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Abstract: This paper presents a stylistic analysis of P.B. Shelley's poem To a Skylark . The paper also
analyzes the poems using the tools of linguistics with a view to make their meaning explicit. The analysis covers
the different aspects asgraphological, grammatical, syntactical, phonological patterns have also find tropes and
schemes that are present in the poem. It is necessary to mention that stylistics is not only useful to students of
linguistics, literary and cultural critics, but it is also useful to teachers of English language and literature
,whether English is taught as a first, second or foreign language. Theanalysis is helpful in understanding the
structure and style of P.B.Shelley's poetry and his themes, reviews and treatment of nature and beauty .
Keywords:Style, Stylistics, Shelley, Ode, Skylark, Phonological Level, Grammatical Level, Graphological
Level.
I.
Introduction
The word stylistics is derived from style. It is said that style is the physiognomy of the mind, and a
safer index to character than the face (Schopenhauer, 2004). It is the perfection of point of view. In its broadest
definition, style is the way in which language is used. Every poet or literary author has his/her own style of
writing that distinguishes him/her from other poets. Broadly speaking, style in literature centers around the way
that the author uses vocabulary- the author's vocabulary choice, sentence structure, it also involves sentence
length. It relates to an authors liberal or conservative use of sensory details. It also relates to the author'suse of
figurative language, metaphors and similes that work together to establish mood, images and meaning in text.
Some authors focus on sound devices such as alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhythm.In brief, style is the way
the author uses words, phrases and sentences. Robert Frost defined style as that which indicates how the writer
takes himself and what he is saying. It is the mind skating circles around itself as it moves forward. It is
important here to highlight that every author has a personal style of writing, that style is not static. The author
refines it through reading a variety of writers and through his own writing experiences. So when analyzing an
author's style, one should put in mind the author's point of view, his type of writing and its structure and
organization, his use of figurative language and overall tone.
The aim of the present paper is to provide university students of English language and literature with
the theory of stylistics and its practical application in text analysis through analyzing Shelley's to a Skylark in
particular. The research also aims at knowing Shelley's sensuousness, his themes as manifested in his poem "To
a Skylark", his purpose of writing poetry and in main analyzing stylistics devices of Shelleys poetry through
To a Skylark.
Style's Definition:
The linguistic analysis of literary language is known as stylistics. The main notion of stylistics is that of
style. The concept of style has been placed by many linguists at the center of the linguistic study of literature
while others equate stylistics with the linguistic study of literature. The understanding of the term style
influences the characteristics given to stylistics as one of several linguistic disciplines.The word style is derived
from the Latin word `stylos` which meant a short stick sharp at one end and flat at the other used by the Romans
for writing on wax tablets.
Although the term style is used very frequently in literary criticism and especially stylistics, it is very
difficult to define. Style, being a versatile field, is defined depending on ones field of study. No doubt that Style
is the basic thing which gives uniqueness to every writer. There are many definitions of the term "style". Style
is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication (Gaperin: 1971). Also
style was defined as pattern of linguistic features that distinguishes one work from to another(Thomas S. Kane:
1983) . Style as a distinctive use of language (Crystal: 1987).Style can also be defined as the variation in an
individuals speech which is occasioned by the situation of use. (Yule: 1996) from the definition of style
provided by Yule, style is described as the variations in language usage. In essence, style is conditioned by the
manner in which an individual makes use of language. Style is seen as any particular and somewhat distinctive
way of using language (Trask :1997).Style also was described as an aspect of language that deals with choices
of diction, phrases, sentences and linguistic materials that are consistent and harmonious with the subject
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Pronoun
Thee, thou, that, it, thy, I
, we, there, her, its,
those, us, thine, me, my,
then
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Common noun
Spirit, heaven, heart, art,
cloud, fire, race, flight,
star, daylight, delight,
arrows, sphere, lamp,
white, air, dawn, voice,
night, beams, rainbow,
presence, rain, melody,
light, thought, hymns, ,
sympathy, hopes, fears,
maiden, palace, tower,
soul, hour, music, love,
bower,
dell,
dew,
annoyance,
satiety,
death, things, notes,
stream, laughter, songs,
hate, pride, fear, things,
tear,
joy,
measures,
sound, treasures, books,
skill,
poet,
scorner,
ground, gladness, brain,
madness,
lips,
hue,
flowers, grass, view,
rose,
leaves,
winds,
scent, faint, thieves,
showers, sound, grass,
flowers, sprite, bird,
thoughts, praise, wine,
Proper noun
The Earth
The Sun
The Even (evening)
Moon
World
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Collective noun
strains
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Adjective
Blithe,
full,
profuse,
unpremeditated,
blue,
deep,
golden, sunken, unbodied, pale,
broad, unseen, shrill, keen, silver,
intense, white, clear, loud, bare,
lonely,
overflow'd,
bright,
hidden, unbidden, high-born,
secret,
sweet,
golden,
unbeholden, real, green, warm,
faint,
sweet,
heavy-winged,
vernal, twinkling, rain-awaken'd,
joyous, clear, fresh, divine,
triumphal, empty, hidden, happy,
own, clear, keen, sad, asleep,
true, deep, crystal, sincerest,
sweetest, saddest, harmonious,
still, just.
Gerund
Singing, soaring, lightening,
soothing, scattering, waking.
Adverb
Around, hardly, yet, before,
now, near, as, so, too, ever,
never, forth, wherein, how
It is because Shelley's poem is about the skylark, the poet had chosen a collection of brilliant and
meaningful nature words. Shelley's choice of his words reflects the purity and simplicity of nature. Indeed the
poem is a celebration of nature words. No doubt that the poet's treatment of nature in his lyric is one of the most
attractive elements. He used nature as the prime inspiration for writing this poem. Shelley uses objects in nature
as a catalyst for both inspiration and introspection as to what his own purpose is as poet.The stanzas use a lot of
words of nature like the bird, cloud, sun, star, air, earth, flowers, grass fire, the sea, the spring, roses, rain, fields,
waves, mountains, green leaves and the sky as forms of emphasizing the emotions present in the stanzas. The
forces and objects of nature act as vehicles of his new ideas. But the beauty lies in their legendary treatment
not only are the cloud and the wind vibrantly alive, but they feel and act in a manner closely resembling human
beings. It is the unique romantic expression of love and deep understanding of nature.
Shelley used inflections such as wingest, " pourest", "springest","singest","awaken'd", "match'd",
"overflow'd"and other archaic lexis, like thou art,"Thee", "thy" and "thine"which lend the poem a solemn and
almost Biblical tone.The poet used contractions for the sake of meter as in line 13:
O'er which clouds are bright'ning
Stylistic Analysis at the Phonological Level:
Phonologyis concerned with system of sounds in language. It fulfills the communicative functions of
language by organizing the material and vocal noises arranged into sound pattern. To a Skylark consists of
twenty-one stanzas that follow the same pattern: the first four lines are metered in trochaic trimester while the
fifth line is in iambic hexameter (a line which can also be called an Alexandrine). The rhyme scheme of each
stanza is extremely simple: ABABB.
At the phonological level, two types of devices are studied. These devices are sound devices and literary
devices.
Sound Devices
Sound devices, musical devices, are resources which the poet uses to make his/her poetry a special
form of art. By using sound or musical devices, a poet creates auditory imagery that include alliteration,
assonance, consonance, rhyme, onomatopoeia, and repetition. In "To a Skylark", Shelley used sound devices as
follow:
Meter
The poem has twenty one stanzas of five lines each. The lines are alternating between rhymed
tetrameter of a trochee stress and a hexameter of an iamb stress. The meter of the poem varies, but there is a
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Rhyme scheme:
At the phonological level, there are many examples of rhyme, end rhyme and internal rhyme.. The
poem has twenty one stanzas chunked into five lines each. The rhyme scheme ultimately falls into ABABB.
End Rhyme: The end rhyme in each stanza follows this pattern: ABABB. The first and second stanzas
demonstrate the pattern.
Hail to thee, blithe Spirit! (A)
still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.(B)
Internal Rhyme: The poem also contains internal rhyme, as in the following lines:
Bird thou never wert (line 2)
Thou art unseen, but yet I hear thy shrill delight (line 20)
Until we hardly see, wefeel that it is there (line 25)
From rainbow clouds there flow not (line 33)
Like a glow-worm golden (line 46)
Rain-awaken'd flowers (line 58)
Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought (line 90)
Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of at least two words in line poetry is
called alliteration.The poem contains qualities of calm and serenading music, emphasized by the use of its
strong words, as well as colorful alliteration to suggest the romantic beauty of such poetry and to reinforce its
meaning. Alliteration in the following lines show a high quality one specially in line 12.
Examples of alliteration from Shelley's "To a Skylark":
And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest (10)
Of the sunken sun (12)
pale purple (16)
What thou art we know not (31)
Soothing her love-laden
Soul in secret hour (43-44)
Like a glow-worm golden
In a dell of dew (46-47)
By warm wind deflower'd (53)
That planted forth a flood of rapture so divine (75)
Thy clear keen joyance (76)
Ne'er knew love's sad satiety (80)
Repetition
Repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea
clearer. As a rhetorical device, it could be a word, a phrase or a full sentence or a poetical line repeated to
emphasize its significance in the entire text.
Higher still and higher ( 6)
And,
Better than all measures ( 96)
Better than all treasures (98)
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II.
Conclusion
To a Skylark is one of the greatest works of all time. The theme of the poem is fulfillment and
through the richness of images, the poet has prolonged its fulfillment. It is most satisfying in thought and
expression. This poem is rich in sensuous imagery.Shelly uses the excellent imagery, literary devices, and
wonderful writing skill that he is known for. Shelly first explains with great detail, metaphors, and imagery the
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