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Home > News > Defence Industry > Make in India: Challenges Before Defence Manufacturing

Defence Industry
Make in India: Challenges Before Defence Manufacturing

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By S.N. Mishra
Issue Vol. 30.1 Jan-Mar 2015 | Date : 12 Mar , 2015

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There is a distinctive buzz about Prime Minister Modis new campaign for Make in India. The thrust is to increase share of manufacturing from the current
level of 15 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to 25 per cent and create additional employment opportunity of ten million per year. This has led a few
cynics to observe that, There is a lot of sizzle but where is the steak? Columnists such as Swaminathan Iyer are of the view that Make in India is only an
outcome and not a policy while Governor of RBI Raghuram Rajan is of the view that the government is putting too much of thrust on export-led growth and
should give primacy to Make for India. Discerning writers such as Debasis Basu however, feel that what is germane to the debate is the cost of doing
business in India.
The defence services account for nearly Rs 2.29 lakh crore of the Central Government Budget
Defence manufacturing came out of the stranglehold of Public Sector Undertakings-Ordnance Factories (PSU-OF) monopoly with major liberalisation in
2001 with 100 per cent private sector participation and the recently announced 49 per cent in Foreign Direct Investment. Policy footprints such as the
Defence Procurement Policy (DPP) 2013 have created a level playing field for the private sector. The Defence Production Policy 2011 aims at higher self
reliance in critical technology and the Offsets Policy 2012 which seeks to leverage our big arms acquisition to bring in state-of-art technology, and long term
partnership with Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). The Self Reliance Index of our defence acquisition, however, remains at a wobbly 30 per cent
despite spasmodic policy posturing to improve indigenisation.
Defence industry is a subset of a nations concern to ramp up manufacturing capability. The capability of our defence industry in terms of value addition, self

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reliance in critical technology and policy initiatives so far and their impact needs to examined and a possible synergy between Make in India policy and
defence industry capability needs to be brought about.
Defence Manufacturing and Challenges in Self Reliance
The defence services account for nearly Rs 2.29 lakh crore of the Central Government Budget which is nearly 2.5 per cent of the GDP and 13 per cent of the
Central Government expenditure. The trend of allocation to revenue and capital acquisition schemes is given below.

Table 1: Service/Department-Wise Break Up Of Defence Expenditure (Rs.


Cr.). Source: Annual Report 2013-2014, MOD
It would be worth to note that while the increase in the revenue allocation roughly matches with the wholesale price escalation, the capital acquisition budget
has witnessed significant growth of around 20 per cent per year, far outstripping the overall trend of increase in defence expenditure. Capital Acquisition
constitutes nearly 40 per cent of the defence budget of which the value of production of the Defence PSUs and the OFs account for the following:

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Table 2: Value Of Production And Value Addition Psus And OFB (Rs. In
Crore). Source: Annual Report 2013-2014, MOD
It would be seen from the above that while the average yearly increase in Value of Production (VOP) of Defence PSUs is around five per cent per year, in
case of the OFs it is only two per cent. It would be interesting to note that the value addition of different defence PSUs varies between 23 per cent and 57 per
cent; it is very high, about 85 per cent, for OFB. PSUs such as HAL and MDL show a poor level of value addition as they are largely system integrators
while Midhani and BDL have contributed handsomely to indigenisation. The higher indigenisation in case of OFBs is largely attributable to the low end
technology.
Historically, India has been availing of technology through licence agreements from Russia and a smattering of Western countries. The exceptions are some
of the missile systems, small arms and their ammunition and tanks where technology has been indigenously developed by the Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO). The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas with Final Operational Clearance (FOC) will hopefully be a major Make in
India platform. It must be mentioned that indigenisation has effected a substantial reduction in cost of the systems due to Indias labour arbitrage, good
facilities and fairly well-trained labour force. The following table brings out the cost savings of a few major products through the Transfer of Technology
(ToT) route.

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Table 3: Indigenisation & Cost Savings through ToT. Source: Table prepared
by Author based on data obtained from DPSUs/OF
Self-Reliance Trends
Self-reliance trends in defence acquisition present a dismal picture. A committee under Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, the then Scientific Advisor to the Raksha
Mantri, had recommended that India should ramp up this quotient from 30 per cent (1995) to 70 per cent by (2005). The following table, however, brings out
how the Self Reliance Index has remained sticky at around 30 per cent.

Table 4: Total Acquisition and SRI: Trends. Source: Table Prepared by Author
based on data obtained from Ministry of Defence

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The principal reason for this state of affairs is our poor design capability in critical technologies, inadequate investment in R&D and our inability to
manufacture major sub-systems and components. The Transfer of Technology route has provided India with the know-how without providing the clue for
know why. It is due to this that even for an upgrade of the systems, defence PSUs are critically dependent on the original licensors. A case in point is the
SU-30 upgrade where the Russians often hold HAL to ransom.
The following table brings out the gaps in critical technology of different systems.

Table 5: Critical Technology & Gaps. Source: DRDO, BEL and HAL
From the table above, it would be seen that the major deficiency in terms of capability is in the areas of propulsion, weapons and sensors. Some of the critical
technologies where progress made by the DRDO has been abysmally poor are Focal Plane Array (FPA), Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) Radar
and Stealth Technology. India is presently engaged in the design and production collaboration with Russia for a Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA),
that will have stealth features.
India is presently engaged in the design and production collaboration with Russia for a Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft.
Procurement, Production and Offsets Policy in Retrospect and Their Impact
The Defence Procurement Policy 2013 envisages higher preference to Buy (India), Buy and Make (India), and Make options over the earlier thrust towards
Buy (Global) or the import option. It ostensibly looks at creating a better level playing field between the Public and Private sector with greater impetus
towards indigenisation. A major departure from the previous policy is allowing the private Indian industry to avail of ToT which was earlier the exclusive
domain of DPSUs/OFs. The policy also encourages Joint Venture with OEMs. Prime Minister Modis Make in India campaign has added another category

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to Defence Acquisition though it would include cases coming under the panoply of Buy and Make and Make where technology is indigenously
developed.
The Offset Policy guidelines (2012) have for the first time allowed ToT through the JV or through non-equity route. It has also allowed multiplier for critical
technology areas such as FPAs, Nano Technology-based sensor, fiber laser technology and THZ technologies.
The Defence Production Policy (2011) aimed at achieving substantive self-reliance in design, development and production of critical sub-systems by forming
consortia, JVs by involving academia and R&D institutions. It also promised to set up a defence technology fund to support public, private sector as well as
academic and scientific institutions for pursuing high-end research. The impact of all such policies on FDI inflow, export, augmentation and long term
partnership has been quite disappointing for reasons enumerated below.
Value addition in the global value chain for India was only one per cent in 2009 as against nine per cent in China and Germany
FDI Policy
The OEMs for setting up business in India in partnership with public/private players want to have a major say in the management of manufacturing. While
the announcement to scale up the FDI limit from 26 per cent to 49 per cent in the last budget has been a step in the right direction, it is unlikely to enthuse
reputed global manufacturing houses to set up manufacturing bases and bring in front-end technology though some Joint Venture intents have been evinced
for companies like the Tatas. On the other hand, countries such as China and South Korea have become major manufacturing hubs in aeronautics and ship
building technology by being very liberal in their FDI policy and providing high modicum of Ease of Doing business compared to India.
R&D Allocation
Besides the FDI policy, inadequate investment in R&D and lip service to technology funding by making a token allocation of Rs100 crore to Defence
Technology Fund in the last budget is adequate commentary on our lack of seriousness in the area of Research and Development. The allocation to DRDO
remains sticky around six per cent of defence expenditure though successive parliamentary committees have recommended a minimum allocation of ten
per cent. Private sector giants such as the Tata, L&T and Mahindra and Mahindra invest less than one per cent of their turnover in R&D unlike in countries
such as France where corporate organisations invest more than ten per cent in R&D. It would also be interesting to note that the overall allocation to R&D is
significantly lower (0.85 per cent) in India compared to advanced countries which spend in the range of 2.2 per cent to 3.5 per cent. The following table
would bring out the trend.
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The views expressed are of the author and do not necessarily represent the opinions or policies of the Indian Defence Review.

About the Author

S.N. Mishra

Dr SN Misra, former Director DRDO and Joint Secretary Aerospace, MOD


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5 thoughts on Make in India: Challenges Before Defence Manufacturing

1.

Ravindra Nathan on March 12, 2015 at 2:13 pm said:


Firstly our curriculum from High School level should be changed to Skill based knowledge on practical applications.Howmany students can identify a
spanner, screwdriver or electric current? Very few.Without basic knowledge students cannot pursue research.
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2.

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Devindra Sethi on March 12, 2015 at 2:13 pm said:


There is a major flaw in the authors understanding of shipyards whether private or public sector. Shipyards are locations where the ship/ submarine is
brought together . Shipyards do NOT make systems , or even valves ! They come from subcontractor MSME factories in the hinterland. Modular /
Integrated construction is the way ahead for shipyards to speed up construction. That requires up gradation of facilities and land. Lastly we need orders
on frozen staff requirements from users navies. Midway changes slows down production to a crawl. The IN is leading the Builders Navy concept for
many years now and can do much more with a focused thrust in our public and private shipyards. HOW? Our strategic tasks are many as we stand
challenged in the Indian Ocean as never before by China. Our need is numbers now as older units need to be replaced / retired in the next 25 years! So
time to build is now for the next 25 years at a frenetic pace, whether it is ships , submarines or Naval LCA fighter aircraft.
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3.

Rajkaran Singh Bhatti on February 20, 2015 at 5:02 pm said:


Certainly India has ignored R&D in this sector, but although it is a little too late, yet we can now rectify our strategy, collaborate with best
manufacturers, set up specialised recruitment and training centres to exploit our best brains and in the next ten years make productive products for
domestic and overseas use. Raising funds from the stock markets by manufacturers in due course of time may also be permitted. Long term benefits
clearly can come our way !
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4.

Col JP Singh on February 17, 2015 at 8:40 pm said:


We dont have a good R&D base we need to drastically improve and expand our R&D base. All IITs and Engineering Colleges in the country should
be co -opted in expanding our defence tech base. We should also improve the intake of Scientists into the DRDO. They are lowly paid Government
Servants with little motivation. I have met many during my service and was not at all impressed with them. Some of them even complained of being
shackled and not given the freedom to work.
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Col JP Singh on February 16, 2015 at 9:22 pm said:


The DRDO has been responsible for the armed forces not getting the latest technology. It has always lobbied with the govt that they will produce the
required system One example is the INSAS weapon system. They took years to produce an out dated weapon its basically cut paste technology.
Even its manufacture at RFI is poor its stamped cut rather than a moulded configuration. If you cant produce something of your own steal
technology as the Chinese have done but dont delay us. You cant even produce precision ammo for the artillery. Shabby job if you ask me.
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