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Abstract:
An Air Insulated substation is chosen for the analysis located in Pakistan. The protective
scheme installed in any substation should be fully active to ensure its proper and accurate operation in
case of any fault. Ground Grid mesh used under substation ground consist of horizontal conductors
connected with vertical rods. The function of mesh is to dissipate extremely high current generated in
any scenario related to fault. In this regard, firstly 500KV substation is chosen for analysis of protection
scheme with focus especially on Ground Grid mesh. The analysis of mesh is carried out using both
IEEE 80-2000 and Finite Element Methods for the evaluation of important ground grid mesh
parameters. A Software is used for analysis i.e. ETAP -12 having more enhanced features than
previous versions. The problems regarding existing functioning ground grid mesh are brought to light
in one case study. In second Case study, the remedies for the rectification of mesh are provided. In
third, case study a new ground mesh is designed for the existing substation considering new
methodologies and latest analysis techniques. In fourth case study, a new ground mesh for Ultra High
Voltage Substation is designed for 750KV substation. Finally, a inter comparison is done between mesh
designed using IEEE 80-2000 and FEM methods to effectively establish the efficiency and effectiveness
of each method by each Case study. A recommendation is given regarding the best method to be used
for the future designing of ground grid mesh of all AIS substations.
Key Terms:
1. Introduction
The appropriate explanation of grounding described as link created intentionally or
unintentionally along live apparatus /part which itself connects to electrode laid at suitable depth
below substation ground and it functions as earthing electrode.
DOI : 10.14810/elelij.2015.4111
131
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
The scheme used for HV systems grounding is solidly grounded structure [1, 2].The value of
resistance among ground earth and neutral of system is retained at low level as it is difficult to
attain zero value. The current due to ground fault peaks at a high level which is damaging. The
problems like stress due to high fault currents do not arise often.
The insulation related problems are the major concern in high voltage systems but in system
grounded properly by employing solid grounded scheme, upon line and ground fault occurrence
voltage does not rise massively across healthy phases. The fault current value for 500KV system
is 40-45KA and for 750KV system value is between 60-70KA.
The protective scheme design is an important aspect in design and construction of substation.
The voltage gradients are created across ground mesh and points linked to earth as reference [3].
The difference in potential is kept within the limits provided by IEEE and it is continuously
monitored for the equipment proper functionality and people safety working in surrounding.
The vital factors required for ground grid mesh evaluation are GPR,Voltage StepVs,Voltage
StepVt, Resistance of Ground Rg , Voltage MeshVm,ESP & Potential Absolute. There are
various methods available for designing of ground mesh for substation. IEEE 80-2000 and FEM
methods are adopted for mesh designing in research conducted as these are more reliable ones.
The collection of data is carried out for 500 KV substation by making use of new available IEEE
81 methods. The mesh modeling is carried out and analysis is performed by each methods
mentioned above. The GGS module in ETAP-12 data is used for ground grid mesh modeling.
The inter-comparison of FEM & IEEE 80-2000 results is done of various case studies developed
on existing ground grid mesh to establish the effectiveness in terms of cost& efficiency of each
method. The recommendations are made regarding the methods upon which the future designing
of ground grid mesh for substations may be based upon.
132
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
Rg = .
eq 2
Rg = . [ +
. 1
]eq 4
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
Where R is the combined resistance sum of resistances of two portions of the flat surfaces
R2 is calculated from formula given in equation 5.
R2 =
.!
..eq5
"#$%& '(()*+%,
eq6
-#.+*% / -#.*+%
The ground grid mesh modeling incorporating horizontal conductors and vertical rods is shown in
figure3 and the practical data of grid is provided in Appendix-A.
135
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
Y-Direction
Conductors/Rod
s
X-Direction Conductors/Rods
Parameters
Length Grid
x-direction
irection
y-direction
irection
Number of
x-direction
irection
Conductor
y-direction
irection
ConductorsType
Conductor Depth
Conductors Size
Number of Rod
Number of Rod
Rod Diameter
Length of Rod
FEM Methods
144
100
25
20
Soft DrawnCopper
Copper
Annealed
0.3
185
57
Steel RodCopper
Copper Clad
1.56
2
136
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
The results of IEEE 80-2000 & FEM methods are given in table II with all potentials meeting the
limits.
TABLE II. CASE-I COMPARISON RESULTS
Case
Study
Case
Study-I
Methods
Step Voltage
IEEE80-2000
FEM Methods
1311.1
1380.1
Touch
Voltage
1556.7
1248.1
GPR
10139.7
9287.5
Ground
Resistance
0.392
0.37
The graphs for Step, Touch& Absolute Potential are given in figure 4, 5 & 6.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
Parameters
X-Direction
Grid Size Length
y-direction
Number of Conductor
x-direction
Y-Direction
Conductors Type
Conductors Depth
Conductors Size
Number of Rod
Number of Rod
Rod Diameter
Length of Rod
FEM Methods
144
100
29
26
Soft DrawnCopper
Annealed
0.3
185
60
Steel RodCopper Clad
1.63
2.1
The results of IEEE 80-2000 & FEM methods are given in table IV.
138
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
Case
Study
Case
Study-II
Methods
IEEE80-2000
FEM Methods
StepVoltage
Touch
Voltage
GPR
Ground
Resistance
1747.3
1307.3
11332.8
0.39
1538.9
1323.6
10677.1
0.367
The graphs for Step, Touch and Absolute Potential are given in figure 7,8 & 9.
139
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
Parameters
Length Grid
x- direction
y-direction
Conductor Number
x-direction
y-direction
ConductorsType
Depth of Conductors
Size of Conductors
Number of Rod
Number of Rod
Rod Diameter
Length of Rod
FEM Methods
120
83
26
22
Soft DrawnCopper
Annealed
0.5
240
50
Copper Clad Steel Rod
1.56
2.5
The results of IEEE 80-2000 & FEM methods are given in tableVI.
TABLE VI.CASE-II COMPARISON RESULTS
Case Study
Methods
StepVoltage
Touch Voltage
GPR
Case StudyIII
IEEE80-2000
FEM Methods
981.5
1218.7
1295.8
1329.8
12053.8
10367.2
Ground
Resistance
0.466
0.438
The graphs for Step and Absolute Potential are given in figure 10,11, & 12.
140
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
141
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
x-direction
y-direction
x-direction
y-direction
Conductor Type
Conductors Depth
Conductors size
Number of Rod
0.8
240
42
Number of Rod
steelRodCopper Clad
Rod Diameter
Length of Rod
2.1
2.5
FEM Methods
150
120
31
37
Steel RodCopper
Clad
0.8
240
100
SteelRodCopper
Clad
1.6
2.3
Results of IEEE 80-2000 & FEM methods are given in table IV.
TABLE VIII.CASE-IV COMPARISON RESULTS
Case Study
Case Study4
StepVoltage
Touch
Voltage
IEEE80-2000
1090.9
1319.1
FEM Methods
1150.3
1525.5
Methods
GPR
Ground
Resistance
Rg
14899.
9
11843.
1
0.33
0.318
The graphs for Step, Touch and Absolute Potential are given in figure 13, 14 &15
142
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
5. Conclusions
The analysis of mesh was performed with both FEM and 80-2000 methods and also a new
ground grid mesh for UHV (750KV Substation) was designed. Latest version of ETAP-12 was
used for the verification of results. It can be concluded form obtained results that cost of mesh by
FEM remains greater from mesh designed with 80-2000.
First time structure cost will be more for mesh designed by making use of FEM methods but the
mesh designed will be more durable, long life and withstand the excessive fault currents more
efficiently. The main complications in mesh often come after eight to ten years. The issues are
met more in80-2000 designed mesh. The under designing is the major issue in problematic
ground meshes.
Keeping in view future requirements after passage of eight to ten years substations life, mesh
degradation occurs and various potentials surpasses limits. It is essential that proper designing of
system is carried out using right set of methods to accommodate new requirements and mesh
degradation.FEM methods may be used for future designing of mesh.
Acknowledgements
The Content presented in the paper is part of Research work carried out by Muhammad Usman
Cheema for thesis project in connection with partial fulfillment of MSc in Electrical Power
Engineering from UET Lahore Pakistan and data submitted to Higher Education Commission
Pakistan
References
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[2]
[3]
[4]
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Substations in MEA's Power Distribution Substation, Journal of
Engineering Research and
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144
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
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Appendix
The table of containing substation data is provided below:
Sr.
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Description of Parameter
Level of Voltage
Maximum Fault Current
Ground Grid Mesh Area
Ground grid mesh Horizontal Distance
Ground grid mesh Vertical distance
Horizontally Installed Conductors
Vertically installed Conductors
Conductors Area
Conductors Type
Maximum Temperature of conductors
Rods installed in vertical Direction
Rod Diameter of Vertical Rods
Rod
Duration of fault
Temperature Outside
Temperature of Rod
X/R ratio Reactance over Resistance
Person Weight
soil Type at surface
Resistivity
Value
500KV
40KA
144 x 100 m2
144m
100m
14
10
185mm2
Copper annealed Soft Drawn
50 C
50
1.2 centimeter
steel Rod Copper clad
1 second
-5- 50 C
50 C
50
50 kg
gravel
9976 .m
145
Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 4, No 1, February 2015
21.
22.
23.
Height
Top Soil
Resistivity
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Height
Soil bottom layer Type
Soil bottom layer Resistivity
Soil bottom layer Height
Level of fault in relation to earth S f
Increase in fault level Cp
0.2 m
Moist layer
130 hm. Meter
2m
Semi Moist soil
200 .m
infinity
60
100
146