Greenhouse effect

By andrian09

Greenhouse effect is a warming of the lower atmosphere and surface of a planet by a

complex process involving sunlight, gases, and particles in the atmosphere. On the earth,
the greenhouse effect began long before human beings existed. However, recent human
activity may have added to the effect. The amounts of heat-trapping atmospheric gases,
called greenhouse gases, have greatly increased since the mid-1800’s, when modern
industry became widespread. Since the late 1800’s, the temperature of the earth’s surface
has also risen. The greenhouse effect is so named because the atmosphere acts much like
the glass roof and walls of a greenhouse, trapping heat from the sun.

The natural greenhouse effect. The atmosphere reflects toward space about 30 percent of
the energy in incoming sunlight. The atmosphere absorbs about another 30 percent, and
the remaining 40 percent or so reaches the earth’s surface.

The earth’s surface reflects about 15 percent of the solar energy that reaches it back
toward space. The remaining energy heats the lands and seas. The warmed lands and seas
then send most of the heat back into the atmosphere, chiefly as infrared rays and in
evaporated water. Infrared rays are much like light waves but are invisible to the human
eye.

When the rays from the lands and seas strike certain substances in the atmosphere, such
as greenhouse gases and particles, those substances absorb the rays. As a result, the gases
and particles are heated. They then are cooled by sending out infrared rays of their own.
Some of the rays go into space. The remainder radiate back toward the earth’s surface,
adding to the warming of the surface layer of air. Without the natural greenhouse effect,
the average temperature of the earth’s surface would be about 59 degrees Fahrenheit (33
degrees Celsius) colder than it is now.

The chief greenhouse gases are made up of atoms of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and
oxygen (O). These gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. The
greenhouse particles include cloud droplets, soot, and dust.

Increases in greenhouse gases. Since the early to mid-1800’s, the amount of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by about 25 percent and the methane
concentration has risen by about 150 percent. Most of the increase has been due to human
activities-chiefly the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and the clearing of
land. Fossil fuels contain carbon, and burning them creates carbon dioxide. Trees and
other plants absorb the gas through the process of photosynthesis. As land is cleared and
forests are cut down, carbon dioxide levels rise.

The average temperature of the earth’s surface has increased by about 0.9 to 1.6 degrees
Fahrenheit (0.5 to 0.9 degree Celsius) since the late 1800’s. Scientists have not yet
proved that an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide has raised the surface temperature.
But in the likely event that this relationship does exist, the eventual results could be
severe. Many scientists estimate that by about 2050, the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere will have doubled from the preindustrial level. If this increase were to add to
the natural greenhouse effect, the earth’s surface temperature might rise 2.5 to 10.4
degrees Fahrenheit (1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius) by 2100.

The increase in surface temperature, which is called global warming, could alter the
ecology of many parts of the earth. For example, global warming could change rainfall
patterns, melt enough polar ice to raise the sea level, increase the severity of tropical
storms, and lead to shifts in plant and animal populations. Ocean currents and wind
patterns could change, making some areas cooler than they are now. One remote
possibility is that a warming of northern regions will result in more winter snowfall,
causing some ice sheets to advance.

Studying the greenhouse effect. Researchers use high-speed computers to study how
carbon dioxide concentration may affect surface temperature. The computers manipulate
mathematical models, sets of equations that describe relationships between changeable
factors. Scientists do not have enough data to prove that variations in carbon dioxide and
other human-caused changes to atmospheric composition cause shifts in surface
temperature. They may need until the 2010’s to gather enough data. But certain models
suggest that the 2010’s may be too late to avoid some damage from global warming.

Scientists have also examined evidence from the distant past to determine whether
changes in carbon dioxide concentration cause temperature changes. Cores of ice drilled
from great depths in Greenland and Antarctica provide a record for the past 160,000
years. During those years, the climate warmed and cooled several times. Researchers
analyzed the gases and other substances that were trapped in the ice when it formed.
During the cooler periods, the atmosphere contained about 30 percent less carbon dioxide
and 50 percent less methane than during the warmer periods.

Green Houses

Green houses are climate controlled. Jain Green Houses have a variety of applications,
the majority being, off-season growing of vegetables, floriculture, planting material
acclimatization, fruit crop growing for export market and plant breeding and varietals
improvement.

Jain Green Houses are built of a G.I. structure wherein crops are grown under a
favorable artificially controlled environment and other conditions viz. temperature,
humidity, light intensity, photo period, ventilation, soil media, disease control,
irrigation, Fertigation and other agronomical practices throughout the season
irrespective of the natural conditions outside.

In conventional Agronomical practices, the crops are being grown / cultivated in the
open field under natural conditions where the crops are more susceptible to sudden
changes in climate i.e. temperature, humidity, light intensity, photo period and other
conditions due to which the quality, yield of a particular crop can get affected and may
be decreased.

Jain Green Houses are available in different sizes and constructed as per customer
requirement. The sizes vary from as small as 100 Sq. M to 10,000 Sq M and more.

The degree of sophistication also varies from a simple polyhouse with polythein sheet
covering to highly sophisticated, fully automated systems with Poly carbonate sheet
roofing (double walled), PAR lightings, boom irrigation, rolling benches and full scale
computerized (fully automated) systems.

Special Features Components of Jain Green

House
• Galvanized Steel Construction. 1. Green House G.I. structure.
 • Special Aluminum locking and
fastening profile for covering
material.
• Designed to withstand wind speed
of 140 Kmph, Snow, hail, storm,
heat & cold.
• Bears, hanging load 25 - 30 Kg per
Sq. Mt.
• Natural Roof and side wall
ventilation system.
• UV stabilized covering materials of
Polyethylene / Polycarbonate /
Acrylic.
• Cellulose Cooling Pad and Exhaust
Fan System.
• Heating system in cold climate.
• CO2 Generator.
• Shading / Thermal Net
• Trellising system for vegetable.
• Trestles system for flowers.
• Easy to assemble & dissemble.
• Complete structure is assembled
with Nut-bolts.
• No welding is required.
Advantages of Jain Green Fully Computerized
House Control System
• Yield increases by 5 - 15 times or
even more.
• Reduction in labour cost
• Less fertilizer requirement, thus
reduction in fertilizer cost.
2. Covering material-UV stabilized
Polyethylene / Polycarbonate /
Acrylic.
3. Root Ventilation & Side wall roll up
curtains.
4. Cooling pad and Fan System.
5. Shading / Thermal net Manually /
motorized.
6. Micro Irrigation System.
7. Fertigation System
8. Misting System.
9. Heating System.
10. CO2 Generator.
11. Control System - Manual / Semi
Automatic / Automatic. Fully
Computerized / Weather Station.
12. Planting material, soil media.
Most of the time the owner prefers
Mutually Controlled System or Semi
Automatic Controlled System because of
low investment. But in such type of Control
Systems it requires a lot of attention and
 • Low water requirement thus saving
in water.
• Less chances of disease attack, thus
reduction in disease control cost.
• Higher Efficiency of Water &
Fertilizer Use.
• Cultivation in problematic
topography.
• Cultivation in problematic soil
conditions.
• Cultivation in problematic climate
conditions.
• Requires less area to get ax yield
and benefits.
• Easy to operate, maintain & control.
Suitability
Jain Green House Technology is suitable
for :-
• Production of vegetable crops.
• Production of off-season flowers,
vegetables.
• Production of Roses, Carnation, cut-
flowers etc.
• Plant propagation, raising of
seedlings.
care. Also it is very difficult and
cumbersome to maintain uniform
environment inside the Green House.
Ultimately this affects crop production, non
uniform growth, low quality of the crop.
Jain Computerized Control System is the
solution to come over this problem and to
maximize returns. Computer provides a
faster and precise operation in the Green
House. Also it stores, displays and prints
the Green House information as needed.
Computer can do the following operations
as per the pre-scheduled programme:
1. Starting and closing of Micro
Irrigation System.
2. Application of Liquid Fertilizer or
Water Soluble Fertilizer (N:P:K)
and other Nutrients to the plant.
3. Operation of Misting System as
required.
4. Opening and closing of ventilators
and side wall roll up curtains as
needed.
5. Operation of shading net / Thermal
screen.
6. Operation of cooling pad and fan.
7. Operation of heating system.
8. Operation of CO2 Generator,
Climate Control, Temperature,
Humidity, Heat Radiation, Control
of EC, PH, PPM level in irrigation
water etc. as required to the plant.
• Primary and secondary hardening
nursery of Tissue cultured plant.

• Growth / Production of rare plants,

orchids / herbs, medicinal plants.