The three Rectilinear Equations of motion:

So far, you learned about displacement, motion with constant

or variable velocity, acceleration. Here we are considered with
motion with constant acceleration (i.e. velocity changes linearly
with time).
So now, when it comes to acceleration, the motion can be
complex and difficult to analyse. There are a variety of
quantities associated with the motion of objects
- displacement (and distance), velocity (and
speed), acceleration, and time. Knowledge of each of these
quantities provides descriptive information about an object's
motion. For example, if a car is known to move with a constant
velocity of 22.0 m/s, for 12.0 seconds for a displacement of 264
meters, then the motion of the car is fully described. Were
going now to
Let us start by trying to figure out a relation between velocities
at different instances.
We know from acceleration definition that it means change of
velocity over time; we know that we are now working on
constant acceleration; so the instantaneous acceleration at any
time will be equal to the average acceleration; thus

Where we suppose that initial time will be zero so final time will
be t, by multiplying both sides with t we get:

Now, we have a relation giving us the final velocity at any

instant t, if we have the initial velocity, and of course the value
of the constant acceleration, (i.e. Vf here is defined in terms of
time; keep it in mind).

Previously, in constant velocity motion, if you want to find the

displacement after any time, you can easily get it though (V x
t). The velocity was constant so that the displacement
increased in a linear growth with time (i.e. for each portion of
time the displacement increases with a constant value).
Consider the following example:

You notice here that after each constant portion of time (here: 1
sec), the displacement increases with a constant value (here:
10 m).
Try to consider then what happens in case of accelerated
motion (i.e. velocity changes) you will find that the amount of
increase in displacement is changing along different portions of
time.

In this case if we want to get the displacement (x), trying to use

the above relation of (x = v t) we get a question: Which
velocity?
To get the relation of displacement, you have two ways:
First:
From the relation we know (x = v t); we are facing a question of
which velocity to use; as velocity varies with time. We notice
that for any variable quantity we can get an average value that
affects the same change as the variable one.
Here, we have a linear growing velocity (acceleration constant);
thus, the average can be expressed as the arithmetic mean of
the initial and final velocities:

Substitute in (x = v t) by this average velocity, you get:

However, we aim to get x in terms of time and initial velocity,

we got from the first equation a relation between final and
initial velocities, substitute it in the prev. equation you get:

Second:
You sure noticed that we were mentioning many times a
variable velocity, we needed to use the relation (x = v t) but
the velocity is variable!
What to do then? Here comes the role of calculus...

A main application of Integration in calculus is to multiply

variable quantities (i.e. if v is constant we say x = v t, but when
v is variable
over or along time, then it
becomes ).
Taking into consideration

that:

Then:
Evaluating the integral

gives:

Notice that: for the

plotted it graphically, it
graph:

equation: if we
gives us this
From calculus: we know that the
Integration of v over time gives
us the area under the st. line;
thus we can consider the
displacement (x) at any instant t
= Area under the line
So Area = (Area of green
rectangle) + (Area of grey
triangle)

Since: Area of green rectangle =

width =
Since: Area of grey Triangle = x base x
height = x
x =
Total area = Displacement =

Length x

Keeping up: Until

now, we derived
two Equations for rectilinear motion (i.e. motion in straight line
with
constant acceleration):
First:
Second:

However, these two equations give us velocity or displacement

in terms of time. How about getting velocity in terms of another
parameter? Displacement for example (i.e. getting final velocity
after travelling 40m for example).
We found that by some algebraic formulations, we could find
such equation.
First, we start by:
Squaring both sides,
we get:
By taking 2a as a common factor from the second and third
term, we
get:

Noticed something remarkable??! Yes, the value in the

rectangle is equal to the displacement (Derived in second
equation). Thus,
we get:

This is the Third equation of rectilinear motion, where the final

velocity described in terms of distance and initial velocity.

References:
1- Stewart Calculus Early Transcendental, 7 th Edition.
2- Serway & Jewett Physics, 9th Edition.