Things to Remember for Exams:

Advanced Maths

Special Products:
o

(a b) 2 a 2 2ab b 2
(a b) 2 a 2 2ab b 2

Grouping In Pairs:
o ax + bx + ay + by

=
=

x(a+b) + y(a+b)
(a+b)(x+y)

Trinomials:
x 2 7 x 12

x 2 3 x 4 x 12
x ( x 3) 4( x 3)

x2 + (a+b)x + ab = (x+a)(x+b)

( x 4)( x 3)

Sum and Difference of Two Cubes:

a3 b3
( a b) 3

(a b)( a 2 ab b 2 )
a 3 b3
( a b) 3
(a b)(a 2 ab b 2 )

Completing the Square:

o Add ( p )2 to complete the square on a2 + pa
2
Surds:
1. AB

2.

A
A
B

A
B

B
AB

A
B

3.( A ) 2 A

o Rationalising a denominator:

a
x b
=
b
b

a b
b

o Rationalising Binomial Denominator:

a
x
x - y
x +y
x - y
= a(x - y)
x-y
Equations:
o Inequations:

An inequality sign reverses:

 When multiplying by a negative

Dividing by a negative
Taking the reciprocal of both sides
o Quadratic Equations:

Factorising:
For any real number a & b, if ab = 0, a or b must equal
zero.

Completing the square:

1.
x2 bx + c = 0
2.
x2 bx = - c
3.
x2 bx + ( b )2 = - c + ( b )2
2
2
4.
Factorise LHS to a squared binomial
5.
Eliminate the LHS indice by square rooting the
RHS
6.
Seclude x

Quadratics Formula:
if ..ax 2 bx c 0
then..x

b 2 4ac
2a

o Indices:
1.a n a m a n m
2.a n a m a n m

3.(a n ) m a nm
4. x 0 1
5.a n
1

6.a n

1
an

o Trigonometry:

SOH CAH TOA (trigonomic ratios):

opp
hyp
adj
cos
hyp
opp
tan
adj

sin

Inverse Ratios:
Cosec =

1
sin

Sec = 1
cos
Cot = 1
tan
Complementary Angles:
sin =
cos(90 )
cos =
sin (90 )
sec =
cosec (90 )
cosec =
sec (90 )
tan =
cot(90 )
cot =
tan(90 )
True Bearings:
True Bearings measure agles clockwise from north.
45 Ratios:
sin 45
=
1
2
cos 45
=
1
2
tan 45
=
1
30 Ratios:
sin 30
=
1
2
cos 30
=
3
2
tan 45
=
1
3
60 Ratios:
sin 60
=
3
2
cos 60
=
1
2
tan 60
=
3
Angles of Any Magnitude:
Positive angles are measured in an anti-clockwise
direction.
Negative angles are measured in a clockwise direction.
1st Quadrant:
o All ratios are positive.
o 0-90
nd
2 Quadrant:
o 90-180
o Sin is positive
o Cos is negative

o Tan is negative
o Angle has the same value ratio as its supplement:

180
rd
3 Quadrant:
o 180-270
o Sin is negative
o Cos is negative
o Tan is positive
o Angle has same ratio value as:

180 +
th
4 Quadrant:
o 270-360
o Sin is negative
o Cos is positive
o Tan is negative
o Angle has same ratio value as:

360
Trigonomic Identities:
Tan =
sin
cos
Cot =
cos
sin
Sin2 + cos2
=
1
2
1 + cot
=
cosec2
tan2 + 1
=
sec2
Sine Rule:2

Angle:

Side:

sin A sin B sin C

a
b
c
a
b
c

sin A sin B sin C

Cosine Rule:

Side: - a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A

- requires 2 sides + included angle
Angle: - cos A

b2 c2 a 2
2bc

- Requires 3 sides
Area:
To find the area of a triangle you need to know its
perpendicular height.
A
=
ab sin C
Sums and Differences:
Cos (x-y)
=
cos x cos y + sin x sin y
Cos (x+y)
=
cos x cos y - sin x sin y

Sin (x+y)
Sin (x-y)
Tan (x+y)

=
=
=

Tan (x-y)

sin x cos y + cos x sin y

sin x cos y - cos x sin y
tan x + tan y
1 tan x tan y
tan x - tan y
1 tan x tan y

Ratios of Double Angles:

sin 2x =
2 sin x cos x
cos 2x =
cos2x sin2x
=
1 2 sin2x
=
2 cos2x 1
tan 2 x =
2 tan x
1 tan2x