by the
total KVA loading of substation transformer and the
current is reduced.
Switching in shunt capacitor should improve the bus
voltage if the compensation is effective.
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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
Synchronous Condensers
Synchronous condensers are over excited synchronous
motors installed in the power system to deliver the
reactive power.
These synchronous phase modifiers are located near to
the load in order to improve the voltage profile of the
industrial power system.
The main advantage of synchronous phase modifiers are
the ability to deliver the reactive power that can be
adjusted, unlike static shunt capacitors.

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Load Voltage Monitoring and

Control
Tap-Changing Transformers
The voltage control of industrial distribution systems is
obtained basically by tap-changing. Tap changers are
either on-load or off load tap changers.
By changing the turns ratio of the transformer, the
voltage ratio and the secondary voltage is changed and
voltage control is obtained.
The voltage control of the range +15% to -15
15 % can be
achieved by tap changing transformers

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Load Frequency Monitoring

and Control
In any electric system, the active power (P) has to be
generated at the same time as it is consumed.
Power generated must be maintained in constant
equilibrium with power consumed / demanded, otherwise
a power deviation occurs.
Disturbances in this balance, causing a deviation of the
system frequency.

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Load Frequency Monitoring

and Control

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Load Frequency Monitoring

and Control
Frequency deviations occur due to the following reasons:
Disturbance / outage of generation or load.
Stochastic imbalances in normal operation. These can occur due
to the continuous variations of demand
Deterministic Frequency Deviations e.g. ramping at the hour
shift
Network splitting

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Cost of industrial electricity is based on two components:
1.
1 The amount used (consumption)
2. The intensity of its use (demand)

The demand is determined as the highest measured

intensity within a certain period of time, usually monthly.

Load shedding is a mechanism to help manage the way

electricity is used in an industry to reduce the peak
demand, significantly reducing monthly utility costs.

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Load shedding is defined as the amount of load that must
almost instantly be removed from a power system to keep the
remaining portion off the system operational.
The load shed processes automatically sense overload
conditions, then shed enough load to relieve the overloaded
equipment before there is loss of generation, line tripping,
equipment damage, or a chaotic random shutdown of the
system.
Common disturbances that triggers the load shedding to
response:

Faults
Severe Overloaded
Loss of generation
Switching errors, etc.
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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Overloads may be differentiated by what is overloaded:
1.
1 Those in which there is a real power shortage and in which the
prime mover torque cannot meet the load torque and the
generation begins to decelerate.
2. Those in which there is a reactive power shortage. This is
manifested as voltage drops in line and transformer reactances
that prevent power delivery to loads

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
PVorQVcurve

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Advantages of load shedding to industry:

Reduces peak demand, thereby

reducing electricity costs
Minimise power blackout risk
due to severe fault/ overload
Maintains standard frequency
and voltage levels
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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
When a power system is exposed to a disturbance, its
dynamics and transient responses are mainly controlled
through two major dynamic loops:
Excitation (including AVR) loop that will control the generator
reactive power and system voltage.
Prime-mover loop,
p which will control the g
generator active p
power
and system frequency

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Several types of loads drop out if there is a serious
undervoltage:
Motor Starters will drop out if voltage reaches 50-75% of
rated.
Discharge lighting extinguishes at about 80-90% of rated
voltage, and may or may not automatically restart.
Adjustable speed drives (ASD) drops out at about 8090% of rated voltage.
Similar to ASDs, other rectifier or thyristor based power
supplies may drop out at about 80-90% of rated voltage.
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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Types of Load Shedding Scheme:

Conventional
BreakerInterlock
Scheme

Intelligent
IntelligentLoad
Shedding(ILS)

Underfrequency
RelayScheme
PLCBasedLoad
Shedding
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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Breaker
Interlock
I t l k
Scheme

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Drawbacks of Breaker Interlock Scheme:
Difficult to change load priority since the actions for load
shedding are hardwired and the amount of load shedding is
calculated for the worst-case scenario
Only one stage of load shedding is available
Often results in shedding more loads than necessary
The operation of this type of load-shedding scheme will most
likely shut the entire industrial facility down in a non-orderly
manner
Plant restarting may be delayed because of the requirement
to shut down and then restart other remote facilities that have
been affected by the loss of the main facility, before the main
facility can be started
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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Under
frequency
frequency
Relay
Scheme

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Frequency relays do not detect disturbances but react to
either a rapid change in frequency or gradual frequency
deterioration.
The load shedding scheme is activated by frequency
decaying stages.

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems

If the amount of load shed in the first stage is insufficient

and the frequency continues to decay, the system
frequency
q
y will reach the next set p
point,, and additional
load shedding will be initiated.
Each additional stage introduces a delay in the loadshedding process.
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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Drawbacks of under frequency load shedding scheme:
Slow response time of frequency relays (time for the
frequency to reach relay settings and time delay setting
for relay)
Incorrect load may be dropped causing undesirable
blackouts
Analysis knowledge is lost

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Maximumanticipatedoverload
Maximum anticipated overload
Numberofloadsheddingstages
Sizeofloadshedateachstage
Proceduresandcriteriain Frequencysettings
designingunder
Timedelays
frequencyloadshedding
Locationofthefrequencyrelays
Location of the frequency relays
scheme

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50

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Total load to be shed:
P
f

d 1
1 P
50 pu
PD
f

1 d 1
50

d = load reduction factor

P = relative overload
f = frequency variation
f0 = System frequency

Frequency variation during the load shedding:

f

d 1
P
d
f0
1 P

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Programmable Logic Controller-Based Load Shedding
The application of controllers in industrial load management
and curtailment schemes started in the early 1980s.
Load shedding is initiated based on the system frequency
deviations or other triggers.
The circuit breaker tripping can be programmed based on the
system
y
loading,
g available g
generation, and other specific
p
logics.
Each subsystem is equipped with a controller that is
programmed to shed a preset sequence of loads.
This static sequence is continued until the frequency returns
to a normal condition.
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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Intelligent Load Shedding (ILS)
An ILS system is necessary to improve response time,
time
accurately predict the system frequency decay, and
make a fast, optimum, and reliable load-shedding
decision.
An ILS engine is a training knowledge base using
carefully selected transient-stability cases from offline
system studies and simulations
simulations.
System dynamic responses, including frequency and
voltage variations to different types of disturbances, are
among the outputs of the knowledge base.
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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
Functional block diagram of an ILS system:

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
The ILS implementation diagram:

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems

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Load Shedding in Industrial

Power Systems
The operation logic flow chart of
expert system for load shedding

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